National Professional Associations Research Articles

Practices and views of audiologists regarding aural rehabilitation services for adults with acquired hearing loss.

BackgroundHearing loss in adults is one of the leading disabilities globally. It is managed through aural rehabilitation for which there is a paucity of literature in South Africa. This raises the question of interest, the integrity of holistic service provision amongst audiologists and whether interest and challenges affect current practices.ObjectivesTo describe audiologists’ practices and views on aural rehabilitation services for adults, including interest and challenges experienced.MethodA descriptive online survey was completed by 45 of 1440 invited practicing audiologists who were members of the two national professional associations in South Africa. Each association emailed the questionnaire link to all its members. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21, and included the paired samples t-test and chi-squared tests.ResultsThe most provided services were hearing aids (81.4%), communication strategies training (69.8%) and informational counselling (79.8%). A strong interest was reported by most for each service. Challenges included limited client compliance, unaffordability of services, limited undergraduate training, language barriers, unrealistic expectations and individual differences. Statistically significant differences between service provision, interest and challenges indicated that these are influential but not individually significant to service provision.ConclusionImbalanced service provision, high interest and many more challenges are experienced. These factors contribute but are not solely markedly influential in service provision.

APA To Launch Training Under Federal Integrated Care Grant

APA To Launch Training Under Federal Integrated Care Grant

A case study of a national association's actions to advance the integration of occupational justice and human rights in occupational therapy

ABSTRACTObjective: To consider a professional association's actions in supporting an occupational therapy community's awareness and learning about occupational justice and human rights-informed practice. Presentation: The Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists (CAOT) is a national professional association that promotes excellence in occupational therapy through advocacy, professional development opportunities, and resource and product development. For its 2015 Conference, CAOT focussed on the intersection between justice, human rights and occupational therapy. Technique: Conferences are intense knowledge mobilisation platforms and are an opportunity for professional associations to demonstrate leadership in advancing and promoting the occupational therapy profession. Conclusion: Occupational therapy associations are encouraged to use their resources and voice to unite occupational therapists within their region in pursuit of the goal to make our communities more just and inclusive for all.

JBBM at 21: Theme Reflections One Year Later, with a Design View of B-to-B Marketing Field and Closing Tribute to David T. Wilson

ABSTRACTPurpose: The purpose of this article is to acknowledge the contribution and significance of the manuscripts published in the 2015 double issue of the Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing celebrating its 21st. anniversary. A precis of each articles’ contribution is highlighted. The author explores the distinct and relevant themes that marked the orientation and positioning of the journal as the premier specialized front runner outlet in the business-to-business (B-to-B) domain and provides reflections about what is next. Finally, further recognition of David T. Wilson as founder of the JBBM, his role as educator and his teaching are remembered.Methodology/approach: A content analysis on each of the manuscripts was performed in an attempt to identify central themes, orientations, findings, and recommendations. The approach is qualitative and focused on identifying common voices from the authors that provide light to the sustainability and relevancy of the JBBM in the future. And, my reflections are enmeshed with my participant observer status as a bonafide B-to-B scholar.Findings: The JBBM has succeeded by proposing new theoretical frameworks, conceptual spaces, appropriate methodologies, and an overall rigor to a variety of themes, problems identified by the business community, international contexts, and cross functional perspectives. Our understanding of B-to-B problems, and the marketing concerns of practitioners and industry have improved but still has challenges related to value, relevancy, validity, practical implications, and usefulness to managers and industry.Research implications: As an applied field, B-to-B has borrowed theoretical frameworks and perspectives from other disciplines. It is clear that a more conceptual refinement is needed. Now is the time to organize our findings, thoughts, propositions, and observations. It may be necessary to create venues that allow for a more intense dialogue between the academic and business community. Some of these partnerships are conducted within the framework of research institutes, centers, alliances with regional and national chambers and professional associations, practitioner forums, executive training, and alliances within ecosystems networks and others. I suggest that we focus more on the “exploration” of concepts and particular organizational realities rather than on the theory testing alone. Researchers in B-to-B may require an immersion and evaluation of the situational relevancy (deep dive and thick descriptions) through an experiential validation process, interpretation, and “being there.”

