National Socio-Economic Survey Research Articles

The Effect of Increasing Temperature on Welfare of Plantation Farmers

Agricultural productivity is a determining factor in achieving food security in Indonesia. Increase in agricultural productivity yields is strongly influenced by climate change. Extreme climate change has resulted in crop failure due to land drought and flooding. The existence of this incident provides an opportunity to decrease the welfare of farmers, especially plantation farmers in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of temperature on the welfare of plantation farmers in Indonesia. The data used in this study was sourced from the 2018 National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) data, with a total of 66,754 households in Indonesia. The analytical method used is Ordinary Least Square (OLS). The results of this study indicate that an increase in temperature causes drought, and has an impact on decreasing agricultural productivity. The decrease in the production of agricultural products certainly reduces the income of farmers, which results in a decrease in the level of welfare of farmers. Government policies in terms of climate engineering are needed, as well as assistance programs for farmers to maintain the welfare of farmers.

Determinants of Exclusive Breastfeeding Practice in Gorontalo Province

Exclusive breastfeeding has many benefits, not only for the baby but also for the mother. In 2021, the province with the lowest percentage of babies aged 0-5 months old who received exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia is Gorontalo Province (52,75 percent). This makes the background of the researcher to find out the determinants of exclusive breastfeeding practice in this province. this study uses a dataset from the National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) in Gorontalo Province in March 2021. The variables used are age at first marriage, maternal education, internet usage, place of birth, assistant of birth, and household poverty status. The result is that women aged 15-49 years whose first marriage age is 21 years and over (OR = 0,77), with junior high school and over education (OR = 0,93), used the internet for the past 3 months (OR = 0,77) and their household poverty status is not poor (OR = 0,86) tend not to practice the exclusive breastfeeding. While women aged 15-49 years who gave birth at home are more likely to practice exclusive breastfeeding (OR = 1,95).

The Effect of Sociodemographic and Environmental Factors on Food Consumption Expenditure of the Urban Poor in Indonesia

The purpose of this paper is to assess the impact of economic, social, and environmental on food consumption of urban poor households in Indonesia in 2006-2019. The data of which are obtained from the Welfare Statistics sourced from the results of the National Socio-Economic Survey. In Indonesia, studies on poverty using a proxy model for the food consumption of poor households are still relatively limited. This study provides empirical evidence that the economic, social, and environmental dimensions have a significant and negative effect on the level of food consumption of urban poor households in Indonesia. Policy implications that can be prioritized improving the quality of human capital of the urban poor will trigger optimal competence of the poor and increase employment opportunities in the formal sector which will contribute to increased income and welfare—improvement of environmental quality by providing access for the urban poor to WASH in their respective houses. Furthermore, controlling the population is one component that is no less important in reducing urban poverty.

Disparity in Food Consumption Patterns in Banten Province

Food problems arise from a lack of food diversity, high food prices, and a food culture that does not support an adequate supply of nutrients in the household. This study aimed to analyze the disparity of food consumption patterns of the population of Banten Province based on the typology of the region and the administrative area of Banten Province. The research method was an explorative study with a retrospective study approach using secondary data, namely the National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) Banten Province 2017. This type of data was collected on the food consumption of the population presented in the form of a table of the average quantity of food consumption per commodity in household order units per capita / week. Data analysis was carried out quantitatively by descriptive methods. The results of the study, namely the quantity of food consumption of the population of Banten Province, showed a disparity based on regional typology where the average energy consumption of food for households in rural areas was still higher, namely 2404 Kcal compared to urban areas, which was 2338 Kcal and was dominated by food sources of grains. The average energy consumption of the population in the regency area is 2315 - 2489 kcal/capita/day while the urban area is 2294 – 2406 kcal/capita/day. The conclusion is that the districts with the highest levels of energy consumption and adequacy are found in Lebak and Pandeglang districts but have the lowest PPH scores compared to other districts.

Neither the Cohabitation of the Father nor the Grandmother Can Help Exclusive Breastfeeding in Indonesia: Empirical Research Using SUSENAS 2019 and 2020

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for the first six months is the key to preventing malnutrition in children. However, EBF coverage in Indonesia is only 38%, while the target WHO set in 2030 is 70%. Therefore, targeting the actors behind EBF completeness is needed to boost the EBF rate. The research will uncover the impact of the daily sources of support (both maternal and paternal grandmothers, the father, and the domestic worker) and modifying factors on the EBF choices made by the mother. Using the 2019 and 2020 National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) data, probit regression suggests that no one's cohabitation with the mother significantly affects EBF completeness. In contrast, maternal characteristics (employment status, economic level, education completion, and residential area of living), baby’s gender, and father’s education become the most decisive factors. Since the leading actor is still the mother herself, to improve the EBF rate, the policy should be focused on helping breastfeeding mothers to face the challenges, especially in the workplace.

