National Problem Research Articles

Bulgarian Historiography after 1989

Speaking on a popular TV show in 1990, soon after the collapse of the previous regime, long-time dissident and doyen of Bulgarian historical science, former Dean of the Faculty of History at the University of Sofia, Nikolay Genchev, insisted on putting the ‘Bulgarian national interest’ ‘above all’. Genchev said with regret that ‘the Bulgarian national problem has recently appeared mainly as a Turkish problem’. Irritated, he added that it is talked about ‘only for the Turks . . . [in spite of the fact that there were only] a million [Turkish] people living in this country’. He followed up with apocalyptic predictions that Yugoslavia wanted Pirin (or Bulgarian) Macedonia, Romania longed for Dobrodja (which is split between Bulgaria and Romania), the Turks claimed secession, and therefore only the ‘hard chest of the Balkan’ remained.

Achieving Sustainable Development Goals through Social Entrepreneurship:A Study of India & South Africa

Introduction: Social concerns without businesses and businesses without social consideration are anti-developmental. However, balancing both simultaneously is arduous and challenging. Nevertheless, social entrepreneurship has proven that it could be balanced simultaneously.
 
 Objective: The study aims to comprehend how the multipronged SDGs could be achieved through social entrepreneurial activities in India & South Africa. Albeit, both nations have distinct features in terms of geographically, demographically, religiously, and culturally.
 Methods: The study randomly selected the samples from both countries & used the case study approach of qualitative research.
 
 Results: The study shows that the selected cases from both nations focus mainly on waste management, social inclusion and women empowerment. Most of the case studies were working for waste management in both countries, where they aimed to reduce plastic pollution, i.e., both the nation's critical problems at the current time. However, due to contextual embeddedness, these social enterprises adopt different techniques to achieve these multipronged SDGs in both countries. Besides, they also generate employment opportunities for the people and help to reduce poverty in both countries. Few other case studies have impinged on women's empowerment and social inclusion, particularly disabled people.
 
 Conclusion: The study concludes by saying that additional work needs to be done to develop the concept further and that the government should offer incentives for adopting this concept since, with the aid of social entrepreneurs, the government may accelerate its progress towards the accomplishment of sustainable development goals.

The Importance of Character Education Through History Education in the Era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0

The industrial revolution 4.0 challenges educational progress in a better direction, so managers must be able to prepare and produce graduates who are mentally ready to prepare knowledge and character-based jobs. The writing of this article aims to strengthen character education which is important to be carried out in anticipation of the negative impact of the industrial revolution 4.0. namely by integrating character education through historical education. This research uses the library research method. This method is a method that elaborates on various kinds of literature in the form of books, journals, or literature that is relevant to the theme of writing. The important stages of the library method are, choosing a research theme/topic, seeking information, setting a research focus, collecting sources, making reports, processing research notes, making research notes, and reading data sources. The result of this research is that strengthening character education through historical education during the industrial revolution 4.0 is important to do. Things that can be done in shaping these characters are through local history-based history learning and using media that developed in the 4.0 revolution, such as comics and the storyboardthat.com application that uses the internet network. Through history education, students can understand all kinds of national problems with historical messages, so that students have the ability to think critically, creatively, wisely, empathically, independently, with a national spirit and with dignity.

PKM Pendampingan Kelas Ibu Anti Razia (Kurang Gizi Dan Anemia) di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Durian Luncuk

Stunting is still a national health problem, including in Jambi Province. The highest prevalence of stunted toddlers was found in Batanghari Regency, precisely in the Durian Luncuk Health Centre Working Area. Malnutrition and anemia in pregnant women will cause low birth weight and malnutrition in toddlers, including the stunting. The trend of the percentage of mothers giving birth to low birth weight babies (BBLR) in the last three years tends to increase, while babies with BBLR are more at risk of stunting. Efforts to prevent malnutrition and anemia in pregnant women include increasing the consumption of foods high in iron and protein around the mother's residence, which is the local wisdom of the region. The purpose of this activity is to carry out the assistance of anti-Razia (Malnutrition and Anemia) pregnant women's classes as a forum for health education for pregnant women and posyandu cadres to empower communities to prevent stunting, as well as midwives who can facilitate and become resource persons in anti-Razia women's classes with the method of theoretical exposure and demonstration of food processing practices which are divided into three classes where each class consists of three meetings. After a series of activities, the knowledge of pregnant women increased by 61%, the knowledge of posyandu cadres increased by 63%, and the knowledge of village midwives increased by 19%, the formation and implementation of the anti-Razia mother class, the implementation of cadre and village midwife training, increased knowledge and behavioral changes about the use of local food to prevent malnutrition and anemia in pregnant women and intellectual property rights for the Anti-Razia Mother Class module.

