National PCI Research Articles

L'educazione alla libertà

The essay presents the debate between national PCI and Milan’s PCI about the building of a new popular culture after the fall of fascism. The philosopher Antonio Banfi and the writer Elio Vittorini were the protagonists of this period. Banfi had already analysed this issue in the “Fronte della cultura” and in the programmes of the “Casa della Cultura” of Milan, while Vittorini had intervened with some articles published in the Florentine periodical «Il Bargello» then recalled in «Il Politecnico». Their point of view would have been questioned by national PCI in which prevailed the cultural approach inspired by Gramsci’s «Quaderni del carcere» that came out in the same years

OR75. The role of tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion for STEMI patients in the national PCI center

Abstract Aims Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) is one of the most established echocardiographic parameters to assess global function of the right ventricle (RV). This study sought to evaluate TAPSE to predict early outcomes and ascertain whether its value adds beneficial prognostic information to patients with myocardial infarction. Methods and Results Of all 899 patients who were diagnosed with ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) between July 2018 to June 2019, 576 patients underwent echocardiography examination within 24-hour of onset. The subjects were categorized into two groups: TAPSE ≤18 mm (n = 265) and TAPSE >18 mm (n = 311). Primary outcomes were the incidence of cardiogenic shock, cardiac arrest, and in-hospital mortality. A total of 576 patients (513 males, mean age 55±10) with STEMI diagnosis who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention were enrolled to this study. In the overall cohort, TAPSE ≤18 mm was statistically associated with greater incidence of cardiogenic shock (p = 0.001), cardiac arrest (p = 0.002), and in-hospital mortality (p = 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that TAPSE ≤18 mm was an independent predictor of cardiogenic shock (OR, 2.951; 95% CI, 1.507 to 5.781), cardiac arrest (OR, 2.500; 95% CI, 1.381 to 4.527), and in-hospital mortality (OR, 2.868; 95% CI, 1.460 to 5.632). Conclusion The assessment of TAPSE that represents RV function among STEMI patients can be considered as a prognostic factor regarding early outcomes. Long-term follow-up is necessary to obtain more comprehensive prognostic information.

Associations between the PARIS ischaemic and bleeding risk scores and 1-year mortality in an all-comers Australian national PCI cohort

Abstract Background Prediction scores can complement bedside clinical risk assessment in patients undergoing PCI. Purpose We sought to validate the PARIS ischaemic and bleeding risk scores in a national cohort of all-comer PCI patients in Australia, and to examine impact on 1-year mortality. Methods We retrospectively analysed the GenesisCare Outcomes multicentre Registry of prospectively collected data in patients undergoing PCI from 2008–2020. The ischaemic and bleeding scores were assessed in separate cohorts. Patients were included if all defining variables were available. The ischaemic integer score included diabetes, acute coronary syndrome, current smoking, GFR <60ml/min, prior PCI or CABG, and patients were grouped according as low (0 to 2), intermediate (3 or 4), and high (≥5) thrombotic risk. The bleeding integer score included age, body mass index, current smoking, GFR <60ml/min, anaemia and discharge on triple therapy after PCI, and patients were grouped as low (0 to 3), intermediate (4 to 7) and high (≥8) bleeding risk. One-year ischaemic and in-hospital bleeding endpoints were examined. Adjusted risk of 1-year mortality was assessed accounting for age, sex, family history, smoking, vascular disease, presentation status, hypertension, diabetes, obesity and dyslipidaemia. Results A total of 16,961 patients were included in the ischaemic risk cohort and 6431 patients in the bleeding risk cohort. The patient distributions by risk category for both scores are shown in the figure. Increasing ischaemic risk was associated with greater incidence of in-hospital (0.2% vs. 0.5% vs. 0.5%, p=0.01), and 1-year death (0.7% vs. 2.1% vs. 3.1%). Increasing bleeding risk was associated with greater in-hospital death (0.0% vs. 0.3% vs. 0.9%, p<0.01) and bleeding (0.6% vs. 0.9% vs. 3.2%, p<0.01), and greater 1-year death (0.3% vs. 1.4% vs. 2.8%, p<0.01). At 1-year compared to the low bleeding risk group, high risk patients had lower use of aspirin, P2Y12 inhibitors and statins. Similarly, compared to low ischaemic risk group, high-risk patients had lower use of aspirin and statins but higher use of P2Y12 inhibitors. With both risk scores, compared to low-risk patients, high-risk patients had significantly greater adjusted risk of 1-year mortality (See Figure). Conclusions The PARIS ischaemic and bleeding risk scores were associated with greater risk of in-hospital and medium-term adverse outcomes after PCI to 1-year. Prospective use of the scores can assist in guiding adherence to secondary prevention and optimal anti-thrombotic strategies to improve overall outcomes. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

Vascular complications associated with intraaortic balloon pump supported percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and clinical outcomes from the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society National PCI Database.