The effect of price on cigarette consumption among youth in Indonesia: Implications for tobacco tax policy

AbstractThe study aimed to estimate cigarette price elasticity among youth in Indonesia. We used a two‐part model to estimate the impact of price on smoking participation and smoking intensity on smokers. Data were obtained from National Socioeconomic Survey or Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019, and 2020. This study included males and females aged 15–24 years from all districts. We controlled for socioeconomic variables such as age, sex, education, working status, marital status, wealth quintile, place of residence, geographical region, and year of the survey. Price was negatively associated with cigarette consumption. The estimated total cigarette price elasticity was approximately −0.6740, meaning a 10% increase in price would reduce cigarette consumption by 6.74%. We also found that females were more sensitive to price change than males. This result indicated that the percentage change in demand for cigarettes among youth is less than the percentage change in price or inelastic. Therefore, a higher tariff and simpler tobacco tax structure is necessary to make cigarettes less affordable in Indonesia.

ANALYSIS OF SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS ON HEALTHCARE FACILITIES UTILIZATION FOR INPATIENT CARE IN INDONESIA

In 2014-2018 the utilization of health facilities for inpatient treatment in Indonesia has ups and downs. according to data from the National Social Security Council (DJSN) and Social Security Administrator for Health (BPJS Kesehatan) in 2020, the average unit cost of claims per first-level inpatient admission nationally in 2014-2018 were Rp420,543, Rp323,687, Rp412,512, Rp531,496, and Rp472,984, respectively. The purpose of this study was to determine the socioeconomic factors that influence the utilization of health facilities for inpatient treatment in Indonesia. This study uses secondary data from the National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) in 2020. The research respondents were individuals who were randomly selected as many as 1,258,328 in Indonesia. The method used in this study uses an econometric approach using the Binary Regression method, namely the logit and probit models. The results of this study found that age, education, occupation, income, and health insurance, with income assumed from the level of expenditure, all of these variables had a significant effect on the utilization of health facilities for inpatients.

New Evidence on Ethnic Diversity and Social Capital in Indonesia

This study analyzes the relationship between the various measures of ethnic diversity and social capital in Indonesia, particularly trust and tolerance (towards other religions and other ethnic groups), using a nationally representative survey. The 2009 National Socioeconomic Survey asked almost 300 thousand individuals on social capital from the 2010 population census data used to construct measures of ethnic and religious diversity. The study’s main contribution to the literature is the inclusion of ethnic similarities in the construction of these diversity variables using linguistic tree data taken from Ethnologue. Using the multiple linear regression method, the study found that all measures of diversity are negatively associated with trust but are positively associated with tolerance, even after controlling for individual-, household- and district-level characteristics. Anticipating the possibility of endogeneity in the diversity variables, this study uses geographical variables to instrument these variables. Nevertheless, the use of the instrumental variable regression method does not change the main result.

Cigarette Consumption and Nutrient Intake in Indonesia: Study of Cigarette-Consuming Households.

Objective:This study aims to investigate the impact of cigarette consumption on household’s nutrition adequacy (NA). This study also examines the opportunity cost of cigarette expenditure to children’s nutritional adequacy. Methods:We used an Indonesian cross-sectional household level nationwide data of 2018 National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS). Using multivariate Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression, we estimated the impact of cigarette consumption on household’s NA as defined by household protein and energy intakes. With the same specification, we further ran a segregated OLS regression by household quintile expenditure. While the opportunity cost of cigarette consumption to children’s nutrition adequacy defined the estimated forgone nutrition due to cigarette consumption by following the Ministry of Health (MOH) definition of Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for children aged 4 – 6. Results:Cigarette consumption decreases household’s protein and energy intakes. We found statistically significant correlation between household’s cigarette consumption and household’s per capita protein intake while no statistically significant correlation on energy intake. Furthermore, the segregated estimate is significant for both protein and energy intakes among 60% lowest household quintile expenditure groups. The lower the quintile expenditure, the higher the decline in household NA due to cigarette consumption. With the average cigarette expenditure of IDR12,956 per household per day, giving up daily cigarette spending could meet children’s energy intake by 27% – 85,4% of RDA and protein intake by 180.12% – 300.48% of RDA. Conclusion:Household cigarette consumption has negative impact on household’s daily energy and protein intakes. The poorest group is most vulnerable to nutrition inadequacy due to cigarette consumption. Giving up household’s cigarette expenditure daily could result in a substantial nutrition gain for children at their critical growth stages.

