National Rural Livelihood Mission Research Articles

Women Empowerment through Self -Help Groups in India – A Comprehensive Literature Review

India is a developing country with high ratio of Rural Population and high Masculinity index. If we look into the History, it has been founded that Male have more authority and power compare to the Woman and this practice is still continue in some areas of the Country. Government is continuously focusing on the Development by promoting several schemes for it. SHG is the Scheme launched by National Rural Livelihood Mission which emphasise on the Development of Rural poor through the Empowerment of Women. In this Review Paper we have tried to study different results related to women Empowerment through Self-Help Group in India. Additionally, it has been tried to understand different definitions of SHG and its importance also. The Literature says that Self-help Group is a group which is working for betterment of its members in terms of Economic, Social, Educational and Political level. SHG bank Linkage Programme is important to include the rural and excluded people into the financial system. It can contribute to the total Savings of the country which ultimately increase the Lending rate and funds can be utilised for development purpose. So, the development of the country can be improved by reducing the unemployment and poverty in the Country.

Rawls’ difference principle, self-help group, financial inclusion and social cohesion—lore or actuality? Experience of Central Assam

Microfinance is an alternative banking service available to low-income individuals or organizations for whom no institutional financial services are available. A widely accepted approach to assisting disadvantaged and excluded communities, especially in remote rural areas, is microcredit. The purpose of microfinance is to promote financial equality and inclusion by acting as a substitute for traditional lending methods for the marginalized. In India, Self-Help Groups (SHGs)—Bank Linkage Program that led microfinance—gained maximum popularity. The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development architected this model. In this model, Grameen Banks are associated with SHGs. The model is familiar as the SHG-Bank Linkage Program (SBLP). A microfinance program’s theoretical foundation is the “Rawls’ Difference Principle” embedded in the “Theory of Justice.” The microcredit program, through the Self-Help Group-Bank Linkage Program (SBLP), gained maximum popularity in India. These SBLPs are registered with the “Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana—National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM)” under the scheme Aajeevika. In harmony with “Rawls’ Difference Principle,” the ultimate goal of Aajeevika is social cohesion for all. The current study aims to assess the effectiveness of the SBLP-driven microfinance program in promoting financial inclusion. Furthermore, unlike earlier studies, the present study also considers whether or not involvement in SBLP increases social cohesion, which is a crucial component of the Difference Principle. The empirical research is conducted using novel data collected through a field survey of 335 participants and 490 non-participants from Nagaon, Morigaon, and Hojai districts of Central Assam. The “Propensity Score Matching” method facilitates the impact analysis of SBLP. The participation decision in the SBLP is positively influenced by the level of education. Empirical results also indicate that Hindus and low-caste women are interested in participating in SBLP. Contrarily, distance from the bank and operational land holdings are negatively influencing the participation decision. The empirical findings support higher financial inclusion through SBLP involvement but do not support greater social cohesion. Based on the empirical results, we suggest that more SBLPs be enrolled with DAY-NRLP under “Aajeevika.” Simultaneously, social cohesion may be achieved only by guaranteeing participation for every deserving individual, irrespective of religion, caste, and class.

Sustainable Interventions for Improving Food Security among Tribal Communities in Bodoland Territorial Region

The study examined the determinants influencing food security status among the tribals of Bodoland Territorial Region, Assam. The study randomly selected 400 tribal respondents, 200 Bodo and 200 Rabha respondents. Data was collected through personal interviews and analysed using descriptive statistics, food security index and multiple linear regression. Results of the food security index depicted that about Bodo respondents (19.50%) were food secure, while (80.50%) were food insecure. Similarly, only (18.00%) of the Rabha respondents were food secure, but the remaining (82.00%) of Rabha respondents were food insecure. Further, multiple linear regression analysis revealed that employed members in the respondent's household, annual income, access to credit, and access to the Public Distribution System had a positive relationship with the food security status of Bodo respondents. However, it was found that the age of household head, family size, loss of cultivable land, indebtedness, and food grain used for liquor preparation negatively affected the food security status of the Bodo respondents. In the case of Rabha respondents, factors like employed members in the respondents' household, annual income and operational landholding positively impacted on the food security status of the respondents. In contrast, the age of the household head and family size were negatively significant to the food security status of Rabha respondents. The research suggested that nutritional security can be improved by improving family income. So, the government should emphasise non-farm income-generating activities at a household level or through SHGs and strengthen the Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana - National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM) activities in BTR. Crops like millets may be introduced after sali paddy harvesting. The government should make policies for increasing crop productivity using modern agricultural production techniques and easy access to credit. The government also increased the number of beneficiaries under the Public Distribution System by changing the criteria.