The impact of a vascular complication (VC) in the setting of intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) supported PCI on clinical outcomes is unclear. Using data from the BCIS National PCI Database, multivariate logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of a VC. Propensity scoring was used to quantify the association between a VC and outcomes. Between 2007 and 2014, 9,970 PCIs in England and Wales were supported by IABP (1.6% of total PCI), with 224 femoral VCs (2.3%). Annualized rates of a VC reduced as the use of radial access for PCI increased. The independent predictors of a VC included a procedural complication (odds ratio [OR] 2.9, p < .001), female sex (OR 2.3, p < .001), PCI for stable angina (OR 3.47, p=.028), and use of a glycoprotein inhibitor (OR 1.46 [1.1:2.5], p=.04), with a lower likelihood of a VC when radial access was used for PCI (OR 0.48, p=.008). A VC was associated with a higher likelihood of transfusion (OR 5.7 [3.5:9.2], p < .0001), acute kidney injury (OR 2.6 [1.2:6.1], p=.027), and periprocedural MI (OR 3.2 [1.5:6.7], p=.002) but not with adjusted mortality at discharge (OR 1.2 [0.8:1.7], p=.394) or 12-months (OR 1.1 [0.76:1.56], p=.639). In sensitivity analyses, there was a trend towards higher mortality in patients experiencing a VC who underwent PCI for stable angina (OR 4.1 [1.0:16.4], p value for interaction .069). Discussion and Conclusions Although in-hospital morbidity was observed to be adversely affected by occurrence of a VC during IABP-supported PCI, in-hospital and 1-year survival were similar between groups.

The Effect of Arm Muscle Strength, Eye-Hand Coordination, Fat Thickness and Self-Confidence on Learning of Batting Cricket Skills

Purpose: The purpose this learning was to determine the direct effect Strength, hand-eye coordination, fat thickness and self-confidence towards batting skills in cricket. .&#x0D; Design/methodology/approach: Research method this learning used quantitative research with technique analysis path analysis approaches.&#x0D; Findings: The population and (total sampling) this learning as 36 athletes regional and national championships PCI (Cricket Association) DKI Jakarta, Indonesia&#x0D; Research limitations/implications: Results of this research: (1) Arm muscle strength has a direct effect on learning y batting cricket athlete PCI DKI Jakarta, coefficient as 0.235 (2) Hand-eye coordination has a direct effect on learning batting cricket athlete PCI DKI Jakarta, coefficient as 0.530. (3) Fat thickness has a direct effect on learning batting Cricket athlete PCI DKI Jakarta, coefficient as 0.029. (4) Self-confident has a direct effect on learning batting Cricket athlete PCI DKI Jakarta, coefficient as 0,259. (5) Arm muscle strength has a direct effect on Self-confident athlete PCI DKI Jakarta, coefficient as 0,280. (6) Hand-eye coordination has a direct effect on Self-confident athlete PCI DKI Jakarta, coefficient as 0,317. (7) Fat thickness has a direct effect on Self-confident athlete PCI DKI Jakarta, coefficient as 0,262.&#x0D; Paper type: This paper can be categorized as a Technical paper&#x0D;

CRT-100.79 Are Higher Operator Volumes for Unprotected Left Main Stem PCI Associated With Improved Patient Outcomes? A Survival Analysis of the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society National Database

We used the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society national PCI database to explore the relationship the association between operator volume and survival after unprotected left main-stem PCI (uLMS-PCI). Data were analyzed from all uLMS-PCI procedures performed in England and Wales between 2012

Emulation and Testing for Automotive Propulsion Drive Using Two Cascaded Inverters

Assessing the operation of electric drives under standard operating cycles is mandatory in production lines of electric vehicles drivetrains. This article presents a technique dedicated to the performance assessment of electric powertrains for automotive applications. A numerically controlled experimental setting is developed, including a power system made up of two dc–ac converters with their ac sides connected through chokes and a control system implemented in a national instrument PCI eXtensions for instrumentation (NI PXI) hardware-in-the-loop testing system. This system emulates the dynamic behavior of the electric vehicle and of its powertrain. System analysis is used to assess the stability conditions and to calculate the current ripple and the optimal values of the chokes. The experimental emulation of automotive driving cycles in two case studies highlights the effectiveness of the developed automotive testing system. The power flow is analyzed during the motoring and the regenerative braking phases.

TCT-70 Intravascular Imaging for Unprotected Left Main Stem PCI: A Survival Analysis of 11,264 Cases From the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society National Database

Limited registry data supports the use of intravascular imaging during unprotected left main-stem percutaneous coronary intervention (uLMS-PCI) to improve outcomes. We used the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society national PCI database to explore temporal changes in the use of intravascular

TCT-766 Coronary perforation complicating percutaneous coronary intervention in patients presenting with an acute coronary syndrome: an analysis of 1,013 perforation cases from the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society database

The evidence base for coronary perforation (CP) occurring during percutaneous coronary intervention in patients presenting with an acute coronary syndrome (ACS-PCI) is limited with the specific role of acute pharmacology in its clinical presentation unclear. Using the BCIS national PCI database,

Coronary Perforation Complicating Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients With a History of Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery: An Analysis of 309 Perforation Cases From the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society Database.

