Context Of National Security Research Articles

Hybrid threats in the national security context of Nepal

Of late, hybrid warfare has emerged as a widely contested but practically tested war strategy anticipated in the future. This paper revolves around strategies to deter, mitigate and counter hybrid threats to national security in the context of Nepal. Prevailing geopolitical and geostrategic environments exhibit that different actors, including state and non-state hybrid strategies pose a clear challenge to Nepal's national security interests. Hence, there is a need for a national security strategy to counter hybrid threats which demands fresh thinking, expanding the traditional enemy-centric threat assessment and response. But the general understanding of hybrid warfare is underdeveloped because hybrid means are ambiguous and complex, such as unorthodox, unpredictable and constantly changing. Ultimately, developing and implementing effective national security policy, ensuring political stability, zero tolerance policy on corruption, good governance, economic and resources development, trusted law enforcement, effective stakeholders including security and intelligence system, building resilience are the best ways to prevent a hybrid war before it erupts. This article argues that Nepali Army, as a key responder, too needs to have an updated military doctrine and strategy on its role in countering it.

A Data Fusion System for Simulation of Critical Scenarios and Decision-Making

The decision-making (DM) process in critical environments is a complex process that can be simulated due to current telematic capabilities, which allow the real time interaction of large amounts of data. This document describes the proposed architecture from a research process, developed by the FAC Aerospace Technology Development Center (CETAD), where using computational and expert system tools, allowed to create a computational environment for decision maker evaluated his options to prepares for real events, simulating characteristics, resources and strategies in a real time environment.
 This document describes an investigation product resulted in a simulation system, based on a combination of fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms and decision trees which let modelled and simulated various entities and their automatic response according to simulated patterns and situations, in which, through operators, decision maker can modify entities behaviour, according to parameterized restrictions and physical conditions. Also based on business intelligence tools, reports are generated to evaluate the decisions made. This type of technologies improves planning capacity and facilitate the decision-making process.
 System allows simulating any media deployment in national security and critical events context. Thus, a case study was developed for implementation of a support in natural disaster scenario simulation

The Changing New Zealand National Security Environment: New Threats, New Structures, and New Research

This article is intended to supply readers of this new journal an updated broad contextual understanding of the recent changes to the New Zealand national security context. The international and domestic contexts in which New Zealand’s national security are researched and operationalised have changed significantly since 2017. This article will review three areas of interest for the study of national security. It will discuss 1) the evolving national security context both global and local, 2) the changes to the New Zealand national security system, and 3) it will review recent New Zealand national security research. The article highlights a national security system and a corresponding field of study that in addition to all the business as usual, will increasingly be focused on continuing structural reform and the threats posed by terrorism, cybersecurity, biosecurity and climate change. The article notes that while the national security context has changed significantly since 2017, the related field of research has evolved much more slowly. It concludes by arguing that an important function of this new journal will be to start to address this disjunction.

Does China change the game?

It is vastly overdone to suggest that China changes the game. The challenges posed by the Chinese economy will not disappear because the U.S. puts pressure on them. The swing to statism in China’s internal and external polices, however, is raising backlash abroad and driving down its growth rate at home. In the national security context, there is no one hyper-cool technology that is going to suddenly enable the Chinese to establish dominance. Technological prowess, including military capacity, is about system integration. Protectionism, instead will weaken the U.S. through cronyism, decreasing competition by statism. The sign of the self-inflicted damage from the Trump administration’s policies is the marked decline in net inwards foreign-direct investment. Though troubling, it is not by itself sufficient to generate a recession.

National Security, Data Protection, and Data Sharing after the Data Protection Act 2018

The Data Protection Act 2018 overhauls the United Kingdom’s regime of data protection in order to bring it in line with EU law, and reflects in a number of ways the exigencies of national security. This article outlines and analyses the various ways in which national security is reflected in the 2018 Act, both in terms of the substance of the rules which apply and the procedures which exist for publicising and challenging determinations that certain aspects of data protection law are to be disapplied in the interests of national security. The article also considers the specific provision made in the 2018 Act for the sharing of data by the UK’s security and intelligence agencies, arguing that the reform carried out is inadequate for a number of reasons. The 2018 Act represents a missed opportunity to clarify uncertain aspects of the law governing data sharing in the national security context.