Целостность национального сознания: проблема национальной безопасности в свете энергоинформационных взаимодействий

The problem of the nation’s unity in the light of the aggravation of the struggle in the international arena is a significant research topic. The article considers the energy information aspects of the problem. The author is based on the methodology of the energy-informational paradigm, systemic and noospheric approaches. The life of the nation is provided by three energy-informational cycles: national consciousness – social reality; na-tional memory – social reality; culture – social reality. The subsystem of the cultural cycle is singled out sepa-rately: the highest national consciousness is a social reality. The first cycle forms the integrity of the civilization system, shows the interrelation of national consciousness and forms of its expression in the social environ-ment. National memory supports the reproduction of the existing social organization. Culture provides model-ing of the future, the balance of energy-information interactions forms the current state of the social system. The power of energy-informational cycles increases the integrity of national consciousness, is the basis of se-curity and protection from energy-informational influences. In order to strengthen the integrity and protection of national consciousness in modern conditions, conscious use of psychic energy is necessary, a certain number of people with developed abstract thinking and intuition, which allows attracting new ideas for national devel-opment, solving current national and global problems, is of critical importance.

A psychiatric trainee perspective on community-based mental health interventions in Portugal

Psychiatric and substance use disorders contribute significantly to the burden of years lived with disability in Portugal. Various cultural, social, and geographical factors seem to contribute to this disease burden, including rural-to-urban migration, social isolation, alcohol use, and psychiatric care stigma. For this reason, mental health policies under the National Mental Health Program have been implemented, particularly in developing community mental health teams (CMHTs) at the national level. As psychiatry trainees, this time of change in the organisation of services is also a learning opportunity, so this article aims to reflect on some of the national problems that seem to contribute to the state of national mental health and how current policies might be the appropriate response.

Development and Effectiveness of the Stunting Prevention Counseling Training Module on the Knowledge and Attitudes of Health Cadres in the Kinovaro Health Center Work Area

Background: Stunting is a nutritional growth and development disorder in toddlers which is still a national and global problem. Indonesia ranks 5th in the incidence of stunting in the world. Results of Regional Health Research The prevalence of stunting among children under five in Indonesia has decreased from 37.2% in 2013 to 33.6% in 2016 to 30.8% in 2018. (2,3) Meanwhile, based on SSGBI results in 2019, stunting has decreased to 27.67%. Purpose: This research aims to develop a stunting prevention counseling training module for health cadres. This research is a type of development research (Research and Development) referring to the ADDIE development model including (1) Analysis (Analysis), (2) Design (Design), (3) Development (Development), (4) Implementation (Implementation), (5) Evaluation. The subjects of this research included 3 material experts, 2 media experts, and 30 health cadres in the Kinivaro Health Center work area. Methods: The object of this research is the Stunting Prevention Module Anthology Counseling for Health Cadres. The instruments used to assess the feasibility of the module include a feasibility assessment sheet by a material expert, a feasibility assessment sheet by a media expert, and a health response questionnaire regarding the use of the module. Results: The results of the research show that the Stunting Prevention Module Anthology Counseling for Health Cadres which was developed is suitable for use as a medium in providing stunting prevention counseling for Health cadres to pregnant and breastfeeding mothers based on the overall average aspect score obtained by material experts of 9.35 in the category feasible, the overall average aspect score by media experts was 6.50 in the very feasible category, and the overall average aspect score by health responses to the module was 97.42 in the very feasible category. Results: This research module development stage so it is recommended that this research can be continued on different subjects/samples in order to obtain information related to the effectiveness of the module developed in increasing the knowledge and attitudes of Health cadres in preventing stunting.