Provider Opinions Regarding Expanding Access to Hormonal Contraception in Pharmacies

PurposeExpanding access to hormonal contraception may reduce the barrier created with the current prescription requirement. The goal of this study was to gain a better understanding of health care providers' opinions on expanding access to hormonal contraception (oral pill, transdermal patch, vaginal ring, and injectable) and the role of pharmacists as direct providers of this reproductive health service. MethodsA voluntary, self-administered survey was distributed to participating national professional associations' physician and midlevel provider members who provide reproductive health services. Outcomes of providers' opinions on expanded access to hormonal contraception in pharmacies were analyzed by provider type (n = 482). FindingsAlmost three-quarters (74%) of the 482 providers surveyed, 76% of physicians and 70% of midlevels, were supportive of expanding access for the pill, patch, and ring contraceptives to include pharmacist-initiated access. Despite overall support for pharmacist-initiated access, more than 70% of respondents were concerned that expanded access would result in decreased reproductive health preventive screening. Slightly fewer providers supported or were neutral towards behind-the-counter (65% for pill/patch/ring, 55% injectable) and over-the-counter (47% for pill/patch/ring, 36% injectable) access than for pharmacist-initiated access. ConclusionsThe majority of reproductive health providers support pharmacist-initiated access to the pill, patch, ring, and injectable contraceptives. There is some support for behind-the-counter and over-the-counter access. Provider concerns about lower rates of reproductive health preventive screenings and pharmacist training issues would need to be appropriately addressed along with any policy changes.

The recognition of plastic surgery as a medical speciality in the European economic community: a 40th anniversary

With the signing of the Treaty of Rome in 1957, the European Economic Community (EEC) was established. Its principal aim was to allow free mutual movement of goods, capital, services and persons. Medical doctors from the EEC countries were to obtain the right of establishment and practice in all six countries, as of January 1, 1968. In 1959, the national professional associations of doctors formed an interest group (Standing Committee) to act as discussion partner for the legislative bodies of the EEC on medical issues. The professional organisations of the medical specialists in the EEC countries formed the Union Europeenne des Medecins Specialistes (UEMS) to give advice to the Standing Committee in matters concerning specialised medicine. The UEMS established various monospecialistic sections, one for each recognised speciality, thus expressing the fact that the speciality is practised by specialists who occupy themselves solely with this one particular speciality. Because no monospecialistic section for plastic surgery was initially established, the Dutch plastic surgeons initiated efforts to have their speciality recognised, in 1964. This initiative resulted in recognition and the establishment of a ‘Section Monospecialisee de Chirurgie Plastique’ by the UEMS, in 1969. The impact of the formation of this separate section on the national status of plastic surgery in various countries has been considerable. Still, it took another 6 years before the European Council of Ministers formally recognised this speciality on June 16, 1975. The years of step-by-step efforts to obtain this recognition are memorised to commemorate its 40th anniversary.

My Mentors and their Influences on My Career.

Linda A. LeBlanc, Ph.D., BCBA-D, MI Licensed Psychologist, is the Executive Director of Research and Clinical Services at Trumpet Behavioral Health. She received her Ph.D. in child clinical psychology in 1996 from Louisiana State University and completed her internship and postdoctoral fellowship at the Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. She served as a professor on the psychology faculties at Claremont McKenna College (1997–1999), Western Michigan University (1999–2008), and Auburn University (2009–2012) before becoming the Executive Director at Trumpet. She has served on the boards of directors of several national and regional professional associations and is a Fellow of the Association for Behavior Analysis International. She has served as an associate editor of the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, Behavior Analysis in Practice, and the Analysis of Verbal Behavior and Education and Treatment of Children and has authored many articles and book chapters on behavioral treatment of autism, technology-based behavioral interventions, behavioral gerontology, and system development in human services (Fig. 1).

Moving Academic Management Accounting Research Closer to Practice: A View from US and Australian Professional Accounting Bodies

Abstract Purpose This paper compares and contrasts practice-based perceptions of the research–practice gap in the United States (US) with those in Australia. Methodology/approach The current study extends the work of Tucker and Lowe (2014) by comparing and contrasting their Australian-based findings with evidence from a questionnaire survey and follow-up interviews with senior representatives of 18 US state and national professional accounting associations. Findings The extent to which academic research informs practice is perceived to be limited, despite the potential for academic research findings to make a significant contribution to management accounting practice. We find similarities as well as differences in the major obstacles to closer engagement in the US and Australia. This comparison, however, leads us to offer a more fundamental explanation of the divide between academic research and practice framed in terms of the relative benefits and costs of academics engaging with practice. Research implications Rather than following conventional approaches to ‘bridging the gap’ by identifying barriers to the adoption of research, we suggest that only after academics have adequate incentives to speak to practice can barriers to a more effective diffusion of their research findings be surmounted. Originality/value This study makes three novel contributions to the “relevance literature” in management accounting. First, it adopts a distinct theoretical vantage point to organize, analyze, and interpret empirical evidence. Second, it captures practice-based views about the nature and extent of the divide between research and practice. Third, it provides a foundational assessment of the generalizability of the gap by examining perceptions of it across two different geographic contexts.

