National Security System Research Articles

Navigating food security challenges: A comprehensive analysis, gaps, and future directions

In the context of contemporary global challenges such as the COVID-19 pandemic, geopolitical conflicts, and climate change, food security assumes particular significance, being an integral part of national security. This study aims to investigate the interplay between food security and national security systems, with a focus on identifying gaps in the literature and determining directions for further research. The study conducted a systematic literature review on food security and national security systems employing a rigorous and transparent process. The qualitative analysis is grounded in the quantitative one, encompassing studies from Scopus. The examination of the selected peer-reviewed articles revealed several methodological and thematic limitations in existing research: i Geographic imbalance: There is a predominant focus on developed countries, while food security issues in developing countries remain insufficiently studied; ii Insufficient explication: There is a lack of research dedicated to managerial and economic aspects of food security in the context of national security; iii Methodological constraints: There is a predominance of quantitative methods and retrospective/cross-sectional studies. Recommendations include developing comprehensive strategies at both global and national levels to enhance food stability and accessibility.

Harnessing big data for national security: A review of information systems and emerging technologies in the U.S

The rapid growth of big data and emerging technologies has fundamentally transformed the national security landscape, enabling governments to leverage vast amounts of information for decision-making, threat detection, and operational effectiveness. This review explores the integration of big data analytics into U.S. national security systems, focusing on the technological innovations that facilitate real-time data processing, secure communications, and predictive analytics. Key emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, and the Internet of Things, are evaluated for their role in enhancing intelligence gathering, cybersecurity, and surveillance operations. Furthermore, the paper examines the foundational principles of big data in national security, detailing its data sources, types, and uses in both structured and unstructured forms. While these advancements present significant opportunities, they also pose challenges related to privacy, ethics, policy, and legal frameworks, which are critical for ensuring that the implementation of such technologies aligns with democratic values and security objectives. The paper concludes by highlighting future research directions, emphasizing the need for continued development in big data infrastructure, governance, and ethical considerations to fully harness its potential in protecting national interests.

Current status of the Food Security system in Mongolia new policies, and expected outcomes

The national food security system in our country is not established well and continues to remain weak. Failures within the system have caused malfunctions and distortions in government policy implementation, leading to unexpected policy shifts. These faults are the main causes of time loss, inter-agency misunderstandings, lack of coordination, information flow deficiencies, and a shortage of skilled human resources. These issues can have a negative impact on food security in Mongolia, resulting in the shortfall of government policy implementation. Coordination of food security activities among government organizations in Mongolia has been unsatisfactory due to the weak system. Government services have not adequately reached organizations at the middle and primary levels in the Mongolian rural provinces. This research paper aims to evaluate the national food security situation based on policies in Mongolia's food sector over the past decade, their implementation, encountered problems, and involved stakeholders. The research findings show that our country's food security system is not well-established, leading to compromised food security, highlighting the urgent need for developing necessary legal and policy documents to effectively implement state food security policy.

IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF STATE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL VALUES IN UKRAINE

The author of the article reveals the purpose of implementing the international experience of the system of state protection of national values through the prism of two important trends that should be implemented and and enshrined in the practice of state-building processes in modern Ukraine. One of them stipulates that national values are the central core of the national security system security system, they define the triad of ‘values-interests-goals’. The second trend defines the system of creating mechanisms for legislative support of guaranteeing and protecting of national values, which is embodied in the systemic nature of the state policy on national development and is the actual consolidation of the civilisational civilisational choice of the Ukrainian nation at the level of legal acts. The purpose of the article is to analyse practical aspects of implementation of the state mechanisms for protection of national values in foreign countries and their implementation in the Ukrainian State. The author emphasises that national values of of modern Ukraine should not be subject to political bargaining, speculation, etc. They are are always an element of political struggle. Without this, political processes are impossible, and therefore, national values should be defined and prohibited for political speculation on them, which, by the way, requires the development of an institution of for their criminal law protection; and - to have its own system of mechanisms of legislative protection. It is determined that the first step towards the implementation of the experience of foreign countries in protecting national values should be the introduction of an all-Ukrainian analytical study of the system of national values. It should should be based on long-term and medium-term forecasts of domestic development and the development of the system of world politics, its specific regional and functional subsystems. This means that the full potential of national research institutes in the field of public opinion, civil society, and sociological research should be used to society, and sociological research should be directed within the framework of a single state policy to study and define national values.