Drivers of water and land use embodied in international soybean trade

International trade of soybeans has increased substantially over recent decades. Its environmental toll is routinely linked to deforestation and biodiversity loss. However, soybean trade also imposes a huge demand on water and land resources, in individual countries and globally. Such a burden, and its underlying sectoral drivers, is frequently overlooked within the current research and policy agenda around sustainable soybean supply chains. This study evaluates the Virtual Water Trade (VWT) and Virtual Land Trade (VLT) of global soybean trade and reveals which countries and sectors are responsible. Soybean-related VWT and VLT are estimated by combining physical import and export data and associated resource use information from 166 countries during the period 2000–2016. Over this period global virtual soybean-related virtual water and land trade grew by 298% and 250% respectively. In 2016, 812 Gm3 of water use and 41 Mha of land use was directly embodied in international soybean trade. This corresponds to one-third of water and land used to grow soybean globally. Soybean-related VWT and VLT was mainly driven by demand in China, the Netherlands and Mexico, for soybean grown in the US, Brazil and Argentina. Animal feed is responsible for around three-quarters of this resource use. A reduction in the consumption of animal products or switching to direct human consumption of soybeans would reduce the overall demand for soybean production and associated resource use. Although welcome, calls for deforestation-free soybean supply chains do not go far enough to reduce the large, global water and land demand of soybean trade. The research and policy agenda around soybean trade warrants a broader focus on water and land use and whether this represents an efficient, and logical, allocation of resources within the context of food provision and national resource security.

Религиоведение в контексте национальной безопасности

Религиоведение в контексте национальной безопасности

Отдельные аспекты криминалистической характеристики преступлений, совершаемых в сфере оборонно-промышленного комплекса России, в контексте проблемы обеспечения национальной безопасности

Отдельные аспекты криминалистической характеристики преступлений, совершаемых в сфере оборонно-промышленного комплекса России, в контексте проблемы обеспечения национальной безопасности

From Healthcare to Warfare and Reverse: How Should We Regulate Dual-Use Neurotechnology?

Recent advances in military-funded neurotechnology and novel opportunities for misusing neurodevices show that the problem of dual use is inherent to neuroscience. This paper discusses how the neuroscience community should respond to these dilemmas and delineates a neuroscience-specific biosecurity framework. This neurosecurity framework involves calibrated regulation, (neuro)ethical guidelines, and awareness-raising activities within the scientific community.

General warrants, thematic warrants, bulk warrants: property interference for national security purposes

This paper considers the powers of property interference under the Intelligence Services Act 1994 as they have been employed for the purpose of ‘equipment interference’ or ‘hacking’. It discusses in particular the granting of ‘thematic warrants’ under the relevant provisions, considering them in the specific context of the common law jurisprudence on ‘general warrants’. It argues that the national security context has seen the traditional common law suspicion of property interference evaded but shows that that the implications of that fact are felt also outside the national security context. It then considers these matters in relation to the new powers of equipment nterference found in the Investigatory Powers Act 2016.

IIm Still Dancing: The Continued Efficacy of First Amendment Precedent and Values for New-School Regulation

This response essay reflects on the meaning of two foundational First Amendment decisions: New York Times Co. v. Sullivan — characterized by Harry Kalven, Jr., as “an occasion for dancing in the streets”— which imposed limits on public officials’ recovery for defamation, and New York Times Co. v. United States, which reaffirmed the central First Amendment principle against prior restraints. Professor Jack Balkin characterizes these decisions as responses to “old-school speech regulation . . . [in which] the state had used penalties and injunctions directed at speakers and publishers in order to control and discipline their speech.” But, Balkin observes, changes in the infrastructure and technology of free expression and in the regulation of speech have significantly weakened the impact of these decisions. He claims that “new-school” speech regulation — government exercise of informal control over and co-optation of privately-owned digital infrastructure providers — is not meaningfully subject to these precedents. Balkin expresses particular concern about the inefficacy of the prior restraint doctrine in circumstances of collateral censorship, in which the government encourages private intermediaries like ISPs to censor the speech of others. Such instances of collateral censorship, he worries, will affect an end run around the traditional procedural safeguards imposed on prior restraints. Balkin also expresses concern about the government’s co-optation of private infrastructure providers, through which the government informally pressures these entities to restrict users’ privacy and freedom of expression. In this response essay, I contend first that the prior restraint doctrine reinforced by the Court in New York Times Co. v. United States is still effective in holding in check new-school regulation — at least outside the national security context — as evidenced by cases such as Center for Democracy and Technology v. Pappert. Second, I argue, Balkin’s concerns about government co-optation of private infrastructure providers should be partially allayed by steps these providers have taken to expose efforts by the government to co-opt them and to commit themselves to upholding First Amendment principles, and to transparency and visibility in responding to government requests to censor content or reveal user information. In sum, the prior restraint doctrine — at least outside of the national security context — is still effective in holding in check government efforts to restrict speech. And recent actions by the entities responsible for the Internet’s free speech infrastructure have trended toward transparency and against co-optation by the government. These developments give us reason to be optimistic about the continued relevance of First Amendment precedent and values in the era of new-school regulation.

