National Policy Support Research Articles

Comparison of traffic collision victims between older and younger drivers in South Korea: Epidemiologic characteristics, risk factors and types of collisions.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to show the epidemiological characteristics and the difference in the risk factors and types of collision between older and younger drivers in Korea.MethodsWe collected data from the Emergency Department-based Injury In-depth Surveillance retrieved by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from 2011 to 2015. We included injured drivers aged ≥ 18 years who were registered in the database, who were limited to drivers of four-wheeled vehicles. The enrolled patients were divided according to age into older (≥ 65 years) and younger (< 65 years) drivers. The total number of enrolled drivers was 37,511; 2,361 (6.3%) of them were older drivers. The epidemiological characteristics (e.g., age, sex, fatality rate) of traffic collision victims for 5 years were determined, and the risk factors (e.g., seat belt use) and types of collision (single- vs. multi-vehicle) between the two groups were compared.ResultsThe median age and interquartile range (IQR; 25th and 75th percentiles) of all drivers were 41.0 (IQR, 32.0–52.0), and 24,544 (65.4%) of them were men. The median age increased from 40.0 (IQR, 31.0–50.0) to 43.0 (IQR, 33.0–54.0) between 2010 and 2015 (P < 0.001). The proportion of older drivers increased from 5.0% to 8.4% annually during the study period (P < 0.001). Between 2010 and 2015, the fatality rate decreased from 3.1% to 1.2% (P = 0.287) for older drivers and from 0.9% to 0.5% (P = 0.009) for younger drivers. The proportion of single-vehicle collision (25.9% vs. 20.3%) was higher in older than in younger drivers (P < 0.001). Older drivers had a lower rate of seat-belt use than younger drivers (79.0% vs. 83.0%, P < 0.001).ConclusionsThe proportion of older drivers increased annually during the study period, and older drivers experienced more single-vehicle collision and used seat belt less frequently than younger drivers. A national policy support to reduce traffic collision in older drivers and public relation activities to enhance their seat belt use should be strengthened in the future.

Design of Outbound and Inbound Integrated Transportation Organization Scheme for China Railway Express

At present, with the support of national policies, China railway express have maintained the momentum of rapid development, but there are still problems such as the imbalance in the number of outbound and inbound trains, and the long detention time of railway port stations. First of all, this paper analyzes the current situation and transportation organization mode of China railway express, then an outbound and inbound integrated transportation organization model was established with taking into account many factors such as transshipping capacity, storage yard capacity, facility capacity etc., in order to minimize the total container-hour in railway port station.

Systemic Risks of Climate Events and Households’ Participation in Mariculture Mutual Insurance: A Case Study of Shrimp Producers in Zhejiang Province

Mariculture is playing an important role in food safety, acting as strong complement to marine fishery. As a typical capital intensive and high-risk sector, mariculture mutual insurance is important for ensuring the stability and sustainability of mariculture due to the inertia of private insurance, it is necessary to examine factors for low household participation in marine fishery mutual insurance to promote the healthy development of marine insurance. Based on the field surveyed data of mariculture shrimp producers in Zhejiang Province, this study aims to examine the determinants underlying households’ participation in mariculture mutual insurance. Based on logistic model, we find out that climate risks, environmental risks and technical risks have seriously hindered the development of food security and fisheries in Zhejiang Province. In addition, farmers’ insurance involvement mainly depends on the individual characteristics of the farmers: whether used to go out to work, perception of burden level of premium and insurance awareness; family characteristics of fish farmers: total household income, and unpaid loan; and production characteristics: professional level, mariculture area and whether sea waters registration. Meanwhile, external factors, including organizations available for insurance participation, impact of national insurance subsidies, policy support and disasters on the aquaculture area. Corresponding risk management measures are urgently needed for the sustainable development of mariculture.