Аксиологические рубежи обороны системы национальной безопасности: функциональное предназначение

The aim of this study is to substantiate the strategically significant functional role of the axiological defense lines of the national security system. This formulation of the question proceeds from the consideration of this system as a citadel, a unified defensive complex comprised of six defensive lines, the names of which correspond to the generalized means of managing social systems: methodological (gnoseological), historical-algorithmic, factual (ideological), economic, demographic, and military. Among the six mentioned defense lines, the first three are in the plane of sciences belonging to the humanitarian cycle and closely related to the value system, components of the country’s cultural code. In the context of hybrid warfare, the state is forced to use the military arsenal when it has conceded to the enemy on all previous defense lines, primarily on axiological lines. Neglecting the issues of protection of axiological defense lines of the national security system leads to the fact that the country suffers significant and often irreparable damage to subsequent lines: economic, demographic, military. It is recommended that axiological defense lines be defended and reinforced no less intensively than economic and other defense lines of the national security system. Without prompt resolution of these issues, the full-fledged implementation of Russia’s national projects and the achievement of technological sovereignty will be significantly hampered.

Военная сила в международных отношениях как фактор безопасности и суверенитета России на современном этапе ее развития

The study presents an analysis of Russia's international relations at the present stage of development and their impact on the state of the military-political situation in regional strategic areas, which are of paramount importance for ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation. The authors note that Russia aims to strengthen its contacts with Islamic countries in the context of international relations. It is observed that the Israel-Iran conflict has once again become a key factor in global politics. The features of the negotiation processes, the role and place of Russia in them are revealed. The desire to resolve the Ukrainian crisis, which severely affects the global economy and its major players, remains pronounced. According to the results of the analysis, negative trends have been identified that require the elimination of factors at the international level at the current stage of development, influencing which, it is necessary to stabilize the aggravated contradictions taking into account new threats. The identified threats will ensure strategic stability to confront the collective West, contributing to the construction, functioning and development of the national security system. Proposals are being made on new approaches to solving the negotiation process and the need for a set of legal support measures, as well as the use of existing potential.

Imperatives of economic nature that have a negative impact on the legal provision of national security

The study represents the effort of applying neo-realism paradigm to the analysis of economic security factor in the system of national security and its legislative framing in various countries in regional view. Along with overall trends in global landscape of economic security, the cases of Pakistan, UK, USA, Australia, and China are considered. The article can serve as a methodological basis for subsequent scientific research in this area.

The relationship between visual health and influencing factors among primary and secondary school students: a survey based in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China.

The myopia rate of young people around the world, especially in China, has continued to rise, and the vision health of primary and secondary school students has gradually become a global concern. It was to explore the current characteristics of vision status and their intrinsic links to influencing factors of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region primary and secondary school students under regional characteristics. 1,670 primary and secondary school students in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region were surveyed using Vision examination, International Physical Activity Scale, Lifestyle Behavior Scale. The data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 23.0. The prevalence of myopia among primary and secondary school students in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region was 27.3%, with rates of 31.5% for girls and 23.4% for boys. There was a significant negative correlation between lifestyle behaviors (r = -0.36, p < 0.01) and physical activity level (r = -0.06, p < 0.05) with vision status. The physical activity level played a significant masking effect between lifestyle behaviors and vision status (a*b = 0.002, c' = -0.044). Gender moderated the effects of lifestyle behaviors on physical activity level and vision status, as well as the effects of physical activity level on vision status. These factors constituted a mixed model with mediating and moderation. The model fitted well (RMSEA = 0.028, CFI = 0.951, NFI = 0.918). The prevalence of myopia among primary and secondary school students in this region is lower than the national average in China, and it is associated with lifestyle behaviors, physical activity level, and gender. When effectively controlled, the physical activity level significantly will reduce the prevalence of myopia as a masking variable. Gender, as a moderating variable, provides theoretical support for the classification and prevention of myopia. Regional surveys enriched the global database on adolescent myopia research, revealing the characteristics and common factors of visual problems in adolescents. Relevant departments and schools should integrate eye care into the national health security system, implement policies related to myopia prevention and control and safeguard the visual health of primary and secondary school students.