Neuro-fuzzy system of continuous control of density asphalt concrete mixtures

Improving the quality and increasing the service life of asphalt concrete pavements of roads is a national economic problem, which is solved through measures related to improving the regulatory framework, improving the properties of road materials, automating its control and management of the compaction process. Existing automated systems for monitoring and controlling the density of road rollers are based on artificial intelligence methods. A feature of the construction of the upper layers of asphalt concrete road surfaces in the Russian Federation is a significant impact on their quality of the results of the work of asphalt pavers, which provide several technological operations - acceptance, laying and compaction of asphalt concrete mixtures. The use of an automatic density control system for asphalt concrete mixtures in the process of laying them will eliminate many defects in road surfaces during their operation. The aim of the work is to build a system of continuous density control in the process of laying and compacting asphalt concrete mixtures by pavers based on artificial intelligence methods. The article presents the results of the development of a new system for intelligent control of the density of the asphalt concrete mixture by pavers. It is proposed to use the structure of a neuro-fuzzy network of the ANFIS type. Training of a neuro-fuzzy system of the ANFIS type was performed on the basis of a combination of methods of least squares and a decreasing gradient on an array of variables obtained on the basis of the results of experimental studies performed by VNIIStroydormash, SoyuzDorNII, MADI. Automation of density control is aimed at improving the quality of asphalt concrete pavements of roads.

Climate migrations as a subject of the American national security policy

This article draws attention to the growing importance of climate migration as a subject of national security. The United States of America (USA) was cited as a global leader upon which the international community places its hopes in combating climate change. With this in mind, an analysis was conducted on the institutional and normative actions of the American administration during the presidency of Joe Biden, which were a direct response to the effects of the climate crisis. These actions show the increased involvement of the USA administration in trying to define climate migration as a serious national security problem. In the article, we argue that with the change in the presidency in 2021, there was an increased commitment to climate migrants accompanied by a growing awareness of climate change. In the analysis of the cognitive problem, research methods characteristic of the following sciences were used: political (decision-making method), legal (dogmatic method), and historical sciences. The article is descriptive and explanatory.

The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Distress Thermometer and Problem List as a screening tool for sexual problems in adults with cancer.

295 Background: Cancer diagnosis and treatment adversely affect sexuality, which often remains unaddressed. Few clinic-based, easily administrable tools exist to identify sexual problems in patients with cancer. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Distress Thermometer and Problem List (NDT) is frequently used to measure distress in oncology clinics. This study explored the prevalence and associative factors for sexual problems and their overlap with reported distress in cancer patients using NDT screening data. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included adults with cancer receiving oncology care at the University of Alabama at Birmingham from March 2017 through April 2023. Participants completed a lay navigator-administered NDT around their first visit. Participants reported their distress levels in a score of 0 (no distress) and 10 (extreme distress) and checked their problems from a 42-item Problem List, sexual problems being one of them. Distress was categorized as mild (0-3), moderate (4-7), and severe (8-10) distress. Patient age, sex, race, tumor type, and stage were captured. Frequencies of reported sexual problems were calculated and compared by patient characteristics and reported distress using Cohen’s d (0.2 small, 0.5 medium, 0.8 large effect) or Cramer’s V (0.1 small, 0.3 medium, 0.5 large effect) effect sizes. Results: Of patients completing an NDT survey (N=2821), 62% were female, 22% were Black, and 30% had a diagnosis of breast cancer. A total of 4% (n=99) expressed sexual problems. Compared to those reporting no sexual concerns, patients who reported sexual concerns were younger (median age 56 [interquartile range, IQR: 48-66] vs. 64 [IQR: 57-72], d=0.6) and more often had a breast cancer diagnosis (45% vs. 29%, V: 0.10), (V=0.2). Participants reporting sexual problems more often reported moderate to severe distress than those who did not (64% vs. 34%, V=0.1). Conclusions: Though the percentage of participants reporting sexual problems was low compared to historical data on sexual dysfunction in patients with cancer, the NCCN Distress Thermometer and Problem List could be a helpful screening tool for identifying sexual problems in adults with cancer. Sexual problems reported by patients with cancer differed by age, cancer types, and distress levels. More research is needed to understand best practices for capturing and responding to sexual concerns in patients with cancer during clinical encounters.