DAY NRLM scheme and its impact on women empowerment: a case of Morigaon district of Assam, India

PurposeThis study aims to examine the political, economic, social and technological (PEST) factors of women empowerment in the context of rural development under the initiatives of the National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM).Design/methodology/approachThe unit of analysis for this study is 459 samples. Non-probability sampling technique has been used for this study. Schedule/questionnaires have been circulated among the women in each block cluster. Frequencies have been used to represent the data against each statement. Non-parametric chi-square test has been used to examine the relationship between empowerment and political, economic, social, technological factors and interpersonal skills.FindingsStatistical analysis shows that the Deendayal Antayodaya Yojana (DAY)-NRLM scheme has brought significant changes and development to women in political, social, economic and technological areas. It was observed that women are economically empowered and contribute to the economic upliftment of the family. Most of the respondents strongly felt that after being associated with DAY-NRLM, they were empowered to contribute efficiently to the social development process and activities.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings of this study highlight the impact of DAY-NRLM implementation at block levels of a district in India. Subsequent research may be carried to measure the effectiveness of the capacity-building program conducted under the banner of DAY-NRLM.Practical implicationsWomen empowerment is not limited to awareness, whereas it needs a complete set of initiatives backed with support systems. Few critical interventions could be building strong networks, enhancing financial management, encouraging the spirit of entrepreneurship among self-help group workers, providing easy access to credit, mentoring, handholding, continuous monitoring and evaluation.Social implicationsThis study focuses on the impact of the DAY-NRLM scheme on women’s empowerment in the Morigaon district. The inferences from the study throw light on the empowerment of women vis-à-vis political, economic, social and technological factors.Originality/valueThis study is a primary study conducted in the Morigaon District of Assam. This is a new line of policy research that approaches the women empowerment with the PEST parameters.

A study on entrepreneurial behaviour of self-help group members under National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) in Lakhimpur Kheri District of Uttar Pradesh

A study on entrepreneurial behaviour of self-help group members under National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) in Lakhimpur Kheri District of Uttar Pradesh

The national rural livelihood mission advantages and awareness among rural women in Udaipur district

The national rural livelihood mission advantages and awareness among rural women in Udaipur district

Effectiveness of National Rural Livelihood Mission schemes on the performance of self-help groups

Effectiveness of National Rural Livelihood Mission schemes on the performance of self-help groups

Management of Community Resource Persons under National Rural Livelihood Mission with Reference to Bhopal District of Madhya Pradesh

The National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) is a flagship program of the Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India, started in 2011 to reduce rural poverty by promoting livelihood opportunities and empowering women. Under NRLM, Community Resource Persons (CRPs) are appointed to facilitate the mobilization and organization of rural poor households into Self-Help Groups (SHGs) and their federations. The objective of this study is to assess the role of CRP management under NRLM in Bhopal district. This study is a primary study and conducted in Bhopal district with a sample size of 40 CRPs. The study developed a structured questionnaire and did pilot testing before final administering in the field. CRPs have a critical role in implementing programs at the grass root level. Initially, NRLM and various other organizations, tried to work with the unreached rural poor but faced several challenges, including trust issues; to tackle this issue, Community Resource Persons play a significant role in the community rapport building and institutionalize them. In Madhya Pradesh, the management of CRPs under NRLM is carried out by the Madhya Pradesh State Rural Livelihoods Mission (MPSRLM), which is responsible for implementing NRLM in the state. The SRLM has developed a comprehensive system for identification, selection, capacity building, task assignment, payment procedures and management of the activities of CRPs who are strengthening the community institutions like SHGs, Village Organizations (VOs) and Cluster Level Federations (CLFs). The findings of the study will help in enhancing the effectiveness of government initiatives, promotes sustainable development, and empowers communities to address their unique challenges.