К вопросу об определении сущности понятия «кадровая безопасность» на региональном уровне

The article provides a theoretical analysis of the approaches identified by the authors to the definition of the concept of “regional personnel security”: as the state of human capital, as the state of the labor market, an element of the economic security system at various levels, as a process of preventing various negative impacts on economic security at the national, regional and corporate levels. The importance of human potential as an object of attention in ensuring personnel security at the regional level is noted. The role of investments in human potential from the point of view of various spheres of public life as a factor in the economic growth of territories is outlined. Based on an analysis of modern research in the area under study, two positions have been identified to determine the place of personnel security in economic and national security systems. The author’s concept of personnel security is proposed. The place of personnel security in the region’s economic security system has been determined.

Reinforcement learning in autonomous defense systems: Strategic applications and challenges

Reinforcement learning (RL) is one of the most progressive ways to improve the efficiency of drones and robotic systems in the context of the defense and security industries. In Anomaly Detection (AD) systems, this paper discusses the potential of RL as a Model Selection Criteria (MSC) method and its associated issues. RL algorithms enable such systems to adapt to and learn from interactions with their environment, optimizing their response to complex and dynamic threats. This way, new states may be introduced with better decision-making processes, improving the effectiveness of the operations and enabling Reinforcement learning -powered systems to learn new scenarios as well as perform detailed defensive actions in a real-time context. The importance of RL in national defense can therefore be said to lie in its capacities for changing how threats are identified, how threats are responded to, and even what strategies of defense are thought of. Self-governing systems that incorporate Reinforcement learning are capable of functioning in an unpredictable environment, evaluating threats correctly, and carrying out defensive measures with the help of people practically at all. This versatility is critical in modern warfare because a preferred option is the right response to threats that were unknown a few years ago. However, incorporating RL into autonomous defense systems is not without big challenges. Some important problem areas are improved stability and accuracy of RL algorithms in various and critical situations, the legal and practical consequences of autonomous decision-making and possible threats that can arise due to adversarial manipulation of learning algorithms. In addition, such systems have to be developed and put into practice under national and international standards to meet certain requirements and build confidence in such applications. This paper explores these strategic uses and issues and presents a detailed overview of how RL can improve independent defense functionalities, as well as the significant problems relating to this approach. Thus, by providing case studies and theoretical analysis, it aims to demonstrate that RL has the potential to define the technological development of defense and benefit national security systems in the context of a growing threat.

SPECIFICITY OF INFORMATIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL COUNTERMEASURE OF PROPAGANDA FOR PERSONAL MEMBERSHIP DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR

The specifics and methods of conducting informational and psychological propaganda by the Triple Alliance and the Entente among the troops and population of the enemy during the First World War were studied. The article analyzes the strategies and methods of propaganda used by the Triple Alliance ( Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy ) and the Entente (Russia, England, France) during the conflict, in particular the appeal to mass media and the influence on the morale of military and civilian personnel. The authors also evaluate the effectiveness of these measures and contribute to the understanding of propaganda as a means of information warfare in the context of military strategies. The article highlights the need to improve the national security system. Various approaches to the definition of hybrid warfare are considered, focusing on the context of Ukraine and the peculiarities of the State Border Service. The article analyzes the essence of this concept and general principles related to the protection of national interests at the state border. Special attention is paid to the influence of information and psychological propaganda on military strategies during the First World War, especially on the morale, behavior of troops and the civilian population. The study showed that the success of information and psychological propaganda depends on its ability to adapt to conditions that change depending on the course and needs of the audience, as well as on the use of innovative methods and mass media. Our research encourages further study of propaganda as a tool of war and its impact on contemporary conflicts.