Sacrifice and Survival: Identity, Mission, and Jesuit Higher Education in the American South by R. Eric Platt (review)

Reviewed by: Sacrifice and Survival: Identity, Mission, and Jesuit Higher Education in the American South by R. Eric Platt Raymond A. Schroth S.J. Sacrifice and Survival: Identity, Mission, and Jesuit Higher Education in the American South. By R. Eric Platt. Tuscaloosa, AL: University Press of Alabama, 2014. 240pp. $44.95. In one of the lesser-known turning points in the history of American Jesuit Education, on April 20, 1921, the Jesuit provincials from across the country met at Fordham University, in the Bronx, New York, in order to face some hard truths about their schools which they had been reluctant to acknowledge. The Society of Jesus had emerged from its 1773 worldwide suppression only 107 years earlier and it had rapidly rebuilt itself, in spite of continuing persecution, partly by emigrating in national groups – especially French, Irish and German – to America, spreading out across the country, implanting themselves in cities with a parish, plus a “college” which morphed over the years into a university until there are now twenty-eight. Of these, some are soaring and some, like the colleges in R. Eric Platt’s Sacrifice and Survival, just hanging on. In fact, in their zeal, the Jesuits had built too many colleges too quickly, even though compared to American secular state and private universities, their mostly all-Jesuit faculties lacked the intellectual credentials to achieve academic excellence. On their agenda was the report of N. de Boynes, S.J., visitor of the Province of New Orleans. A Jesuit “visitor” is like an inspector general appointed by headquarters to investigate a problem and report back to Rome. The America Jesuits had not bothered to have their institutions accredited by the state or the national professional associations that set higher education standards. While the rest of the world had divided education into four years of high school and four years of college, the Jesuit course was a seven-year experience which only a few students completed. Now they had to reset their institutions to meet new standards of academic legitimacy. The committee decided: separate high schools and colleges to separate campuses, the word “college” would refer only to higher education, all would teach the standard Jesuit curriculum, the Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius would help establish Jesuit identity, operate [End Page 104] with no fewer than 100 students. Physical training would continue and lessons in morality would permeate all class instruction. All Jesuits should attain a terminal degree and publish articles and books. Professor Platt, struck by the fact that three to five colleges close every year, also noticed that forty-six Catholic colleges had closed in the Southern states. How can this be? So he lines up seven Jesuit institutions – St. Charles College, Grand Coteau, LA (1837-1922); Spring Hill College, Mobile, Alabama (1930-still open); The College of the Immaculate Conception, New Orleans, LA, (1849-1912); St. Mary’s University, Galveston, TX (1854-1922); College of the Sacred Heart, Augusta, GA (1900-1917); Loyola College, New Orleans, LA (1904-1912); Loyola University, New Orleans, LA (1912-still open) – and asks where they went. His premise is that the problems were related to either identity (curriculum, the reputations of the Jesuits) or “town and gown” relationships. For example, French Jesuits were reluctant to adjust their course offerings to the needs of their constituencies; Catholics were lower middle class, they needed courses that would lead to jobs. Protestant families were happy to have their sons trained in the liberal arts. In communities where Jesuits were maligned as international spies and conspirators, “Catholic” references were soft-pedaled. Location counted; students from New Orleans enrolled in St. Charles College in Grand Coteau took four to five days by train, Mississippi steam boat, and mule wagon to get there. Other obstacles to success included yellow fever, plagues, floods, storms, fires that leveled the buildings, and the Civil War. All things considered, the delegates at Fordham accepted Father deBoynes’s conclusion that five schools should be sacrificed so that what are today’s Loyola University New Orleans and Spring Hill should thrive. Not all of the others “died,” but lived on in an altered incarnation. Grand Coteau still stands as a Jesuit novitiate and...