Profile of National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) beneficiaries in Madhya Pradesh

The National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) is a poverty alleviation programme implemented by The Ministry of Rural Development, GOI. The programme aims to promote self-employment and the organization of rural poor. The study was done during 2022-23 in Rewa and Shahdol districts in Baghelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh based on highest number of beneficiaries registered in selected districts under NRLM in the state of Madhya Pradesh. In this study Ex-post facto research design, and proportionate random sampling technique was adopted at 3 percent under multi-stage sampling procedures. Thus 221 respondents were selected which were personally interviewed to known the profile of beneficiaries. The results revealed that 65.60 percent of beneficiaries belong to young age, 24.00 percent have high school level of education, 47.07 percent have medium size of family, 55.20 percent have low level of farming experience, 50.20 percent have medium level of income, 53.86 percent have medium level credit accessible, 47.52 percent have marginal land holding, 38.00 percent had low level of information seeking behaviour, 41.17 percent have high level of mass media exposures, 39.82 percent have medium level of risk preference, 43.43 percent have medium level of awareness towards diversification, 51.58 percent have medium level of economic motivation, 46.15 percent have medium level of innovative, 41.65 percent have medium decision-making ability and 39.80 percent of beneficiaries have low level of management efficiency.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF NRLM/SGSY IN THE SAVINGS STRUCTURE OF SHGs IN THE STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH

In a country like India, the prospect or success of Microfinance is highly dominated by the Self-Help Groups as it helps in the implementation of the microfinance programs. The people belonging to similar socio-economic conditions and residing in the same locality come together to form SHGs. These associations are voluntary associations formed to attain similar goals as well as for The alleviation of the poverty conditions. It aims at providing financial aid to the poor, in the form of small savings, credit and insurance. In India, Microfinance is emerging as a powerful tool for poverty alleviation. This paper however, is an attempt towards analysing the contributions of NRLM/SGSY scheme in the savings structure of Self-Help Groups in the state of Uttar Pradesh. This paper describes the conceptual framework of Microfinance and Self-Help Groups in India. The researcher has made an attempt to understand the role of microfinance in the upliftment of people. It is an effort to highlight the role of microfinance in socio-economic development through the study of micro financial schemes, especially in the state of Uttar Pradesh, by analysing the SHGs enrollment rate along with their savings structure of the population. KEYWORDS- Microfinance, Self-Help Groups, National Rural Livelihood Mission, Swarn Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana.

A Study on Personal Demographic Traits of Self-help Group Members (SHG) under National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) in Lakhimpur Kheri District of Uttar Pradesh, India

The study was conducted in Nighasan and Pasgawan block of Lakhimpur kheri district of Uttar Pradesh, by personal interview with 100 respondents; They were selected through proportionate random sampling technique from two selected gram panchayat and 10 SHGs from each gram panchayat. Total 20 SHGs (each block total fifty respondents) were selected randomly. The results of the study show that the majority of the Self Help Group Members were in their middle age (61.00%), other backward caste (41.00%), literates (90.00%) and those who completed intermediate education (38.00%), small family size (63.00%), marginal farmers (56.00%), engaged in farming (54.00%), married (80.00%), low annual income (63.00%), participants in one organization (60.00%), medium level of risk orientation (53.00%), medium level of scientific orientation (59.00%), with formal sources in bank officials/community resource persons ranked Ist, informal sources in family ranked Ist , and mass media exposer in T.V. ranked Ist.

Government Initiative Through Self-Help Group Scheme in North Western States of India in Promoting Rural Development

North western parts of India are culturally diverse and they are traditionally rules by the dynasty in the historical times. The north western states cover the parts of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab and Uttara hand. The employment opportunities with respect to the north western parts of India is with agriculture, education, Production of Handicrafts, preparing of food items, factories and cultural performance apart from that tea stalls, repairing machines, and vocational opportunities. With the government initiative towards urbanization and creating employment opportunities for the youth and the society. One such initiative developed through the scheme is self-help group launched by the National Rural Livelihood Mission, by Ministry of Rural Development. So, these self-help group has created an opportunity for the informal people with unemployment to generate a source of income through improving their living condition which is generally self-governed and peer controlled. The main aim of these groups is that they get associated with NGOs or government agency to get their issues resolved especially they are focusing on creating self-employment through loans from the banks linked to the groups. This paper focuses on deeply analyzing the outcome of the self-help group and to know the current position of the self-help groups, in which state the number of self-help group is high and which category of people are much availing these opportunities.

