National Primary Schools Research Articles

THE DIFFERENCES OF COGNITIVE STYLE FIELDS-INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT ON STUDENTS' MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM SOLVING ABILITIES

The study aims to determine the differences in field-independent cognitive styles with a dependent on students' mathematical problem solving abilities. This researcher uses a quantitative approach with a correlational survey method with factual exposure research types. The study population was the seventh grade students of Madrasah Tsanawiyah in Lombok Timur, amounting to 680. The sampling used was simple random sampling technique. The sampling technique uses percentage techniques. From a population of 680 people taken 10%, so the number of samples in this study was 68 people. The hypothesis analysis test used the t test with SPSS 22. The results showed that there was a difference between students' mathematical problem solving abilities in the group of students who had a field independent cognitive style and a group of students who had a field dependent cognitive style. the principal in recruiting students to enter the Madrasah Tsnawiyah, not only the value of the results of the National Primary School exam but rather the grouping of students based on independent and field dependent cognitive field styles

Game-Based Learning Platform and its Effects on Present Tense Mastery: Evidence from an ESL Classroom

In the 21 st century, gamified learning is found to be essential for educators to assist students in achieving mastery of English grammar because the English language proficiency of Asian students, including Malaysians, remains at an unacceptable level. However, the literature on the effects of gamification on the learning of English tenses is somewhat limited. To address this issue, this study aims to examine the effectiveness of Kahoot! , a game-based learning platform, in reinforcing simple present tense verb learning amongst young English-as-a-second-language (ESL) learners. A total of 31 Year 3 students (aged 9) at a national primary school in the central region of Peninsular Malaysia were involved in the study. A one-group pre-test post-test research design was employed with an intervention programme that spanned four weeks. Results analysed using paired sample t-test revealed that the performance of pupils in the post-test improved significantly (M =5.61, SD=2.04) with the application of Kahoot! as compared with that in the pre-test (M=3.35, SD=1.89). Discussion of the main findings revealed that gamification, through its captivating features, was responsible for lowering the learners’ affective filter during grammar lessons and subsequently increasing their learning motivation. The implications of the findings suggest that Kahoot! is a relevant teaching tool for the current generation of learners and educators may explore the possibilities which Kahoot! has to offer with other grammatical components. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.19.5.2

THE EFFECT OF READING STRATEGY ON COMPREHENSION ACHIEVEMENT IN CHINESE LANGUAGE

Reading skills play an important role in language learning. There are many reading strategies for effective reading. Yet, not many language teachers emphasized or integrated learning strategies into the learning process of reading skills, especially in Chinese language learning. This article aims to report the impact of reading strategies in teaching and learning on the achievement of Primary 5 students in Chinese national primary schools. The reading strategy of making inferences is the focus of this study. This study adopts a quasi-experimental design, with data collection through pre-test and post-test to identify the impact of reading strategy on student achievement. A descriptive analysis was used. The sample of this study consisted of 70 5th graders consisting of three groups based on three pre-test performance namely Category A (80 - 100), Category B (40-79) and Category C (0-39). The result showed that there was an increase in the number of pupils who received the Category A’s score for the treatment group, which increased from 9 students to 15 students (60%). On the contrary, for the control group, the findings show that pupil performance decreased, with the number of pupils in C category increased, from 4 students to 8 students. It can be concluded that the use of reading strategies can have a positive impact on reading comprehension in Chinese language. The findings implicated that the emphasis should be given to the learning of reading strategies in the teaching and learning reading skills. Language teachers should be aware of the importance of the reading strategies in developing reading skills among students. The learning and application of reading strategies should be giving more emphasis in mastering reading among students in language learning.