Seven years of painstaking efforts, strive to create the future: rapidly developed genernal intensive care unit of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University

On November 11, 2011, under the development concept of "becoming bigger and stronger", the general intensive care unit (GICU) of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University was established and the first critically ill patient was admitted. With the support of national policy, and the guidance of the strategic goal of "being more careful and more superior, and pursuing high quality and sustainable development", GICU has developed well. By 2018, there are two wards in the Heyi district and Zhengdong district, which consist of 73 beds, and more than 5 000 critically ill patients are admitted to GICU annually. Since the establishment of GICU for 7 years, we have published more than 70 academic papers, received two national natural science funds support, and won the second prizes of scientific and technological progress in Henan Province two times.

Role of knowledge and policies as drivers for low-energy housing: Case studies from the United Kingdom

Addressing housing-related energy consumption and emissions is a challenge in many countries. Low-energy housing, e.g. whole house retrofits and zero-energy new houses, is still rare in the United Kingdom, yet very much required to reduce emissions. This paper contributes to research on low-energy housing by adding new empirical material through analysing how specific drivers linked to knowledge, public policy and intermediary actors can influence successful projects. Based on in-depth case study research of both existing and new built low-energy housing projects in Brighton, United Kingdom (UK), we show that in addition to motivations to improve existing housing conditions, knowledge and available skills of householders and project participants, and both local and national policies, drive such projects. We also find that intermediaries inspire projects, connect different actors and facilitate learning between projects. Intermediaries are important for advancing projects through local actors and knowledge-networks, especially at a time when national policy support for low-energy housing remains limited and a wider transition to low-energy housing is not complete.

Analysis of the Effect of Financial Subsidy on China’s New Energy Vehicle Industry R &amp;amp; D Activities

As a strategic emerging industry in China, new energy vehicles (NEV) industry has developed rapidly in recent years under the strong support of national industrial policies. In order to observe the effect of financial subsidies on R & D activities of NEV companies in China, this paper cuts through the perspective of R & D intensity of enterprises. According to the micro panel data of 75 listed companies in China’s NEV industry chain from 2008 to 2016, empirical analysis shows that the financial subsidy has a positive effect on the R & D intensity of the NEV industry chain enterprises, and the financial subsidies are more obvious for the new energy vehicle core component manufacturing industry when considering the sub-sectors. In addition, some other factors that may affect China’s NEV industry have also been discussed. This puts forward some empirical evidence and policy recommendations for the direction of the country’s further subsidy policy for the promotion of NEV industry innovation.

Quantitative analysis of distributed and centralized development modes for renewable energy

Global renewable energy has maintained a steady growth in recent years under the support of national policies and energy demand. It is necessary to analyse the experience of renewable energy development mode in developed countries so as to provide reference and guidance for the renewable energy development in other countries. Firstly, the definitions of distributed generation in 18 typical countries or organizations are compared and summarized. On this basis, three basic characteristics of distributed generation are provided. Finally, Empirical analysis of Germany’s renewable energy development mode is studied, which analyses the selection of development mode for wind and photovoltaic power. Moreover, the distributed photovoltaic generation accounts for more than 95%, and distributed wind power generation installations account for over 85% in Germany.

Exploring Promotion Effect for FIT Policy of Solar PV Power Generation Based on Integrated ANP: Entropy Model

The photovoltaic (PV) industry is an important developmental direction of the global new energy industry, and it is also a strategic emerging industry of China with an international competitive advantage. China’s PV industry has developed rapidly in recent years, and the new installed capacity of PV power generation has been ranked first in the world for 5 years. This achievement is inseparable from the support of national policy, especially the Feed-in Tariff (FIT) policy of solar PV power generation, which is a primary policy of the PV industry. This paper is a study of preference elicitation, whose goal was to identify the driving factors behind historical PV policy in China, according to the opinion of a panel of experts. On this basis, this paper proposes an integrated ANP-Entropy model to evaluate the FIT policy of China in three dimensions: environmental, energy, and economic (3E). Research results show that the environmental goal is still the most significant to the development of the PV industry in China, followed by the energy and economic goals, which account for 0.405, 0.358, and 0.237, respectively. Compared with the conventional studies on energy policy evaluations, this paper integrates subjective (Analytic Network Process) and objective (Entropy Weight Method) evaluations, which makes the evaluation results more reasonable and reliable. Additionally, the 3E evaluation index system and the ANP-Entropy model proposed in this paper are also applicable to the evaluation of other renewable energy policies.