Analisis kemiskinan pada rumah tangga di Jawa Timur melalui pendekatan multidimensi dan moneter

The first goal of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is to eradicate poverty in quantity and reduce poverty in various forms. The problem of poverty is often seen as a unidimensional problem. However, the measurement of poverty which uses only a monetary point of view is not enough to explain the deprivation experienced by the poor. Using the 2018 Indonesian National Socio-economic Survey (Susenas), this study analyzes the effect of household socioeconomic characteristics on multidimensional poverty status. Socioeconomic factors do not always have the same effect on multidimensional poverty or monetary poverty. The status of formal workers is only significant in monetary poverty. Regional topography has a strong influence on multidimensional poverty alone. Non-formal credit only affects monetary poverty and its direction is positive, whereas the distance to a public health centre (Puskesmas) only affects households that experience poverty and multidimensional poverty. Government efforts in reducing poverty may include re-promotion of family planning programs, expansion of Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) services for households with disabilities, promotion of non-formal education programs in pursuit of education equivalency programmes (Kejar Paket A/B/C), as well as improvement of financial access to the community, especially to the poor through formal institutions, asphalt village road infrastructure, and improved health services in Puskesmas dan hospitalization facilities

The Determinants of Working Children in Urban and Rural Indonesia in 2019

This study aims to examine the determinants of working children based on individual and environmental factors in urban and rural areas. The study draws on secondary data from various sources, including the March 2019 National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas), the Indonesia Poverty Profile 2019, the Indonesian Education Statistics 2019, and the Indonesian Child Profile 2020. A multilevel binary logistic regression model was used as the analytical method. According to the study's findings, children have a greater proclivity to work in rural areas than in urban areas. The study's findings also show that children who smoke have a higher proclivity in both urban and rural areas. Further research indicates that individual factors, such as household size as measured by the number of household members, have a more significant influence on the determinants of children working in urban areas. Meanwhile, environmental factors significantly influence the determinants of children working in rural areas, precisely the percentage of children working in the informal sector and the school participation rate of 13-15 years old. The findings show that the determinants of working children in urban and rural areas are similar on an individual level but differ on an environmental level. Based on these findings, the government and related parties must encourage the reduction of smoking behavior in children in urban and rural areas to reduce the number of working children. Accelerating the decline in working children, particularly in rural areas, can increase school participation through improved educational quality and facilities.

Toward a Sustainable Food System in West Papua, Indonesia: Exploring the Links Between Dietary Transition, Food Security, and Forests

Natural tropical forests cover 89% of the land area of West Papua Province, Indonesia. Forests have traditionally been an important part of local food systems for Indigenous Papuans. Despite the contribution of forests to food security, West Papua has been ranked as one of the most food-insecure provinces in Indonesia, with high rates of both under-and-overnutrition. This paper aims to discuss the dietary transition taking place in West Papua and uses local perspectives to explore the link between changes in diets, food security, and forests. We used mixed methods with a triangulation design to corroborate the quantitative data that we present from two rounds of the National Socioeconomic Survey (SUSENAS) on food consumption for West Papua from 2008 and 2017, with information from four focus group discussions with institutional and local stakeholders. The quantitative analysis showed that West Papua is experiencing a dietary transition, moving away from the consumption of traditional foods, such as sago, tubers, wild meat, and fresh legumes, toward diets with more rice, chicken, tofu, and tempeh. The consumption of processed and ultra-processed food (UPF) has increased while the consumption of fresh food has decreased. The qualitative analysis confirmed these findings. The institutional stakeholders expressed a desire for Papuans to return to eating traditional diets for better food security, whereas the local stakeholders worried about their children's high consumption of UPFs. We also found a disconnect between how food security is measured by the national Food Security Index (FSI) and the point of view of the institutional stakeholders. While the FSI indicators are more infrastructure-related measures, the institutional stakeholders link food security with the availability, accessibility, stability, and sustainability of the food sources in their surrounding environment, especially the forests. The institutional stakeholders support the commitment of the provincial government to maintain at least 70% of the forest cover in West Papua, as stated in the Manokwari Declaration although they expressed the need for more clarity on how this will impact their food security. The Indonesian government and the international community should support this initiative and carry it out with substantial input from local Papuan stakeholders.