Constraints and Suggestions Regarding Entrepreneurial Behavior of SHGs Member under National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) in Khanpur Block of Samastipur District in Bihar

The present study was undertaken to assess the constraints and suggestions regarding entrepreneurial behaviour of SHG members under the National Rural Livelihood Mission in Khanpur block of Samastipur district in Bihar during the year 2022. The data were collected through a pre-tested schedule from 120 respondents who were selected randomly. The collected data were tabulated, analysed, and interpreted with the help of appropriate statistical tools. The descriptive research design was followed for the current study. It was found that more than half of the respondents, i.e., 48.33 percent, were middle-aged, a large proportion of the members (83.33 percent) were literate, and in the case of size of family, the majority of respondents of small families (up to 4 members) (55.83% and 86.67%) had a nuclear family, and a higher percentage (40.00%) of the respondents had semi-cemented houses. The majority of the respondents depend on agriculture for their livelihood. The major constraints faced by the respondents were the low price of products (67.5%), ranked I, followed by a lack of knowledge about the market trend of SHG products (65.83%), ranked II. The major suggestions given by the respondents were the increase in the price of products (68.34%), ranked I, followed by organising various types of entrepreneurial development programmes (65.83%), ranked II.

Financial inclusion also leads to social inclusion—myth or reality? Evidences from self-help groups led microfinance of Assam

Microfinance is globally trusted for corroborating the upliftment of the rural vulnerable poor sections. It is looked upon as a means of credit-based poverty alleviation through financial inclusion. India also witnesses the same. In India, the self-help group bank linkage programme (SHG–BLP) is architected by NABARD in 1992 as a pilot project. The programme was mainstreamed in 1996 to link unorganised with the formal financial sector. In Assam, microfinance services are made available through SHG–BLP registered under Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana–National Rural Livelihoods Mission. Central Assam is the epicentre of operative SHG–BLP. This backdrop motivates us to explore the contribution of SHG–BLP in financial and social inclusion of the marginalised rural people of central Assam. Two self-developed indices, viz., financial inclusion index and social exclusion index are constructed by applying Multiple Correspondence Analysis. The impact analysis is facilitated by the Propensity Score Matching method. The study concludes that the SHG–BLP is successful in ensuring financial inclusion and simultaneously also assists in reducing social exclusion among the stakeholders.

Assessing Key Dimensions for the Socioeconomic Impact of the National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM)

This research paper aims to assess the socioeconomic impact of the National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) on rural women in India. NRLM, launched by the Government of India, is a comprehensive poverty alleviation program that focuses on empowering rural women through various interventions. The paper proposes a conceptual framework to evaluate the impact of NRLM on the economic conditions of rural women, considering key dimensions such as income generation, asset accumulation, access to financial services, and social empowerment. The framework integrates quantitative and qualitative methods, including household surveys, interviews, and case studies, to provide a comprehensive understanding of the NRLM's effectiveness. The findings will contribute to the existing literature on rural development programs and inform policymakers and stakeholders on strategies to enhance the economic well-being of rural women.

REVERBERATION OF PANDEMIC MIGRANT FOOTPRINTS AND POLICY MANIFESTATION: A PROGRESSIVE STATE APPROACH OF NORTH-EAST INDIA

This is the defining moment of our generation. We are facing a global health crisis, one that is killing people, spreading human suffering, and upending people’s lives. The Covid-19 pandemic and sudden global lockdown across nations has brought migrant livelihoods to a halt. The headlines around Covid-19 are enough to scare us witless. The migrant crisis brought to the fore the unfulfilled obligations of the governments to restore work to its most vulnerable citizens in the era of economic liberalization. The migration debate has become central to political circle which largely involves rehearsing to false dichotomies whereas migrants are in continuous drift. Debate is just not restricted to utility of limited public funds. We have to create an ‘island of opportunities’ in this ‘ocean of distress’. The research poses the questions, namely: 1. How did immigration occur in North-east India? 2) How were the debates relating to migrants from North-east India? 3) How did the government of North-east India respond to the situation of migrants from North-east India during the Covid-19 pandemic? It was found and concluded that growing rural distress with agricultural failing leading to heavy debt burdens was the primary reason of immigration in North-east India. “The Assam Accord” signed between the “Government of India” and the “Leaders of the Assam Movement” in 1985 effectively legitimized all immigrants entering Assam before 24, December 1971. The SHG’s under National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) and Assam State Rural Livelihoods Mission (ASRLM) had adopted series of remedial measures during the Covid-19 pandemic for people, including migrants from North-east India.