Residential location, workplace location and car driving in four Norwegian cities

ABSTRACTBased on a study in four Norwegian cities (Oslo, Stavanger/Sandnes, Bergen and Trondheim) differing in size and centre structure, this article illuminates how residential and workplace location, local-area density and transit accessibility influence different aspects of travel behaviour. We find strong effects of residential and workplace distance to the city centre on overall driving distances and commuting distances. We also find clear effects of local area densities around residences and workplaces on the choice of car as a travel mode, along with less pronounced effects of the distance from dwellings and workplaces to the city centre. In the cities with the best developed transit provision, we also see clear effects of transit accessibility at the residence on the propensity of choosing the car as travel mode. The results provide strong support of Norwegian national policies of urban densification as a planning strategy to curb the growth in urban motoring. However, although the influences of urban structure on travel show many similarities across the four cities, there are also important differences reflecting variations in centre structure (predominantly mono- or polycentric) and population size. The magnitude of the influences of various urban structural characteristics on travel behaviour are thus highly context-dependent.

What is the evidence base for ambulatory care for acute medical illness?

Acute ambulatory care is a critical component of the emergency care pathway with national policy support and a dedicated NHS Improvement network. The evidence base for treating acute medical illness outside hospital is a diverse mix of randomised and observational studies with varying inclusion criteria, prognostic stratification, interventions and healthcare setting which limits synthesis of all available evidence and translation to the UK context. There is little consensus on the level of risk for home-based treatment for acute medical illness. Selection tools for referral to acute ambulatory care have been developed but there is limited evidence for their use. There are still research questions concerning optimal staffing, referral mechanisms, point of care diagnostic portfolio and tools for shared decision making.

Utilization Value and Suggestions on the Development of Oil Peony

Tree peony was widely cultivated for approximately 2,000 years, which originated in China. Oil Peony is peony varieties that can be used to produce seed oil as edible oil. In 2001, the Ministry of Health approved that seed oil made by pressing and decoloring could be used as a new resource food. It is an emerging woody oil crop, and has landscape, medicinal and ecological value. Nowadays, it has become an important means to promote targeted poverty alleviation. Oil peony industry is new industry with promising prospect. But at present, the fundamental research on oil peony industry is still very weak, the industry chain needs to be elongated. Oil peony industry is still in the situation of blind development and cultivation on the whole. Based on the issues of variety selection, high-yield cultivation techniques, base construction, and deep processing technology in the oil peony industry in China. This paper put forward the suggestions and thinking for the national relevant policy support, cultivating fine varieties, establish germplasm storehouses and achieving specialized production.

Analysis on driving factors of improvement of quality and efficiency and transformation development of grasslands and animal husbandry industry

During the past several decades, the traditional agriculture structure has been unsustainable since decrease in grain consumption and increase in animal food consumption, resulting in a large number of grain to be used as forage. Grasslands and animal husbandry will gradually become the agricultural mainstream and lead the agriculture to get out of dilemma. Therefore, the cropping structure should be adjusted timely because the lower productivity of grassland for animal husbandry that is far not satisfied for human needs. Understanding how to solve the problems of “three rural” and “three animal husbandry” is of high importance for facing the growing demands for food structure and the desire for ecological civilization. Although grasslands and animal husbandry has developed vibrantly and achieved some achievements, forage grass and livestock production are considerably low and the industrial capacity is insufficient, and facing enormous challenges. Certainly, the development potential of grass and animal husbandry is also huge due to fast growing market demand in China. Our analysis showed that developing “animal-husbandry development” model by relying on scientific and technological innovation, talent construction, social needs and national policy support, which grasslands and animal husbandry industry will rapidly transform and develop, is an effective way to promote the forage grass and livestock production in China. We also discussed the driven factors about improvement of quality and efficiency and transformation development of grasslands and animal husbandry industry, and proposed seven principles for the development of “animal-husbandry development” in China, including construction of high quality forage production system, breeding and promotion of improved varieties, ecological protection of natural grassland, exploring different regional development modes and optimizing the industrial development environment. Grass animal husbandry development has reached breaking point, must optimize the structure of the industrial for the combination of economic, ecological and social benefits the coordinated development of the green road. At the same time, modern industrial development modes should be introduced to reform the traditional prataculture and agricultural and achieve a sustainable developing stage. Moreover, the society has provided a good opportunity for the transformation and upgrading of grassland and animal husbandry by the construction of ecological engineering and the protection of national food security. These will help us to realize the improvement of efficiency and quality, increase industrial benefits and the industrialization level, finally explore a sustainable development way with effective output, safe production, resource conservation and environment-friendly.