Household Saving Behavior on Formal Financial Institutions in Urban and Rural Areas

This research aimed to examine the household saving behavior on formal financial institutions in urban and rural areas. The data sources of this research from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), namely the 2018 Indonesia national socio-economic survey (SUSENAS) and the 2018 Indonesia village potential survey (PODES).The research sampleswere 126 539 households in urban and 168 562 households in rural spread over 34 provinces in Indonesia. The analytical method used logistic regression to determine the household behavior in the savings ownership in a formal bank institution.Several factors that affect savings ownership included socio-demographic and institutional factors. The estimation results showed that all socio-demographic factors affected savings ownership in urban, while institutional factors, namely government bank and private banks did not have a significant effect. Otherwise, institutional factors had a significant effect on savings ownership in rural, while socio-demographic factors (house ownership) did not havea significant effect. The findings were very important to improve saving behavior and provide alternative policies related to banking infrastructure development in Indonesia.

Household Saving Behavior on Formal Financial Institutions in Urban and Rural Areas

This research aimed to examine the household saving behavior on formal financial institutions in urban and rural areas. The data sources of this research from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), namely the 2018 Indonesia national socio-economic survey (SUSENAS) and the 2018 Indonesia village potential survey (PODES).The research sampleswere 126 539 households in urban and 168 562 households in rural spread over 34 provinces in Indonesia. The analytical method used logistic regression to determine the household behavior in the savings ownership in a formal bank institution.Several factors that affect savings ownership included socio-demographic and institutional factors. The estimation results showed that all socio-demographic factors affected savings ownership in urban, while institutional factors, namely government bank and private banks did not have a significant effect. Otherwise, institutional factors had a significant effect on savings ownership in rural, while socio-demographic factors (house ownership) did not havea significant effect. The findings were very important to improve saving behavior and provide alternative policies related to banking infrastructure development in Indonesia.

Agglomerative Nesting (AGNES) Method and Divisive Analysis (DIANA) Method For Hierarchical Clustering On Some Distance Measurement Concepts

Clustering data through hierarchical approach could be performed by Agglomerative Nesting (AGNES) Method and Divisive Analysis (DIANA) Method. The objective of this research is to compare both the methods based on Euclid and Manhattan distance measurements. Of this research the clustering procedures of agglomerative method are conducted by exploring all techniques including single linkage, complete linkage, average linkage, and Ward. The data used are the National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) data which are selected specifically for the percentage of over 5 year old residents in each province, for both living in urban or rural, who access the internet in the last 3 months in 2017 but classified according purpose of accessing. By applying Mean Square Error (MSE) for 2 and 3 clusters, it can be concluded that the single linkage technique is the best performance of clustering procedure for both Euclidean and Manhattan distances.

The Effects of Price, Income, and Household Characteristics on Ultra-Processed Food Consumption In Jakarta, Indonesia

During the 2010s, ultra-processed food consumption in Indonesia increases and leads to high rates of obesity and chronic non-communicable diseases. DKI Jakarta has the highest ultra-processed food consumption and obesity prevalence in Indonesia. Therefore, raw data from “Core” and “Consumption and Expenditure” modules of March 2019 Susenas (Indonesia National Socioeconomic Survey) are analysed to examine ultra-processed food consumption and how economic factors and household characteristics affect it in Jakarta. The analysis is conducted using M-estimation robust regression due to a large number of influential outliers in the data. The research sample is divided into three classes based on daily per capita expenditure. The results show that ultra-processed food consumption increases with income class. Higher ultra-processed food consumption occurs in households that pay higher price for ultra-processed food, have higher per capita income, have more children or adolescents, and have working female household head or wife. For Class 3 households, formal sector households consume more ultra-processed food than informal sector households. While for Class 1 households, households with female household head or wife with senior high school degree or above consume more ultra-processed food than households with female household head or wife with junior high school degree or below.

Financial Inclusion Effect on Core Poverty During The Pandemic Period in East Java

Poverty is increasing globally at this time especially the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. Meanwhile, the banking sector has a role to play in controlling the growing poverty, one of which is through financial inclusion. In some areas, the financial inclusion index has improved, indicated by the number of people who have switched from traditional savings to financial institution savings and have also reached the infrastructure of conventional commercial banks, but the fact has not yet reached the “usefulness of banking services”. So that financial inclusion is not really felt by the community. This study uses data from the March 2020 National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) and Podes 2020 to determine the effect of financial inclusion on core poverty. From the results of the logit regression estimation, it was found that financial inclusion had a strong effect on the status of core poverty in households when the COVID-19 pandemic hit in East Java (2020). Ownership of bank accounts has a strong and negative effect on poverty. The farther the distance to banking facilities, the greater the chance of experiencing poverty. Access to formal credit has the opportunity to move away from poverty. Education remains a key variable if you want to be free from poverty. The added value of farming households is still not optimal in increasing welfare, because they still have the opportunity to experience poverty. Access to information technology in households can increase opportunities to be more prosperous. From these results, the government should seek to increase public participation in having a bank account through banking literacy, through formal education, adding infrastructure for financial institutions evenly to villages, expanding access to formal credit services, and adding cellular/internet network infrastructure up to suburbs (rural/remote areas).