AMALAN PEMILIHAN TATABAHASA PEDAGOGI BERKONTEKS OLEH GURU BAHASA MELAYU SEKOLAH RENDAH

This study focuses on the practice of selecting pedagogical grammar in primary school. In terms of objective, the study examines the selection of pedagogical grammar practices via contextual grammar by Malay Language teachers in primary schools. The objective of this study was to identify the selection of pedagogical grammar practices via contextual in teaching and learning (PDP) by the Malay Language in primary school. The research question is: What is the score of a selection of pedagogical grammar practices via contextual in teaching and learning (PDP) by the Malay Language in primary school? This study uses quantitative design through the survey method. The instrument was a set of a questionnaire containing 10 items using the Five Points Likert Scale. This study used quota sampling that consisted of 149 teachers who teach the Malay Language in primary schools. A total of 26 schools in the National School (SK), eight schools in the Chinese National Primary School (SJKC) and seven Tamil National Primary Schools (SJKT) in the Gombak district have been identified as the study locations. Data were analyzed descriptively presented in the form of mean and standard deviation. The result shows that the score of a selection of pedagogical grammar practices via contextual in teaching and learning (PDP) by Malay Language teacher in primary school is high; mean values ranged from 3.73 to 4.03, and standard deviations ranged from 0.57 to 0.75. The implications of this study highlighted that teacher can improve those practices in teaching and learning (PDP) in primary schools through a planned curriculum involved.

Headmasters’ Safety Management and Performance in Two Malaysian National Primary Schools

A conducive environment to ensure safety among school students is crucial as most of the time they are at school and grow up in school settings. It is vital to understand that, this period is a critical development stage for students whereby their personality is developed holistically in a different environment from home. The failure of handling hazards effectively and neglecting attitude on reporting cases contributes to the rising number of accidents in schools. Thus, the study aims to explore headmasters’ strategies in safety management and how they strengthen teacher’s safety performances in schools.  An explorative case study research design was adopted using purposive sampling. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews with two headmasters. The data analyses were performed by reviewing the informants’ transcripts, and the transcripts were coded through open, axial and selective coding. The findings of the study revealed seven strategies implemented by the headmaster's in managing school safety are: (a) Importance of Safety Management; (b) Acting as Role Model; (c) Communicates School Safety; (d) Safety Practices; (e) Training Teachers; (f) Budget Arrangements; and (g) Alliance with School Community. Findings also revealed headmaster’s strengthen teacher’s safety performances in schools in two ways: (a) Trust in Teachers; and (b) Teachers Execute Programmes. This study provides an insight into the headmaster's safety management and safety performance in two Malaysian primary schools. Besides, policymakers will benefit from the change that could be made on safety-related matters with the aim of reducing the number of accident and incident cases among school students.&nbsp

Characterising the Pedagogical Practices in Mathematics Lessons among Selected Malaysian Primary Schools

This study aims to characterise the pedagogical practices of 45 observed primary mathematics lessons taught by 24 mathematics teachers in six national primary schools (SK) and six Chinese vernacular primary schools (SJKC). The data were collected using two video cameras, one focused on the teacher while the other camera focused on the pupils’ activities. The qualitative data were analysed based on two main activities in the classroom, which are teacher’s activities and pupils’ activities. The findings show that mathematics lessons conducted by SK teachers tended to engage the pupils in individual seatwork so as to assess pupils’ understanding. Conversely, SJKC teachers were focused more on explaining mathematical concepts to help the pupils build up their conceptual understanding. By characterising the pedagogical practices of mathematics lessons in various schools, the researcher hopes that the findings of this study will contribute to better understanding of the teaching and learning process in SK and SJKC mathematics classrooms. The results serve as a documentation of pedagogical practices in Malaysia to enable implementation of suitable programmes to help in improving teachers’ pedagogical practices from different types of primary schools. While the results are interesting and provide some directions, a much larger study would be needed to determine if the results are due to the teachers’ enthusiasm, geographical differences, cultural or social differences, or what is known as the Hawthorne Effect.

Study on Student-centered artificial intelligence online teaching + home learning model during the COVID-19 epidemic

With the rapid development of Internet technology, traditional online learning can no longer meet the adaptive learning needs of students, and smart education concepts, such as mushrooms, use data generated by traditional platforms to use machine learning and depth. Artificial intelligence technology with learning as a means has gradually become a new research hotspot through re-analysis technology. How to further use these big data resources for adaptive learning and push to improve the quality of student training has become an important issue in the current research field. For the protection of students' learning during the COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control, national universities, primary schools and secondary schools solved the problem of “Classes Suspended but Learning Continue” through online teaching. Students learn online at home and the family plays a vital role as a special classroom. Based on the analysis of the factors affecting home study, this article compares the live broadcast platforms and constructs a student-centered network broadcast + home learning model under the epidemic situation. After the implementation effect investigation, the evaluation effect is good. It is hoped that this model can provide a reference for teachers and students in the new situation and solve some problems currently facing online teaching at home.