Distinguishing Moderated Actinide Metal From Oxide Using Neutron Correlations and Spectroscopy

Determining the amount, chemical form, physical shape, and multiplication of the fissile material in an unknown assembly is a challenging problem that is of great importance in a number of national security contexts. The discrimination of plutonium in metal versus oxide form in special nuclear materials is crucial and yet remains a challenge for current methods. It has previously been shown that the $\alpha $ -ratio for un-moderated plutonium oxides can be rapidly determined by comparing the fast neutron spectrum measured with a liquid scintillator with pure fission and ( $\alpha $ ,n) neutron spectra measured with the same liquid scintillator. In this paper we show that the chemical form can be obtained for moderated nuclear materials using fast neutron detection systems. We describe a new method to distinguish moderated plutonium metal from oxide using liquid scintillators, neutron spectroscopy and neutron correlations.

Teaching intelligence in the twenty-first century: towards an evidence-based approach for curriculum design

Since 9/11, the ‘Five Eyes’ countries have seen a dramatic rise in intelligence training and education courses across the national security and law enforcement contexts. However, there remains little publicly available empirical evidence to demonstrate specifically where improvements have been made to workplace practices and processes as a result of this investment. This article, argues that the education sector in the intelligence discipline lacks an evaluation research agenda, for validating the workplace effectiveness of training and education programs. Further, a first step in understanding whether curriculum are ‘fit for purpose’ may be articulating some underlying common normative principles for evaluating programs in any intelligence context.

Examining the Ethics of Government-Organized Nongovernmental Organizations (GONGOs)

This article explores the ethics of an increasingly pervasive form of third-sector organization, the government-organized nongovernmental organization. GONGOs are an important means of projecting state power in a broad spectrum of foreign policy and national security contexts, from boardrooms to battlefields. As these organizations become increasingly professionalized, a need emerges for defining the bounds of their ethical conduct. Because the nature of their authority evolves in an age of public value governance, their institutional ethos also requires evaluation. This article examines existing principles of government, nonprofit, military, and private military contractor ethics to assist in defining the bounds of GONGO ethics. It uses international law to provide guidance on ethical standards for organizations supporting noncombat national security and foreign policy missions, provides prescriptive guidance for their operation, and contemplates questions for future research.

Examining cooperation with the police in a national security environment

ABSTRACTThreats of terrorism on a national and global level have catalysed the introduction of a series of national security measures within Australia. The nature of these measures has put pressure on the role of police and the willingness of citizens to cooperate with police in their regular duties. This study uses the National Security and Preparedness Survey to examine the extent to which the perceived effectiveness of such measures influences individual perceptions of procedural justice of the police and people’s willingness to cooperate with law enforcement. Particular attention is paid to the role of procedural justice in influencing perceptions of police in the national security context. The findings highlight the factors that are important for enhancing positive attitudes towards law enforcement agencies in a post 9/11 environment driven by national security threats.

Political Context and Meaning of British Citizenship: Cancellation as a National Security Measure

This article places the court cases on cancellation of British citizenship in the context of the wider socio-political debates on citizenship. The political context demonstrates several potential arguments linking citizenship with rights which could have informed the court cases. However, an observable trend is that while some of the decisions flag various substantive rights, most fail to expand upon them. A formal, legal approach to determination of foreign nationality laws and statelessness is evident in the cases rather than a discussion of rights and belonging. This illustrates how legal formalism operates to exclude important aspects of the meaning and content of British citizenship. By avoiding close scrutiny of the rights framework in the national security context the current cases support a minimal view of citizenship as loyalty in exchange for protection. This is reminiscent of the concept of subjecthood from the days of Empire. The article argues that intense proportionality review of the differential enjoyment of substantive rights would be far more revealing of the meaning and content of British citizenship.

United We Stand, Divided We Fall: The Anti-US Base Movements in Okinawa and Pyeongtaek

Why are some anti-US base movements more successful than others in influencing basing policies? Scholars have examined such factors as national security contexts, availability of political opportunities and resources to movement activists, and the use of strategic framing to explain the varying degrees of success of these movements. These existing studies, however, tend to neglect the internal dynamics of social movements and the agency of movement participants in shaping movement outcomes. This study addresses this gap through a comparative case study of the antiUS base movements in Pyeongtaek, South Korea and Okinawa, Japan. Drawing on the concept of group cohesion, this study argues that strong group cohesion in the anti-US base movement succeeded in delaying the implementation of the Japanese government’s basing policy while the anti-US base movement in Pyeongtaek failed to stop the implementation of its government’s basing policy mainly due to its weak cohesion.