A study on constraints pertaining to various activities performed under national rural livelihood mission on sustainable livelihood among beneficiaries and suggestions from beneficiaries for betterment of national rural livelihood mission in Chhattisgarh plains

A study on constraints pertaining to various activities performed under national rural livelihood mission on sustainable livelihood among beneficiaries and suggestions from beneficiaries for betterment of national rural livelihood mission in Chhattisgarh plains

Performance of Jeevika Sakhi of Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihood Mission on Improving Livelihoods of Rural Poor in Assam, India

Introduction: Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihood Mission in Assam introduced a community resource person, Jeevika Sakhi, to facilitate the Self-help Groups formed under the mission. Jeevika Shakhis helps the rural poor until they can support themselves.
 Objectives: (i)To determine the performance of Jeevika Shakhi's role under DAY-NRLM, (ii) to find out the impact of Jeevika Sakhi's intervention on the livelihood of SHG members, and (iii) to assess SHG members' development perceptions after Jeevika Sakhi's intervention.
 Methodology: The location of the study was Balipara Development Block of Sonitpur district of Assam, India. A cross-sectional study was conducted for which data were collected from 150 respondents. The data was collected from April 2022 to June 2022. For the analysis of data, descriptive statistics and Difference -in Difference method were applied.
 Results and Discussion: The results show that all the Jeevika Sakhis could not perform all the designated roles. However, there were positive changes in SHG members' income after the introduction of Jeevika Sakhis. A positive development was found in the case of the SHG members of DAY-NRLM after the intervention of Jeevika Shakhi
 Conclusion: The study revealed a need for capacity building of Jeevika Sakhis, which will improve the performance of the Jeevika Sakhis.

Investigating the Rural and Entrepreneurial Development through Microfinance

Microfinance has been evolving to be a decisive factor in poverty reduction, rural and entrepreneurial development. This research aims to find out the impact of microfinance on rural/socio-economic development and entrepreneurial skill development. Particularly, this study attempts to explore the impact of microfinance on social development, financial empowerment, education, healthcare, economic independence, and entrepreneurial development. Data was collected through questionnaires taken from the beneficiaries of the National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) erstwhile Swaran Jayanti Shahri Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) microfinance scheme in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India. A purposive sampling method, exploratory factor analysis, and paired sample t-test were used in this study. The findings prove that microfinance facilitates social development, improved financial empowerment, and promotes decision-making relating to education and healthcare among beneficiaries. The finding also indicates that microfinance helps to increase entrepreneurial skill development among the beneficiaries. This study offers insight into how microfinance eliminates poverty and facilitates social development as well as entrepreneurial skills. These findings have essential implications for academics, policymakers, and microfinance institutions.

Role of Self-help Groups (SHGs) in Enhancing Incomes of Rural Women in J&K, India

Women are the most vulnerable section of our society and their agony in Jammu and Kashmir is more intensified during the last three decades due to prevailing militancy. They work round the clock but lack decision making powers in household affairs as well as in the society. The central and state government has launched several schemes for women empowerment and National Rural Livelihood Mission is one among them. Under this self-employment scheme, the rural women are organized in Self Help Groups (SHGs) and are provided funds for their upliftment. To understand the success in the performance of Jammu & Kashmir Rural Livelihood Mission (JKSRLM) in terms of enhancing income of the women, a total of 80 beneficiaries selected through multi-stage sampling were interviewed by giving equal weightage to two districts of Doda and Jammu respectively. The results reflected that SHGs have played a significant role in the life of rural women in terms of enhancing income and employment. The JKSRLM is a great tool for concerted efforts to improve the economic conditions of the people, and the importance of education must not be overstated, since it influences the choices women and girls make about employment and income generation increasingly.