PROTECTION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR AND AIRSPACE OF UKRAINE: LEGAL, REGULATORY, ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS

The study uses general scientific and special methods, the main of which are: abstract-logical, deductive, inductive, historical, modelling and forecasting, methods of system-structural, system-functional analysis, economic and statistical (grouping, comparison, etc.). The use of system analysis methods made it possible to structure the constituent elements of the regulatory and legal support of public administration in the field of protection of atmospheric air and airspace of Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to characterise the protection of atmospheric air and airspace of Ukraine in the regulatory, legal, environmental and economic aspects. It is determined that the regulatory framework for regulating the principles of atmospheric air safety is a component of the mechanism for ensuring environmental safety. The article emphasises that for the first time the principles of environmental safety were enshrined in the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine, where the principles of environmental safety were established at the level of a separate section. It is emphasised that the functional content of the administrative and legal protection of atmospheric air includes: ensuring air pollution within the limits of the maximum permissible emission standards in order to ensure the right of a person to a safe and quality environment; greening of production; introduction of ecological fuel quality standards; greening of the energy cluster of the economy, including through the introduction of the principles of decentralisation of the country's energy system; establishment of information interaction between the participants of legal relations in order to ensure the transparency of economic activities related to environmental pollution; formation of a high level of environmental legal awareness, etc. The article draws a conclusion that ensuring proper quality of atmospheric air is a component of the mechanism for ensuring environmental safety. The authors underline that the understanding of the system of regulatory and legal regulation of atmospheric air and airspace protection should be functionally aimed at ensuring compliance with environmental standards for the operation of such facilities in accordance with economic feasibility and social justification. The paper concludes that atmospheric air safety and airspace safety are part of the national security system, where the former is a component of environmental safety and the latter is a component of state security, and should be understood as the state of atmospheric air and the integrity of the air environment, for which physical, chemical and biological properties are established which create favourable and sufficient conditions for the vital activity of people and settlements.

The essence of the system of actors ensuring national security

The article aims to clarify the actual essence of the system of actors ensuring national security of Ukraine. To achieve the goal of the research, a complex of general and specific methods of scientific knowledge is used (dialectical, abstraction, analysis and generalization, documentary analysis, summarization). It is argued that this system is not a set of entities, because the set of elements does not form a system since it is not characterized by the degree of interaction of its components, which leads to the appearance of a qualitatively new integrity – the form of expression of the structure which actually forms the system. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, it is identified that during the post-Soviet period of the development of the doctrine of national security and its provision, the essence of the complex of actors ensuring national security was understood as a set of these entities. In the current development of these doctrines, this complex is interpreted as a system. The modern understanding of national security and its provision indicates that certain foundations (principles of responsibility, patriotism, and national solidarity) impose requirements extending to a wide range of subjects, encompassing both public service agencies and civil society actors. Furthermore, it creates conditions for holistic interaction between different types of subjects, forming a subsystem of the national security system from these entities. The complex of actors ensuring national security of Ukraine appears as a system because it has its key features.