The Legacy of Literacy: Evidence from Italian Regions

Italy was unified in 1861. As part of the process of nation-building, a free and mandatory national primary school system was established. While the new school system greatly contributed to the modernization of the country, its initial design did not reduce considerably regional disparities in human capital, with Southern regions lagging behind. The paper studies the effect of the heterogeneous territorial diffusion of literacy during the postunification period (1871-1911) on economic and social outcomes of Italian provinces 100 years later. We exploit the exogenous variations in the territorial spread in literacy rates arising from the gradual building and expansion of the railway network across provinces. We find evidence that provinces with a higher territorial diffusion of primary education in the post-unification period have today higher income per capita, less unemployment, and greater educational attainment. The evidence in terms of social capital outcomes is instead mixed, depending on the indicator considered.

Effects of PWIM in the ESL Classroom: Vocabulary Knowledge Development Among Primary Malaysian Learners

The present quasi-experimental study examined the impact of pictures, via a modified version of Emily Calhoun’s (1999) Picture Word Inductive Model (PWIM), on the English vocabulary acquisition of Malaysian Year 1 pupils in a rural national primary school. Meara and Buxton’s (1987) Yes-No Recognition Test (YNRT) was adapted and further tested for reliability to measure the recall and retention of subjects’ vocabulary size. A total of 60 subjects participated in the research, comprising two intact classes; one class formed the Experimental group and the other formed the Control group. The former underwent the intervention while the latter received typical classroom instruction. Results gleaned from independent samples t-tests revealed superior vocabulary scores at the posttest and delayed posttest levels by the Experimental group, denoting greater vocabulary knowledge recall and retention that reflects the effectiveness of the intervention in enhancing vocabulary acquisition among young Malaysian learners. This study and its findings are of significance to English language teachers, curriculum designers, policy makers, and scholars engaged in ESL/EFL research. It is also noteworthy that there exists a paucity with regards to in-depth research on the use of images for language learning among young learners, particularly within the Malaysian context. Keywords: picture s; PWIM; vocabulary recall and retention; young learners; Malaysia

Mugallima: Tatar women’s new social and professional role in the early 20th century

In this article, the author discusses a new social group within the Tatar secular intelligentsia - the female teachers ( mugallima s) of the national primary schools. The study is based on personal documents, in particular memories and autobiographies. At the turn of the 20th century, the issue of female education became particularly important in Tatar society. The author shows the transformation of the role of the ostazbika - the imam’s wife who traditionally used to teach the girls of the Muslim community - and presents an overview of the first Tatar girl schools. Pointing out the sources of the formation of mugallima as a separate social group, the author also identifies an intermediate variant of this social group. Furthermore, attention is paid to the problem of advanced training of the mugallima, the legal regulation of Tatar female teachers’ activities, and to their official duties as well as their material conditions. The author studied the mugallima’s position in the Muslim society in relation to the gender role of an average woman, considering the everyday behavior of the mugallima, the mugallima’s image in Tatar literature as well as the way different social groups perceived this profession. The author concludes that in Tatar society the professional status of the mugallima was legalized only during World War I, and the social perception of the mugallima remained ambivalent. While traditional Muslim society continued to disapprove of independent women, the national intelligentsia supported a positive image of the mugallima. However, the issue of combining pedagogical work and family remained open. Tatar feminists of the revolutionary epoch considered the work of the mugallima as an alternative to family life and put the interests of the nation before their private life.

Perspectives of using Interactive Slides in ESL Classroom among Primary School English Language Teachers in Pasir Gudang

In technological society, technology plays a crucial role as an integral part of teaching. This research aimed to know teachers’ perspective of using interactive slides in ESL classroom. The population of this research comprises national primary school teachers from Pasir Gudang district. A total of 179 respondents participated in this research. This calculation on the number of respondents was based on Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970) table. The data were gathered via questionnaires and semi-structure interviews. The gathered data were analysed using descriptive analysis method in terms of frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. The researchers conducted saturated semi-structured interviews to support the findings through questionnaires. The findings of the research revealed that Interactive Slide (IS) is effective to use in the ESL classroom. The study also showed the challenges faced by teachers in using IS. The implication of this research suggested that schools should provide adequate facilities in encouraging teachers to use IS in ESL classrooms and organise activities or programs for teachers to enhance their IS skills. In future researches, it is recommended to widen the population of respondents to other districts or states

Perspectives of Using Interactive Slides in ESL Classroom among Primary School English Language Teachers in Pasir Gudang