Equity of health financing in Indonesia: A 5-year financing incidence analysis (2015–2019)

SummaryBackgroundIn 2014, Indonesia launched a single payer national health insurance scheme with the aim of covering the entire population by 2024. The objective of this paper is to assess the equity with which contributions to the health financing system were distributed in Indonesia over 2015 – 2019.MethodsThis study is a secondary analysis of nationally representative data from the National Socioeconomic Survey of Indonesia (2015 – 2019). The relative progressivity of each health financing source and overall health financing was determined using a summary score, the Kakwani index.FindingsAround a third of health financing was sourced from out-of-pocket (OOP) payments each year, with direct taxes, indirect taxes and social health insurance (SHI) each taking up 15 – 20%. Direct taxes and OOP payments were progressive sources of health financing, and indirect tax payments regressive, for all of 2015 – 2019. SHI contributions were regressive except in 2017 and 2018. The overall health financing system was progressive from 2015 to 2018, but this declined year by year and became mildly regressive in 2019.InterpretationThe declining progressivity of the overall health financing system between 2015 – 2019 suggests that Indonesia still has a way to go in developing a fair and equitable health financing system that ensures the poor are financially protected.FundingThis study is supported through the Health Systems Research Initiative in the UK, and is jointly funded by the Department of International Development, the Economic and Social Research Council, the Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust.

Identification of Women's Quality of Life Home Business Actors with Influencing Factors

The basic problem in women's empowerment that has occurred so far is the low participation of women in development. In addition, there are still various forms of discriminatory practices against women.
 In the social context, there are still gaps in the roles of men and women (Education, Health and public participation involvement). Susenas data (National Socio-Economic Survey) 2003 shows that the education level of Indonesian women is still low. If there are physical, mental, or social health problems, it can reduce the value of quality of life. When women are busy in fulfilling the family's economy, will their physical, mental and social conditions become healthy? Will their quality of life be maintained when they become the foundation of the family's economy? What are their quality of life indicators? This study aims to determine their quality of life associated with various factors (Health, education, economy, etc.). In this study, the researcher chose to use qualitative methods or descriptive analysis to identify and describe the quality of life of women entrepreneurs at home and the factors that influence them. From the results of the study, it can be seen from the personal data, The women who do home-based businesses are still of productive age, with minimal high school education. Their efforts can generate sufficient income to meet their needs. It can be concluded that the quality of life of the women is good, as well as mental conditions (self-satisfaction, self-motivation). The dominant factors in influencing mothers to run their businesses are educational factors, self-confidence in running their business, self-satisfaction and also feeling healthy, feeling safe.

Determinants of immunization status of children under two years old in Sumatera, Indonesia: A multilevel analysis of the 2020 Indonesia National Socio-Economic Survey

BackgroundThe success of a basic immunization program among children has been known as the cheapest and most effective approach in improving child survival against preventable diseases. This study aims to examine the determinant factors at the individual and contextual level that affect the provision of complete basic immunization for children aged 12–23 months in Sumatra, Indonesia. MethodsUsing the 2020 Indonesia National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) data, a multilevel binary logistic regression model was developed at the individual level and the regency/municipality level as the first and second level of analysis respectively. ResultsThere are 30.8% of children aged 12–23 months who received complete basic immunization in Sumatra. Meanwhile, there are still 10.3% of children who did not receive basic immunization at all. The place of residence, mother's education, mother’s employment status, and place of delivery had a positive and significant effect on completeness of basic immunization for children, while the health facilities/100,000 population had a negative and significant effect on completeness of basic immunization for children which may correlate to the inequality of health facilities distribution in Sumatra. ConclusionThe difference in characteristics between regencies/municipalities in Sumatra, Indonesia can be explained by 18.90% of the variation in the coverage of basic immunization completeness for children aged 12–23 months in Sumatra. The Indonesian government and related institutions can further improve the distribution of health workers and adequate health facilities to cover remote areas.