“Crisis situations of the recovery period” represent a feature of the legal regulation of the transition from the wartime period to the provision of military security during the wartime period

One of the postulates of systems theory is the tendency of any system to seek a stable state and avoid chaos. Stability is associated with overcoming crises, which are considered obstacles to development. Crises can serve various functions: destructive, threatening the viability of the system; destructive, leading to further development; and crises that are merely disruptions of equilibrium. In the context of transitioning from repelling armed aggression to ensuring military security in the post-war period, it is appropriate to describe the crisis phenomena and situations of the recovery period, which encompass the real crises of the recovery period. Special attention should be paid to the classification of crises, modeling their development, establishing crisis communications and decision- making in crisis conditions, developing state policy and crisis response strategies, as well as devising methods for crisis prevention. Situation centers play a key role in forecasting the security situation, preparing stabilization operations, and coordinating the actions of various security and defense structures. Their tasks include conveying decisions to personnel and the local population, organizing management and interaction, informing about the development of events, and controlling the execution of decisions. The centers also collect and analyze operational information for timely response to crisis situations. In legal science, the concept of a “crisis of the recovery period” is not widespread, but it may be useful for describing emergencies in the post-war period. The definition of such crises should consider the specific impacts of hazardous factors on national interests. The modern concept of national security of Ukraine envisages the integration of various security sectors, including economic, political, social, and legal aspects. According to legislation, the national security system in the recovery period should be an organized set of entities united by common goals and tasks regarding the protection of national interests. These entities participate in military-civil relations, coordinate their actions, and develop crisis response strategies.

National Projects in the National Security System: Theory and Practice of Legal Regulation

The article analyzes the tasks in the field of legal regulation of the implementation of national projects, through which the achievement of national security of Russia is ensured: managerial (effective use of budgetary funds, prevention of misuse, embezzlement in the implementation of national pro­jects), requiring adequate decisions in the implementation of national projects; establishing the personal responsibility of officials for achieving results in the implementation of national projects, as well as making legitimate decisions in the implementation of state (municipal) financial control; organizational and technical, which are aimed at to introduce the latest digital technologies created on the basis of Russian equipment into the process of implementing national projects, which will not only ensure the targeted use of budget resources aimed at the implementation of national projects, but also avoid possible embezzlement of budget funds.

Is it really better to "die" than "live"? Reflections on the practice of "death with dignity" in China.

To analyze the causes of the controversy caused by "death with dignity" in China, and to provide some useful thoughts for the practical exploration of "death with dignity." By combing the periodical literature, legal texts and practice, we find that the Medical Regulations of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, which was revised and passed by China in 2022, recognized the legal effect of "living will" for the first time in legislation, which triggered a wide-ranging social discussion on "death with dignity" and brought many controversies. Due to the influence of traditional culture, policies and laws, medical service supply capacity and other factors, death with dignity suffers from great practical resistance. The exploration of "death with dignity" system needs to start with the problems encountered in practice, focusing on cultivating a good system implementation environment, strengthening the top-level design of "death with dignity" system, and improving the national social security system for hospice care.

Financial strategies for the development of the military-industrial complex in the national security system of Ukraine

The paper clarifies that ensuring national security, the country’s defense capability, and economic growth critically depends on the development of Ukraine’s military industry. Improvement of financial and technological support, development of innovations, and international cooperation are the key directions of the financial strategies of the military industry. It has been proven that the development of the military industry in the national security system of Ukraine requires a comprehensive approach and close cooperation between various branches of government, scientific institutions, and the private sector, which will ensure not only defense capability but also contribute to the economic development of the country. It is substantiated that the successful implementation of financial strategies for the development of the industrial complex requires an appropriate foundation, namely: an increase in financial resources for the modernization of production facilities and the development of new technologies; integration of modern technologies into the production process; increase in costs for training and attracting new specialists; expansion of cooperation with NATO countries and other international partners; participation in joint international projects and programs. The main aspects and directions of the development of the military industry in the context of national security are substantiated: the development of own production capacities to ensure autonomy in the production of military equipment, critical components and systems, weapons, and ammunition; increasing investments in the GDR for the development of own technologies and increasing the competitiveness of Ukrainian military-industrial complex products; carrying out corporatization and privatization through the transformation of state-owned military-industrial complex enterprises into more efficient corporate structures; development and implementation of laws that contribute to the development of the military industry and the protection of national interests; implementation of international standards in the production and management of the military industry.