Application status and prospect of clinical molecular diagnostics automation

Molecular diagnosis plays more and more important role in disease diagnosis, prognosis evaluation and curative effect monitoring. With the support of relevant national policies and the gradual release of accurate medical needs from society, molecular diagnosis relies on its advantages of accuracy, convenience, sensitivity, non-invasiveness and automation to develop rapidly in the direction of precision inspection. The application of molecular diagnostic automation is undoubtedly the catalyst for the development of molecular diagnostics, but its application status is far from satisfactory. It is necessary to analyze the causes, study countermeasures and look forward to the future. (Chin J Lab Med, 2018, 41: 344-347) Key words: Molecular diagnostic techniques; Automation, laboratory; Precision medicine

Qualitative research of the experience of family caregivers of the oldhip fracture patients with cognitive impairment

Objective To explore the experience of the family caregivers of the old hip fracture patients with cognition impairment. Methods By using purpose sampling method, 11 participants which treating from January to April 2017 were applied semi-structured in-depth interview, and then analysis the material. Results Four themes were analyzed about the caring demands of the family caregivers, including existing heavier caring burden, inadequate knowledge and skills, positive face to the caring task, desire to caregiver support system. Conclusions The family caregivers of the old hip fracture patients with cognition impairment exist heavier caring burden, the medical service institutions should call on national policy support and economic aid for caregivers, care about the mental health of caregivers and improve their coping ability, as well as provide professional knowledge and skills guidance and build a perfect caregiver support system at the same time in order to reduce the burden of caregivers early. Key words: Hip fracture; Cognition impairment; Family caregiver; Caring burden; Qualitative study

Progress on family caregiver′s burden of the elderly patients

It introduced the definition of the caregiver and at home and abroad, and also reviewed influencing factors of family caregiver′s burden of the elderly patients. At last, it put forward the essentiality to perfect the nursing intervention and improve caregivers' coping capacity, as well as the transitional care model and the linkage hospital - community - family, and improve national legislation and policy support in order to structure the social support system at the same time, so as to provide reference for study of reducing the family caregiver′s burden of the elderly patients. Key words: Aged; Family caregiver; Caregiver′s burden

Research on Fiscal and Tax Policies to Promote the Development of New Energy in China

In the context of energy revolution and climate change, low-carbon economy has become the trend of world economic development. At present, China's energy development is facing the problems of irrational distribution of energy structure, the contradiction between the type of energy, the per capita energy resources are relatively inadequate, and the energy efficiency is not high. At the same time, there are still some gaps between China's energy development and developed countries. This paper suggests that to accelerate the development of new energy, the national fiscal and taxation policy support is needed currently, and build fiscal and taxation policy system to promote development of China's new energy.