Asian/Pacific Librarians Career Choices: A Mixed Method Study

This is a mixed method study of Asian/Pacificlibrarians career choices related to leadershippositions. The statistical analyses are based ondata from 91 librarians in survey Q1 distributedto 600+ CALA and APALA members. Thecorrelation, prediction of association, cross-tabbing,and ANOVA tests were applied to the survey.The result shows that the leadership position iscorrelated with number of years worked in thelibrary profession, number of publications,number of voluntary job changes, and nationalprofessional association’s involvement. Therewas a suggested correlation between leadershippositions and additional advanced degrees andover half of librarians with a doctoral degree arein chief librarian positions. The study also nullifiesthe hypothesis that achieving leadership position is less likely for first generation immigrants orimmigrants who did not receive k-12 orundergraduate education in the North America.In addition, the differences in professional,community, and political involvement areexamined among professional librarians,supervising librarians and chief librarians.The comments from the quantitative surveyQ1 contain rich data which can’t be interpretedby existing statistical methods. The Q1 commentsbecame the first section of a follow-up qualitativestudy using situation coding and subjectperspective coding method. A separate qualitativesurvey Q2 was sent to 12 Asian/Pacific chieflibrarians only. Eight chief librarians completedQ2 covering biographical information andin-depth questions on perceptions of leadershipachievement gap among Asian/Pacific Americanlibrarians. Comparison of comments of Q1for professional librarians and Q2 for chieflibrarians suggested many similar themesemerged. The triangulation from differentAsian/Pacific librarian population validatedthe finding.

Networked Learning and Network Science: Potential Applications to Health Professionals' Continuing Education and Development.

Prior interpersonal relationships and interactivity among members of professional associations may impact the learning process in continuing medical education (CME). On the other hand, CME programs that encourage interactivity between participants may impact structures and behaviors in these professional associations. With the advent of information and communication technologies, new communication spaces have emerged that have the potential to enhance networked learning in national and international professional associations and increase the effectiveness of CME for health professionals. In this article, network science, based on the application of network theory and other theories, is proposed as an approach to better understand the contribution networking and interactivity between health professionals in professional communities make to their learning and adoption of new practices over time.

Thomas D. Oakland (1939–2015).

Internationally renowned school and educational psychologist Thomas D. Oakland died tragically on March 4, 2015, at his home in Gainesville, Florida. Tom was born on November 23, 1939, in Kenosha, Wisconsin. Tom is survived by his first wife, Judy (Defferding) Higgins and their sons: David Thomas Oakland, of Houston, Texas, and Christopher Oakland, of Austin, Texas. Tom is also survived by his daughter-in-law, Patricia Oakland, and three children: Jacob, Sara Cate, and Brooks. Early in his career, Tom became actively engaged in international scholarship and collaborations. Tom was a prolific author, editing 12 books, more than 200 chapters and articles, and 11 psychological tests. Tom received numerous awards of distinction from state, national, and international professional associations. A diplomat in forensic psychology and neuropsychology, and a fellow of the American Psychological Society, Tom was also a fellow of four divisions of the American Psychological Psychological Association (APA). Tom is remembered by students, colleagues, friends, and family as generous, kind, thoughtful, and insightful-an outstanding school psychologist, father, and human being who gave his time and energy selflessly to advance the field and promote the development of children throughout the world.

A descriptive study to determine the knowledge and practices related to tobacco cessation among clinicians attached to dental colleges in Bangalore City, India

Objective: Tobacco use cessation is critical in reducing the effect of a major factor for both oral & systemic diseases. Its use continues to be the leading cause of preventable death worldwide with India accounting for probably a large chunk of these, due to its acceptance, both culturally and traditionally. Smoke and smokeless form of tobacco has become steady companion of today’s youth in India. Material and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the knowledge and practices related to tobacco cessation among practicing dentists a sample size of 366 with inclusion and exclusion criteria attached to various dental colleges in Bangalore city. Results: Comparison of knowledge and practice among qualifications revealed that the knowledge score was more among the MDS professionals with a mean value of 78.3±7.9 and the practice score was also higher among the same with a mean value of 33.3±9. Comparison based on duration of practice revealed that the knowledge score was higher in dentists with experience of 0-5 years by a mean value of 78.4±7.5 and a higher practice score was found in dentists with an experience of 6-8 years with a mean value of 33.5±8.4. Conclusion: Physicians and health care providers in association with their national medical and health professional associations must play a leading role in advocating for the implementation of a comprehensive tobacco control policy and implementation of tobacco cessation methods should be included in the dental curriculum.

A new model of care: An advanced practice radiation therapy role.