MATERNAL KNOWLEDGE REGARDING THE FIRST 1000 DAYS OF LIFE WITH THE INCIDENCE OF STUNTED CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE OF FIVE IN THE WORKING AREA OF SUKOMULYO COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTER

Background: Stunting is a global and national health problem. The World Health Organization (WHO) determines that if the prevalence of stunting is between 30-39%. Based on the reports of Riskesdas in 2010, it was reported that 35.6% of Indonesian children under five were stunted. Stunting is a condition that describes a linear growth disorder characterized by height that is below normal standards for age and sex that is commonly associated with malnutrition and chronic (non-endocrine) infections. The stunting intervention was focused on 1000 Hari Pertama Kehidupan (HPK) period, which is a golden period of a child and if not utilized appropriately, permanent damage could occur. Objective: To determine the correlation between maternal knowledge levels regarding 1000 HPK and the incidence of stunting in children under five. Methods: This study used an observational analytic method with a cross sectional design. Sampling was done with consecutive sampling technique. In this study, will be examined for body length using a stadiometer. After that, the mother will be interviewed to find out the correlation between mother's knowledge regarding 1000 HPK and the incidence of stunting in toddlers. Then the stunting and normal children will be grouped based on the standardized WHO growth chart. Results: Kendall's tau-b statistical test showed a significant relationship (p = 0.000) with positive moderate strength correlation (τ = 0.442). Conclusion: There is a significant relationship and a moderate strength positive correlation between the mother's level of knowledge regarding 1000 HPK and the incidence of stunting Keywords: Maternal knowledge of 1000 HPK, Stunted, Children under five

Clinical assessment of the placenta function in women at risk and threat of premature delivery

Premature birth, despite the significant achievements of perinatal medicine in recent decades, remains an urgent global and national medical and social problem, as it is the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. According to modern views, placental dysfunction can be one of the causes of premature birth, and its frequency, according to randomized studies, can be from 78 to 91%, depending on the gestational age. At the same time, the research conducted to date does not provide a clear understanding of the role of timely diagnosis and prevention of placental dysfunction in preventing premature birth.The objective: to perform clinical evaluation of the prevalence of placental dysfunction in women at risk of preterm birth and with threat of preterm birth.Materials and methods. 180 pregnant women were took part in the study. To achieve the research aim, three research groups were formed. I group – 73 pregnant women with threat of premature birth; II group – 77 pregnant women with risk factors for premature birth. Women with risk factors for premature birth were included in the study at the stage of pregnancy planning (IIA subgroup, 39 women) or from the moment of applying to a women’s outpatient clinic to monitor the course of pregnancy (IIB subgroup, 38 pregnant women). The control group included 30 pregnant women with an uncomplicated course of pregnancy.Transabdominal ultrasound examination with color Doppler mapping, determination of free estriol, progesterone and placental lactogen levels in blood serum were performed at 18–21+6 and 28–30 weeks of gestation.Results. Analysis of the prevalence of risk factors for placental dysfunction and preterm birth in patients of the studied cohort showed that in pregnant women with preterm birth (I group), the combination of risk factors was 5.2; in pregnant women who received pre-gravid training (IIA subgroup) – 3.2; in pregnant women who were included in the study in the I trimester of pregnancy (IIB subgroup) – 4.7, while in pregnant women of the control group – only 0.8 (p<0.05).The threat of early spontaneous miscarriage with the formation of a retrochorial hematoma as a clinical manifestation of primary placental dysfunction was determined in 43.8% of pregnant women whose premature delivery was carried out for medical reasons. Placenta abruption in these patients can be considered as decompensation of the primary dysfunction of the placenta with the transition to acute placental insufficiency.The formation of chronic placental dysfunction, clinically manifested by the syndrome of fetal growth retardation, was most often observed in patients whose pregnancy ended in spontaneous premature birth at 34–36+6 weeks in the presence of an untouched amnion, – 68.6% compared to births at 28–33+6 weeks of gestation – 25.9% and with childbirth at 22–37+6 weeks – 13.3%.Conclusions. Clinical manifestations of placental dysfunction were detected in 30.6% of patients with premature birth, with morphological signs in 60.4% of cases, which indicates the hidden course of placental insufficiency before the development of premature birth.Morphological signs of placental dysfunction were determined in 87.5% of cases of premature births for medical reasons and in 100.0% of cases of spontaneous births at 22–27+6 weeks of gestation (with a combination of risk factors from 2.1 to 3.0), in 66.7% – with premature births at 28–33+6 weeks of pregnancy, in 40.0% – with premature births at 34–36+6 weeks of pregnancy and only in one (5.6%) case – with term births.The frequency of fixation of morphological characteristics of placental dysfunction correlates with the frequency of early pregnancy complications, primarily with the formation of retrochorial hematomas in the first half of pregnancy.