National Security's Broken Windows

This Article examines the federal government’s community engagement efforts with American Muslim communities as part of a larger infrastructure for policing radicalization and countering violent extremism (CVE). While the federal government presents community engagement as a softer alternative to policing, community engagement is integrated into a larger policing apparatus, making the reality far more coercive. Community engagement efforts are staged within the greater context of radicalization discourse, counterradicalization and CVE programs. Radicalization theory posits that increased religiosity and politicization in Muslims provokes an increased threat of terrorism. Government counterradicalization programs aim, therefore, to monitor and influence the political and religious cultures of Muslim communities so as to prevent radicalization, bringing tremendous scrutiny to bear on these communities. The federal government situates its national security community engagement efforts within the history of community policing in the ordinary criminal context. Community engagement and community policing are celebrated as forms of policing that emphasize communication and collaboration with marginalized communities and serve ideals of inclusion and democratic participation. In both contexts, however, efforts at police-community communication and collaboration are warped by law enforcement’s commitments to preventive theories of crime control, narrowing the space for the inclusion of and democratic contestation by the subject communities. Broken windows theory and radicalization theory invest local social and cultural norms an outsized role in the origination of criminal activity, creating a rationale for the policing of everyday life. In linking noncriminal activity to the potential for crime, both theories reinforce a punitive lens through which police interact with communities, further marginalizing communities on the grounds of their racial and religious difference. In putting community engagement in conversation with community policing, this Article’s central insight is as straightforward as it might be surprising: Community engagement in the national security context shares some of the problems of community policing in the ordinary criminal context. Community engagement efforts increase the presence of law enforcement in already overpoliced communities, and exacerbate intracommunity inequalities. Rather than enhance participation, community engagement may simply provide opportunities for select members of Muslim communities to approve preexisting law enforcement commitments — and create an additional source of pressure on Muslim communities to perform their Americanness — without meaningful openings for Muslim communities to communicate, collaborate, and contest the relationship, its modalities, and its outputs.

The evolving sphere of food security

Hundreds of millions of people still suffer from chronic hunger and food insecurity despite sufficient levels of global food production. The poor's inability to afford adequate diets remains the biggest constraint to solving hunger, but the dynamics of global food insecurity are complex and demand analysis that extends beyond the traditional domains of economics and agriculture. How do the policies used to promote food security in one country affect nutrition, food access, natural resources, and national security in other countries? How do the priorities and challenges of achieving food security change over time as countries develop economically? The Evolving Sphere of Food Security seeks to answer these two important questions and others by exploring the interconnections of food security to security of many kinds: energy, water, health, climate, the environment, and national security. Through personal stories of research in the field and policy advising at local and global scales, a multidisciplinary group of scholars provide readers with a real-world sense of the opportunities and challenges involved in alleviating food insecurity. In sub-Saharan Africa, for example, management of HIV/AIDS, the establishment of an equitable system of land property rights, and investment in solar-powered irrigation play an important role in improving food security---particularly in the face of global climate change. Meanwhile, food price spikes associated with the United States' biofuels policy continue to have spillover effects on the world's rural poor with implications for stability and national security. The Evolving Sphere of Food Security traces four key areas of the food security field: 1) the political economy of food and agriculture; 2) challenges for the poorest billion; 3) agriculture's dependence on resources and the environment; and 4) food in a national and international security context. This book connects these areas in a way that tells an integrated story about human lives, resource use, and the policy process. Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/economicsfinance/9780199354061/toc.html Contributors to this volume - Eran Bendavid Jennifer Burney Mariano-Florentino Cuellar Jennifer Davis Walter P. Falcon Christopher B. Field Jikun Huang Eric F. Lambin David Lazarus David B. Lobell Pamela A. Matson Rosamond L. Naylor Amy J. Pickering Scott Rozelle Ximena Rueda Whitney L. Smith Stephen John Stedman Johan Swinnen Barton (Buzz) H. Thompson, Jr. Peter A. Vitousek Xiaobing Wang

Information Security and the Theory of Unfaithful Information

In this article, the theory of information security is written as a context of national security. Article is devoted to an actual problem of legal support of information security in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The author analyzes modern problems and threats of information security in the conditions of globalization and considers aspects of information security. This article focuses on issues of spreading harmful information, which negatively affects the psyche, behavior, health, society and destabilizes the government administration. The article makes the case for improving the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in strengthening informational security of individuals, society, the state, and measures to prevent the destructive impact of harmful information.