131 Background: Due to the rising incidence of cancer, increasing complexity of cancer treatment and growing resource constraints, there is demand for innovative interprofessional models of care. Cancer Care Ontario (CCO), in collaboration with Ontario’s Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care, launched the Clinical Specialist Radiation Therapist (CSRT) project to investigate a new advanced practice (AP) radiation therapy (RT) role. Methods: A series of pilot phases commenced in 2004. A system wide implementation phase began in 2010. The overall goal of the project was to enable CSRTs to assume responsibility for certain key radiation medicine activities, optimize RT team functioning, and improve quality of care. This was to be achieved by applying advanced clinical, technical and professional RT competencies. A project team coordinated assessment of new position proposals, implementation activities, and data collection. Work towards formalizing the role is being conducted through partnerships with cancer centre administrations and the national professional association for RTs. Results: Currently there are 17 CSRTs in 6 of 14 Ontario cancer centres, practicing in palliative and disease-site specific positions. The provincial total will be 24 CSRTs in 10 centres by Fall 2014. Data show a major impact on patient throughput and wait times, with significant increased capacity in some clinics. CSRTs’ impact within their departments is being evaluated with regards to: 1) capacity building, 2) quality of care, and 3) knowledge translation (KT). In terms of role formalization, 6 positions are now considered permanent within their centres and the first iteration of a national certification process is anticipated for fall 2014. Conclusions: The CSRT project is aligned with CCO's priorities of improving Ontario’s cancer system performance by implementing innovative models of care and providing high quality care. This jurisdictional implementation project has demonstrated that an AP RT role can be successful in addressing system pressures and improving quality of care and innovation in Radiation Medicine. Further work is necessary to develop and formalize this AP role and leverage learnings for national implementation and future models of care work.

Choose wisely: the quality of massage education in the United States.

Assessing the quality of postsecondary education remains a difficult task, despite many efforts to do so. No consensus or standard definition of educational quality has yet been agreed upon or developed. This study evaluated the quality of massage education in the United States using three closely-related questions to frame the evaluation: 1) Is accreditation improving the quality of education for massage therapy? If not, then what do we need to do to improve it? 2) Does accreditation by COMTA specifically improve quality of education compared to other vocational accrediting agencies that do not require curriculum competencies specific to massage? 3) Would adding competencies at an "advanced" level, or specific degree levels, be helpful in advancing massage therapy in the eyes of other health professions? United States. Members of a national massage education organization, members affiliated with the educational arm of two national professional associations, and members of two national education organizations in complementary and integrative health care (CIHC). MIXED METHODS EVALUATION USING THREE DATA SOURCES: existing gainful employment data from the US Department of Education, analyzed by type of massage program and accreditation agency to determine average and relative value for cost; numbers of disciplinary actions against massage practitioners reported by state regulatory agencies, and a qualitatively developed survey administered to two different groups of educators. Average tuition cost across all reporting schools/programs was $13,605, with an average graduation rate of 71.9%. Of the schools and programs that reported student loan data, 84% of students received federal financial aid. Median loan amount was $8,052, with an average repayment rate of 43.4%. Programs in corporate-owned schools had the highest average cost, highest median loan amount, and lowest repayment rate, while community college programs had the lowest average cost, lowest graduation rate, and lowest median loan amount. Repayment rate data were not available for community colleges. Of the five states and the District of Columbia that require school accreditation, there were 208 disciplinary actions from 2009-2011. The remaining 28 regulated states that do not require school accreditation reported 1,702 disciplinary actions during the same period. Seventy-five percent of massage educators and 58% of CIHC educators stated that the current quality of massage education is inconsistent, with only 10% of massage educators and 8% of CIHC educators agreeing that current educational quality is adequate. Fifty-six percent of massage educators and 40% of CIHC educators agreed that educational quality needs to improve if massage therapists want to be considered comparable to other allied health professionals. Both groups suggested specific areas and means of improvement, including raising admission requirements and offering an academic degree. Accreditation appears to improve the quality of massage education; however, more consistent methods for calculating tuition costs, educational outcomes, and classifying severity of disciplinary actions are needed. Both quantitative and qualitative evidence indicates that the current quality of massage education in the US is inconsistent and less than adequate. Specific areas of improvement needed for massage therapists to be perceived as comparable to other allied healthcare providers are described.