Efektifitas Video Edukasi Pembuatan Mpasi 4 Bintang Terhadap Pengetahuan, Sikap Dan Keterampilan Orang Tua Dalam Pencegahan Stunting Pada Balita

Stunting is a national problem related to chronic malnutrition which occurs due to multifactors including nutritionalintake, nutritional parenting, genetics, infectious diseases and hygiene. Currently, breakthrough interventions andreal action are needed to overcome editing problems. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of theeducational video for making the MPASI 4 Star menu on the knowledge, attitudes and skills of parents in preventingstunting in toddlers. The research design used is quantitative, quasi-experimental research using a one group pretestposttest design approach. This research was conducted on parents of toddlers in DKI Jakarta with a sample size of 44respondents. The results showed that there was a significant difference in knowledge before and after the intervention(p value 0.000), there was a significant difference in attitudes before and after the intervention (p value 0.000), therewas a significant difference in skills before and after the intervention (p value 0.000 ). It is hoped that this researchcan be an alternative action in the form of education via video for parents to overcome stunting in toddlers and todevelop care, further research can be carried out regarding interventions to deal with stunting.

Situation Analysis of Smoking Behavior and Tobacco Control in Blitar City

Background: The problem of smoking is still a national problem that is continuously being addressed, because it involves various aspects of problems in life, namely economic, social, political aspects, especially health aspects. The death rate from smoking is still very high. Tobacco abuse is a preventable cause of death but there are still many people who are difficult to escape from the bondage of the dangers of smoking. Purpose: The City of Blitar has committed to implementing a tobacco control program through the Regional Regulation (perda) of the City of Blitar Number 1 of 2019 concerning Smoking Free Areas. The implementation of these local regulations requires data as a basis for developing strategies to achieve goals. Methods: This study uses a mix method approach (quantitative and qualitative). The approach is used to facilitate a variety of specific research objectives. Research on smoking behavior and attitudes of tobacco workers towards tobacco control uses a quantitative approach. While research on regional income from the cigarette industry and the condition of cigarette advertisements in public places uses a quantitative approach. Results: Teenage respondents 300 respondents were dominated by male gender, smoking status there were 221 respondents who stated that they were smokers. Most of the respondents' ages were in the range of 17-20 years and at the junior and senior high school levels. With the results of this study it can be concluded that the incidence of smoking in adolescents is still high with a percentage (70.3%) of smoking status which is dominated by men. Adult respondents note that all male respondents have a tendency to smoke. Most of the respondents were in the range of 19-23 years with the most education at the high school level. Conclusion: The type of cigarettes consumed by adolescents is white cigarettes, consuming at least less than 5 cigarettes and at most more than 15 cigarettes per day. Most of the costs spent by teenagers to shop for cigarettes range from IDR 50,000 to IDR 100,000 and above. Among the 189 smokers respondents, only 83 of them had the desire to quit smoking. It is known that most of the adult respondents at the age of 15 years were the age when they first smoked.

Investigation on Bacterial Growth and pH in Milk after the Expiration Date.