Construction of Comprehensive Development Index and Analysis on the Development Trend of Solar Energy Industry

As a strategic emerging industry, solar energy industry has been wished to ease the energy crisis and stimulate economic growth. In order to judge the development of the industry objectively, this paper constructs the index system of China’s solar energy industrial development from three dimensions of micro enterprise, medium industry and macroeconomic. This paper simultaneously takes 27 specific indicators, 54 listed companies and 10206 data from 2010 to 2016 as an example to calculate the industrial development index. The result reveals that with the implementation of the support policies playing a positive role in the development of China’s solar energy industry, the solar industry has steadily improved. Solar energy industry in our country is under the support of national support policies and its technological innovation capability is relatively active. However, the moderate investment and financing activities and inadequate enterprise operational capacity, to some extent, alleviate the development of the solar energy industry. The above shows that the solar energy industrial development index and its evaluation methods can help people to accurately grasp the development trend of the solar energy industry and accurately identify the development of advantages and disadvantages.

Care for Child Development: an intervention in support of responsive caregiving and early child development.

An estimated 43% of children younger than 5years of age are at elevated risk of failing to achieve their human potential. In response, the World Health Organization and UNICEF developed Care for Child Development (CCD), based on the science of child development, to improve sensitive and responsive caregiving and promote the psychosocial development of young children. In 2015, the World Health Organization and UNICEF identified sites where CCD has been implemented and sustained. The sites were surveyed, and responses were followed up by phone interviews. Project reports provided information on additional sites, and a review of published studies was undertaken to document the effectiveness of CCD for improving child and family outcomes, as well as its feasibility for implementation in resource-constrained communities. The inventory found that CCD had been integrated into existing services in diverse sectors in 19 countries and 23 sites, including child survival, health, nutrition, infant day care, early education, family and child protection and services for children with disabilities. Published and unpublished evaluations have found that CCD interventions can improve child development, growth and health, as well as responsive caregiving. It has also been reported to reduce maternal depression, a known risk factor for poor pregnancy outcomes and poor child health, growth and development. Although CCD has expanded beyond initial implementation sites, only three countries reported having national policy support for integrating CCD into health or other services. Strong interest exists in many countries to move beyond child survival to protect and support optimal child development. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals depend on children realizing their potential to build healthy and emotionally, cognitively and socially competent future generations. More studies are needed to guide the integration of the CCD approach under different conditions. Nevertheless, the time is right to provide for the scale-up of CCD as part of services for families and children.

Biogas in the transport sector—actor and policy analysis focusing on the demand side in the Stockholm region

Sweden has ambitions to phase out fossil fuels and significantly increase the share of biofuels it uses. This article focuses on Stockholm County and biogas, with the aim to increase the knowledge about regional preconditions. Biogas-related actors have been interviewed, focusing on the demand side. Biogas solutions play an essential role, especially regarding bus transports and taxis. Long-term development has created well-functioning socio-technical systems involving collaboration. However, uncertainties about demand and policy cause hesitation and signs of stagnating development.Public organizations are key actors regarding renewables. For example, Stockholm Public Transport procures biogas matching the production at municipal wastewater treatment plants, the state-owned company Swedavia steers via a queuing system for taxis, and the municipalities have shifted to “environmental cars”.There is a large interest in electric vehicles, which is expected to increase significantly, partially due to suggested national policy support. The future role of biogas will be affected by how such an expansion comes about. There might be a risk of electricity replacing biogas, making it more challenging to reach a fossil-free vehicle fleet. Policy issues strongly influence the development. The environmental car definition is of importance, but its limited focus fails to account for several different types of relevant effects. The dynamic policy landscape with uncertainties about decision makers’ views on biogas seems to be one important reason behind the decreased pace of development. A national, long-term strategy is missing. Both the European Union and Sweden have high ambitions regarding a bio-based and circular economy, which should favor biogas solutions.

Mobilizing the Archive in Support of Colonialism during the Kaiserreich

This paper examines how, at the end of the nineteenth century, the German General Staff published archival material about the history of Brandenburg/Prussia’s early modern East Indian and African trading companies in order to garner public support for the Kaiserreich’s new colonial expeditions. The memory of past overseas ventures was mobilized for the sake of creating an historical narrative claiming that Germany had tried to create a colonial empire already in the seventeenth century. This one German example demonstrates how the maintenance and regulation of archives allows states to construct ideological narratives in support of national policy.