Personalized workplace learning: An exploratory study on digital badging within a teacher professional development program

AbstractTo provide customized workplace learning opportunities, a digital badge system was designed by a university, governmental agency and national professional association to support teachers' implementation of professional development (PD). Teacher Learning Journeys (TLJ) is an approach that allows for teachers to customize their PD experience to their workplace and make decisions about what PD they need based on their expertise and interests. The digital badging provided and assessed experiences in online PD. Using a theoretical framework that focused on decision making and customization as part of personalization, researchers conducted a theory‐driven thematic analysis on teachers' TLJ artifacts (goal statements, interviews and reflective activity logs). Data came from 36 teachers who completed 154 PD activities over a 3‐month period. A case study was developed from an in‐depth analysis of eight teachers' artifacts and interviews. Using TLJ as a PD tool, teachers made decisions when selecting learning goals they identified as personally relevant. Teachers customized the level of assessment and the specific content depth to personalize the PD training for workplace constraints. This project informs future research aiming to understand how personalized learning activities support teachers and other professional learners in a variety of workplaces.

A Global Perspective on Public Relations Professionalism

Associations play a powerful role in socializing practitioners. The presence of public relations associations across the world is one more step toward professionalization for the entire profession. This study examines the structure of global public relations professionalization manifested through the networks among international and national public relations professional associations. The findings of a cross-national, multilevel network analysis suggest that despite the overall dominance of international public relations associations, at the regional level, local centers have also emerged. In addition, European public relations associations have developed more relationships with other national, regional, and international associations than American-based professional associations.

Tobacco and alcohol sales in community pharmacies: Policy statements from U.S. professional pharmacy associations

ObjectiveTo characterize the extent to which state and national professional pharmacy associations have implemented formal policies addressing the sale of tobacco and alcohol products in community pharmacies. MethodsTo determine existence of tobacco and alcohol policies, national professional pharmacy associations (n = 10) and state-level pharmacy associations (n = 86) affiliated with the American Pharmacists Association (APhA) and/or the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) were contacted via telephone and/or e-mail, and a search of the association websites was conducted. ResultsOf 95 responding associations (99%), 14% have a formal policy opposing the sale of tobacco products in pharmacies and 5% have a formal policy opposing the sale of alcohol in pharmacies. Of the associations representing major tobacco-producing states, 40% have a formal policy against tobacco sales in pharmacies, significantly more than the 8% of non-tobacco state associations with such policies. ConclusionAmong national professional pharmacy associations, only APhA and ASHP have formal policy statements opposing the sale of both tobacco and alcohol in pharmacies. Most state-level professional pharmacy associations affiliated with these two national organizations have no formal policy statement or position.

Institutional Change of Accounting Systems: The Adoption of a Regime of Adapted International Financial Reporting Standards

This study combines Dillard et al.’s [(2004). The making and remaking of organization context: Duality and the institutionalization process. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 17(4), 506–542] institutional change model with institutional entrepreneurship theory. The aim is to enhance understanding of institutional change processes when a country adopts international accounting standards. For empirical support, we focus on the changes in social structures and accounting practices that arose in 2010 when Portugal replaced its national accounting system for unlisted companies, with a new system of accounting based on International Financial Reporting Standards. We reveal how an evolving socio-economic and political context, and the embedding of central actors in multiple fields, facilitated entrepreneurial action by actors who took political opportunity, mobilised important allies, and accommodated the interests of major protagonists. We draw attention to the possibility of an earlier inversion of the cascading institutionalisation process than is envisaged by Dillard et al. (2004). At the organisational field level, we highlight how national professional accounting associations and business associations can shape criteria established at the political and economic level, thereby counteracting the institutionalisation process. At the organisational level, we focus on the accounting standard for small and medium-sized entities. We provide insights to why some accountants maintained structures of meaning associated with the previous accounting system.

From Archival Management to Archival Enterprise to the Information Domain: David Gracy and the Development of Archival Education at the University of Texas

David B. Gracy II is very well known for his advocacy for archives and the study of archives, an enthusiasm that he has been communicating to students from the 1970s through the first decade of the twenty-first century. He has been involved during his career with most initiatives having to do with furthering archival education through both continuing education for working archivists and, at the University of Texas at Austin (UT), crafting a full program of postgraduate archival and preservation education. In this article I discuss the development of a discourse about and cadre for archival education in the United States, counterpointed by developments at UT from the perspective of Gracy's career as it intersected with the social worlds of state, local, and national archives and archivists; national postsecondary education for archivists; and the national professional association of archivists.