Food waste is a serious national and global problem. Milk is one of the most frequently wasted food items. This study aims to determine how long postexpiration-pasteurized milk may still be safe to consume and what is the relationship between bacterial growth from the milk and time after expiration. The experiments were carried out by incubating milk with agarose gel. The results showed that the bacterial growth was relatively low for at least the first few days after expiration. The more the days passed after the expiration date, the more the bacteria grew from the milk. There was no significant difference in the bacteria colony numbers in the whole milk samples opened either on day 0 or day 5 of expiration. None of the fat-free milk samples collected on the later (1-10) days showed any statistically significant difference in bacterial growth compared to the samples collected on the day after expiration (day 0). The bacterial growth increased with the increasing fat content of the milk. In addition, the rate of bacterial growth from the milk correlated with the acidity of the milk that is measured by pH. No significant sensory changes could be detected in any of the milk samples immediately after opening on the day of expiration or for up to 10 days after expiration when the unopened cartons were kept refrigerated. However, within 24 hours of opening the carton, whole milk that has expired for 6 or more days and 2% milk that has expired for 8 or more days developed a sour taste and mildly pungent smell. This sensory change was accompanied by the formation of lumps and fat-water separation. Fat-free milk samples remained unchanged under the same conditions. The experimental results suggest that whole and 2% skim milk may be safe for consumption up to 5-6 days after expiration. Fat-free milk may be safe for consumption up to 10 days after expiration, possibly longer. This study devised a way to show that milk is still safe for consumption after expiration; it will help reduce food waste.

Drama-Based Mathematics Learning Model For Character Building Of Students In Elementary School

Facing the problem of the Indonesian nation which is being hit by a 'moral crisis', the concept of the national education curriculum contains a lot of character education concepts. This is a new challenge so that teachers immediately change the 'mindset' that originally the purpose of teaching to produce intelligent humans, to having to prioritize teaching to form character. Mathematical characteristics are abstract sciences, but the process of understanding must be conveyed through concrete media. In addition, the psychological development of elementary school children is in the urge to want to play and do fun activities. This research aims to get findings of mathematics learning models in elementary schools to form character. This drama-based learning model has been found with learning stages through the planning, implementation, and evaluation stages. At the planning stage, the teacher prepares a drama script themeonut daily life events related to mathematical topics and character value competencies to be developed. At the implementation stage, students role-play according to the theme of the drama script. As for the evaluation stage, the teacher conducts assessments during learning or student activities.

Irish population knowledge, attitudes, and perception of air pollution

Abstract Aim Air pollution remains a major global public health challenge; and Ireland is no exception to the human health implications of exposure ambient air pollutants. Accurate and timely information can be critical to mitigate the harmful effects of air pollution. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes to poor air quality in Ireland to assist stakeholders in developing and implementing effective communication pieces and policies about the management of air pollution. Study design Cross-sectional population-based cohort. Methods Quantitative data on knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions (KAP) were collected from respondents living across Ireland, and the results were analysed with SPSS (Version 28.0). Results Among the 1,005 respondents included in this study, the mean [SD] age was 46.1 [15.3] years; 53% were female (n = 530); and 66% and 35% of respondents were aware of air pollution and its adverse effects on health at a national and local level respectively (n = 668 and n = 353 respectively). In addition, there were significant relationships between socio-demographic and air pollution awareness. There were correlation between respondent's age, gender, socio-economic group, and locality in Ireland. Conclusions This study demonstrates that environmental health literacy around air pollution in critically lacking among respondents. Given that air pollution is an increasingly important global priority, opportunities need to created to improve reach and impact of communication of air quality health risk and mitigation measures. Key messages • Most respondents acknowledge that air pollution is a national problem. • Females were more aware of air pollution among the respondents.