In technological society, technology plays a crucial role as an integral part of teaching. This research aimed to know teachers’ perspective of using interactive slides in ESL classroom. The population of this research comprises national primary school teachers from Pasir Gudang district. A total of 179 respondents participated in this research. This calculation on the number of respondents was based on Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970) table. The data were gathered via questionnaires and semi-structure interviews. The gathered data were analysed using descriptive analysis method in terms of frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. The researchers conducted saturated semi-structured interviews to support the findings through questionnaires. The findings of the research revealed that Interactive Slide (IS) is effective to use in the ESL classroom. The study also showed the challenges faced by teachers in using IS. The implication of this research suggested that schools should provide adequate facilities in encouraging teachers to use IS in ESL classrooms and organise activities or programs for teachers to enhance their IS skills. In future researches, it is recommended to widen the population of respondents to other districts or states.

MANAGEMENT OF ROLE STRESS AMONG THE MALAYSIAN PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS

The management of role stress is becoming more dominant issue in the career life of teachers due to various roles that teachers need to play in their job. Among the factors of role stress are role conflicts, role ambiguity and role overload. The main purpose of this research is to study the influence of selected factors such as role conflict factor, role ambiguity and role overload on role stress among the Malaysian National Primary School teachers. This study was designed by utilizing the quantitative approach. The instrument used was a questionnaire which has been adapted from various relevant researchers. A total of 150 teachers were randomly selected as respondents and the data obtained were analysed using SPSS for descriptive statistics and Smart PLS for the inferential statistics. The findings show that the level of stress was at moderate level. In addition, the findings indicate that there is a significant relationship between role conflicts (ß=0.212, t=2.640, P=0.009), role ambiguity (ß=0.219, t=2.701, P=0.007) and role overload (ß=0.372, t=4.364, P=0.000) to role stress. As a conclusion, this study demonstrates that role conflicts, role ambiguity and role overload have a major impact to the role stress of teachers in Malaysia. It is hoped that through this study, various stakeholders such as schools, the district education offices as well as the Ministry of Education will be able to assist in planning and organizing efforts to address the role stress issues in order to produce highly qualified teachers.

Interaksi Energetik Guru dan Siswa pada Pembelajaran Abad 21

Learning requires harmonious interaction between teachers and students. Communication is a type of action that occurs when two or more objects influence or have an effect on each other. Learning through less dynamic interactions can cause an imbalance in the transfer of learning. Tendencies that arise are students will know a lot about something, but become less have a system of values, attitudes, interests and positive appreciation of what is known. Children will experience intellectual development unbalanced by personality maturity, giving birth to a specialist figure who is less concerned with the surrounding environment and prone to value distortions. Students will practice violations such as happy fighting with friends, lack of respect for others, and lack of courtesy. The academic atmosphere in elementary schools for students to be able to learn effectively is a condition where students can collaborate, cooperate, communicate using any direction there is no fear and feel even protected, and they think treated reasonably regardless of ethnicity, religion, race, class, and gender so as to achieve desired goals both national education goals and primary school goals. Energetic interactions between teachers and students in schools must be based on functional relationships first between the teacher and students, meaning students feel the teacher is a parent and a friend who can be invited to interact without fear but still respect. Fearless but respectful interaction is needed because it fits with one of the 21st-century learning skills, collaboration. Good collaboration causes learning to be fun, so learning becomes effective.

Computer-Assisted Instruction and Language Learning: Evidence from Mavis Computel’s English–Yoruba Talking Books

This article examines the effectiveness of computer-assisted language instruction using Mavis Computel’s English–Yoruba talking books and pen. Using a developmental design, 21 children, aged 10, from highly educated Yoruba families were divided into an experimental and a control group. The groups were subjected to a study session in the same venue and at the same time but in different classes for three academic terms. Both groups wrote the Yoruba paper in the compulsory National Primary School Leaving Examination written along with other students. Though the experimental group did well in the examination, the control group performed much better. The contents of the books are structured according to the NERDC curriculum. This methodological approach the talking books adopt to the teaching of Yoruba enables the users to teach themselves through imitation, repetition, and audio-visual content. This article encourages government collaboration in the further development of the talking books.