THE RISK THRESHOLD LEVEL JUSTIFICATION METHOD OF THE CRISIS SITUATIONS IN ORDER TO PREVENT ARMED AGGRESSION

The risk threshold level method of the crisis situations justification to prevent armed aggression against targeted state (with elements of artificial intelligence technology) has been developed, that ensures the integrated risks of crisis situations threshold levels determination. The method is based on the expert assessment and forecasting technologies and allows to track the dynamics of growth of destructive risks factors of negative trends in the development of the security environment and preventive response to the processes of ensuring the national security of the State in its defining areas by reducing the risks of the most dangerous negative trends that can provoke crisis situations in the targeted State. It is noted that since the target State has limited resources allocated to ensure national security, it makes no sense to fully consider all the identified negative trends (not all of them are aimed at the use of military force). Therefore, the method provides for the establishment of two threshold (critical) levels for each negative trend. The first level is the level of fixing the integral risk (if the negative trend has two or more destructive factors), upon reaching that the national security system organizes detailed monitoring of such a trend. The second level is the threshold level of of a crisis situation risk, at which crisis management is engaged in the system of ensuring national security. Practical implementation of the developed method will ensure a faster response to the risks of certain destructive factors for national security, which will make it possible to increase the efficiency of national security management under conditions of limited resources and expand preventive response to a wider range of negative trends in the geopolitical and military-political situation in the regions where targeted State's national interests are realized.

АСПЕКТЫ ТЕХНОСФЕРНОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ В КОНЦЕПЦИИ СИСТЕМЫ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ

The need for an independent, sovereign existence of any country requires special attention to national security issues. The current state of mankind is characterized by a symbiosis of technology and nature, the use of various technologies, which are accompanied by the emergence of new threats and technosphere hazards, which actualizes the problem of understanding the concept of «national security». These circumstances required generalization and concretization of concepts used in the field of security at the system level. In the study of the issues under consideration, systematic, historical-retrospective, and cybernetic approaches were chosen as a methodological basis. The evolution of the human habitat is considered, the importance of the problem of ensuring technosphere safety is determined, due to the contribution of technosphere funds and technologies to maintaining the management processes of critical infrastructure facilities (potentially dangerous objects) of the state, as well as the catastrophic consequences of accidents at such facilities. A concept is proposed describing the national security system of the state as an organizational and technical management (socio-cyberphysical) system that allows integrating efforts to ensure various types of national security into a single complex.

Reconstruction of The Social Security System Policy in National Development of Indonesia

This research aims to analyze the policy of the national social security system in Indonesia, which refers to the 1945 Basic Law stating that every citizen has the right to employment and a decent living. However, in its implementation, it has not yet fully reached all layers of society and citizens. Data collection was performed through literature review and policy analysis on the applicable legal regulations concerning the national social security system. The findings identified that since the enactment of Law No. 14/1969 concerning Basic Provisions Regarding Manpower, followed by Law No. 3/1992 concerning Social Security for Workers in Indonesia, and up to Law No. 13/2003 concerning Manpower, Law No. 40 of 2004 on the National Social Security System, Law No. 36 of 2009 on Health, and Law No. 24 of 2011 on the Social Security Administering Body, the national social security system in Indonesia has not reached all citizens, still focusing on providing protection for workers/laborers. The correlation analysis between economic growth and poverty rates from 1998 to 2019 shows a negative relationship, where economic growth can significantly reduce poverty levels. Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) contribute 61.41% to Indonesia's GDP and provide employment for 96.71% of the labor force, playing a crucial role in the country's economic growth, yet many are still not protected by the national social security system, especially those not working in the formal sector. During the Covid-19 pandemic, the government's role in providing national social security and health assurances for all citizens has proven the government's capability to provide health security and national assurances to all Indonesian citizens, and has managed to sustain the Indonesian economy which continues to grow robustly.