Pemodelan Tingkat Kerawanan Pangan Rumah Tangga di Indonesia Tahun 2021 dengan Pendekatan Regresi Logistik Ordinal

<p class="AbstractEnglish">Until 2021, Indonesia has succeeded in reducing the prevalence rate of the population with moderate or severe food insecurity. But on the other hand, Indonesia's Global Food Security Index (GFSI) score which has declined in the last three years shows that Indonesia's food security is getting weaker in various aspects. The condition of food security that begins to weaken can trigger food insecurity. Food insecurity that can have an impact on health, nutrition and health system problems is a national health problem that needs attention. Therefore, this study aims to examine the level of household food insecurity and the variables that influence it. This study uses The National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas) March 2021 data which was analyzed using partial proportional odds model (PPOM) ordinal logistics regression method. In general, the results show that variables area of residence, gender, age, education, business field, number of household members, residence ownership status, and per capita expenditure affect the level of household food insecurity in Indonesia in 2021.</p><p class="AbstractEnglish"><strong>Keywords</strong><strong>: </strong>food insecurity; ordinal logistic regression; PPOM</p>

A study to assess the effectiveness of awareness program on knowledge regarding management of obesity among house wives in village (Larsun) of district Ganderbal Kashmir

Obesity often known as “NEW WORLD SYNDROME” is a new disease despite being an old recognized physical feature. Regardless of age or socioeconomic background, obesity is a serious social and psychological condition that affects practically everyone. The threat of invasion affects both developed and growing countries. Similar to how they do in industrialized countries, diet and lifestyle, which are significantly changing as a result of the economic and nutritional transition, have an impact on the risk of obesity. a significant risk factor for the onset of non-communicable diseases as hypertension and heart disease, among others Globally, obesity has reached epidemic levels; at least 2.8 million people die from being overweight or obese each year. Obesity was originally only a problem in high-income nations, but it is now widespread in middle- and low-income nations as well.The knowledge of housewives in the village of Larsun, district of Ganderbal, regarding obesity was evaluated using a quantitative approach. Data from housewives who met the inclusion criteria were gathered using a purposeful sampling strategy. A self-administered structured knowledge questionnaire was used to obtain the data. 11 professionals validated the tool. By utilizing the Karal-Pearson correlation coefficient (r = 0.83), the tool's dependability was determined. Following the pretest, a structured teaching programme was offered. A posttest was conducted three months later. Quantitative analysis was used to examine the data.The majority of the subject (12.9%) scored poorly on the pretest, followed by 61.3% who scored well, and 25.8% who scored well. 100% had outstanding knowledge on the posttest. The mean knowledge score before the test was (16.45 +_.943), and the mean knowledge score after the test was (28.45 +_1.12). Additionally, it showed that it had statistical significance (P 0.05). The funding of the study came to the conclusion that there was a considerable improvement in housewives' understanding of obesity following the implementation of a self-structured instruction programme.

Current state of legal regulation of incentives for civil servants

The article examines the current state of legal regulation of incentives for civil servants. Since the current state of legal regulation of civil service and civil servants in Ukraine lags behind the needs and functions of a democratic society, and therefore requires urgent improvement within the framework of the initiated reform of the entire civil service system. In particular, measures of incentives that can be applied to civil servants for certain achievements in professional activity need improvement. It has been established that the general legal principles of encouraging civil servants are enshrined in the Constitution, the Labor Code of Ukraine and the Law of Ukraine “On Civil Service”, which opens up opportunities for further detailing them in other normative legal acts. The significance of the provisions of the analyzed normative legal acts regarding the encouragement of civil servants is extremely important, because the efficiency and quality of solving national and local problems depends on each employee of the state body (depending on the field). It is emphasized that all normative legal acts are interrelated and each separately regulates an important part of relations in the field of encouraging civil servants as subjects of labor law. At the same time, attention was drawn to the fact that the legal regulation of incentives for civil servants needs further study and improvement, especially in today’s conditions. Since the current labor legislation does not contain a definition of the concept of “incentive”, even in the projects of new codified acts in the field of labor relations, it is also absent. Attention is drawn to the fact that the profile law on civil service does not contain it, which ultimately complicates law enforcement in the relevant sphere of relations, creates prerequisites for a subjective approach to its interpretation. The situation is the same with determining the grounds and criteria for the application of incentives in general, the application of one or another type of incentive in particular, there is a lack of uniform and clear rules for the application of such measures, etc. The proposal of other researchers of the issue under consideration regarding the normative consolidation of the definition of incentives in the basic law on civil service, as well as in labor legislation, is supported.