Intergenerational Human Capital Spillovers: Indonesia’s School Construction and Its Effects on the Next Generation

We analyze the effects of increased access to education in one generation on human capital outcomes in the next generation. Using longitudinal data, we exploit the geographical and cohort variations in exposure to a massive primary school construction program in the 1970s in Indonesia. We show that the school building project increases primary school completion rates among both men and women. We find that children whose mothers were exposed to the school building project score higher on the national primary school examination, suggesting the importance of maternal education in the intergenerational transmission of human capital.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Internet Addiction (IA) Among National Primary School Children in Malaysia

Internet addiction (IA) is a growing issue with evidence of negative health and social outcomes to the user. However, data is lacking for younger children. This study determined the prevalence of IA among primary school students and its associated factors. A total of 178 school-children aged 11 years old and their parents consented to fill the validated Malay version of the Internet Addiction Test (MVIAT). The prevalence of IA among school-children and parents was 23.0% and 15.7%, respectively. In children, Internet usage was higher during school holidays (120 min/day) than during schooling day (60 min/day). There is a positive and significant correlation of MVIAT scores between children and their parents (r = 0.28, p < 0.001). IA was significantly associated with Malay ethnicity [AOR 2.32 (1.94, 5.78)] and longer duration of Internet use during holidays [AOR 1.02 (1.01, 1.04)] but using the Internet to seek information was less likely to be associated with IA [AOR 0.44(0.20, 0.75)]. Data on Internet addiction among young children can support public policy on Internet addiction. Effort should be taken to prevent IA among younger children by monitoring their Internet usage.

The Practice of Tolerance among Islamic Education Teachers (IETs) through &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Shura&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; in the Management of Da’wah Activities in Schools

Tolerance is a rational, practical, and highly recommended practice in Islamic teachings. This study aspires to identify tolerance levels through shura practiced by Islamic Education Teachers (IET) across all national primary schools in Peninsular Malaysia. This study was conducted entirely using quantitative approach. A survey along with a five-point Likert scale questionnaire was distributed to 433 respondents in 4 different zones representing the state of Kedah (north zone), Kelantan (east zone), Selangor (central zone) and Johor (south zone). The results showed that the (IETs) tolerance level through shura is at high value (min = 4.39 and sd = 0.383). The contribution of this study is to boost the comprehension of openness through a more dynamic shura towards educators because of its capacity to promote positive shift in any school management activities.

The Effectiveness of Cooperative Learning Model Jigsaw and Team Games Tournament (TGT) towards Social Skills

Cooperative learning is a student-centered learning method that allows students to collaborate and interact in small groups. The purpose of this study was to identify the effectiveness of the Cooperative Learning Model Jigsaw and Team Games Tournament towards Year Three student’s social skills in Islamic education subjects of hadith. The study was conducted using quantitative methods in the form of quasi experimental studies. The social skills rating scale-teacher (SSRS-T) tests have been tested for their reliability to obtain data on the level of social skills of students. Respondents of the study consisted of a total of 60 national primary school pupils in the district of Nilai, Negeri Sembilan. Respondents consist of 30 students of control group and 30 students of experimental group. Pre-test to test achievement of student’s social skills level before treatment and post test to test effectiveness of treatment were conducted. Descriptive and inference analysis were used to test the study questions using the Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. The findings showed that the level of social skills of the treatment group was at a moderate level with a mean score of 3.397 and there was a significant difference in the mean score of social basic skills between the treatment group and the pre group after the post test. This finding is expected to benefit the District Education Office, the State Education Department and the Curriculum Development Division of the Ministry of Education to increase information, to improve the existing Islamic Education pedagogical modules as well as changing the exam oriented pedagogy to skills oriented pedagogy. The enhancement of social basic skills in the aspects of language skills, communication skills and collaborative skills is expected to provide students with satisfaction and happiness.

PROVISION OF GREEN SPACES IN MALAYSIAN PRIMARY SCHOOLS: ISSUES, GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATION

The provision of conducive learning environments in schools is important in determining the effectiveness of the curriculum and co-curriculum implementation, as well as enriching children’s outdoor play and environmental learning. However, the development of green spaces within school compound is not a priority in Malaysian schools. This paper aims to explore the issues related to the provision of green spaces in Malaysian national primary schools. There are various green spaces that can be provided in school setting such as field, pocket spaces, soft and hard play areas, and animal life, which serves different purposes for children’s activities. Though, the limited budget and the lack of knowledge and design guidelines are among the obstacles encountered by Malaysian schools in developing functional green spaces that provide learning opportunities for children. A greater effort is needed in helping the schools developing their green spaces in terms of funding, expert knowledge and community support.