The evidence base for coronary perforation (CP) occurring during percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with a history of coronary artery bypass surgery (PCI-CABG) is limited and the long-term effects unclear. Using a national PCI database, the incidence, predictors, and outcomes of CP during PCI-CABG were defined. Data were analyzed on all PCI-CABG procedures performed in England and Wales between 2005 and 2013. Multivariate logistic regressions and propensity scores were used to identify predictors of CP and its association with outcomes. During the study period, 309 CPs were recorded during 59 644 PCI-CABG procedures with the incidence rising from 0.32% in 2005 to 0.68% in 2013 (P<0.001 for trend). Independent associates of perforation in native vessels included age, chronic occlusive disease intervention, rotational atherectomy use, number of stents, hypertension, and female sex. In graft PCI, predictors of perforation were history of stroke, New York Heart Association class, and number of stents used. In-hospital clinical complications including Q-wave myocardial infarction (2.9% versus 0.2%; P<0.001), major bleeding (14.0% versus 0.9%; P<0.001), blood transfusion (3.7% versus 0.2%; P<0.001), and death (10.0% versus 1.1%; P<0.001) were more frequent in patients with CP. A continued excess mortality occurred after perforation, with an odds ratio for 12-month mortality of 1.35 for perforation survivors compared with matched nonperforation survivors without a CP (P<0.0001). CP is an infrequent event during PCI-CABG but is closely associated with adverse clinical outcomes. A legacy effect of perforation on 12-month mortality was observed.

Legacy Effect of Coronary Perforation Complicating Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Chronic Total Occlusive Disease: An Analysis of 26 807 Cases From the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society Database.

Coronary perforation (CP) during chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention for stable angina (CTO-PCI) is a rare but serious event. The evidence base is limited, and the long-term effects are unclear. Using a national PCI database, the incidence, predictors, and outcomes of CP during CTO-PCI were defined. Data analyzed from the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society data set on all CTO-PCI procedures performed in England and Wales between 2006 and 2013. Multivariate logistic regressions and propensity scores were used to identify predictors of CP and its association with outcomes. A total of 376 CP were recorded from 26 807 CTO-PCI interventions (incidence of 1.40%) with an increase in frequency during the study period (P=0.012). Patient-related factors associated with an increased risk of CP were age and female sex. Procedural factors indicative of complex CTO intervention strongly related to an increased risk of CP with a close relationship between the number of complex strategies used and CP evident (P=0.008 for trend). Tamponade occurred in 16.6% and emergency surgery in 3.4% of cases. Adverse outcomes were frequent in those patients with perforation including bleeding, transfusion, myocardial infarction, and death. A legacy effect of perforation on mortality was evident, with an odds ratio for 12-month mortality of 1.60 for perforation survivors compared with matched nonperforation survivors without a CP (P<0.0001). Many of the factors associated with an increased risk of CP were related to CTO complexity. Perforation was associated with adverse outcomes, with a legacy effect on later mortality after CP also observed.

TCT-252 The incidence, determinants and outcomes of coronary perforation during percutaneous coronary intervention in the United Kingdom between 2006–2013: an analysis of 527,121 cases from the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society database

Coronary perforation (CP) is a rare but serious complication of PCI but there is little data on the independent predictors and outcomes. A national PCI database was used to define the incidence, predictors and outcomes of CP as a complication of PCI. Data were collected and analysed from the

Bivalirudin, glycoprotein inhibitor, and heparin use and association with outcomes of primary percutaneous coronary intervention in the United Kingdom.

The HORIZONS trial reported a survival advantage for bivalirudin over heparin-with-glycoprotein inhibitors (GPIs) in primary PCI for ST elevation myocardial infarction. This drove an international shift in clinical practice. Subsequent studies have produced divergent findings on mortality benefits with bivalirudin. We investigated this issue in a larger population than studied in any of these trials, using the United Kingdom national PCI registry. 61 136 primary PCI procedures were performed between January 2008 and January 2012. Demographic and procedural data were obtained from the registry. Mortality information was obtained through the UK Office of National Statistics. Multivariable logistic regression and propensity analysis modelling were utilized to study the association of different anti-thrombotic strategies with outcomes. Unadjusted data demonstrated near-identical survival curves for bivalirudin and heparin-plus-GPI groups. Significantly higher early and late mortality was found in patients treated with heparin alone ( ITALIC! P < 0.0001) but this group had a markedly higher baseline risk. After propensity matching, the bivalirudin vs. heparin-plus-GPI groups still demonstrated very similar adjusted mortality (odds ratio 1.00 at 30 days, and 0.96 at 1 year). Patients treated with heparin alone continued to show higher mortality after adjustment, although effect size was considerably diminished (odds ratio vs. other groups 1.17-1.24 at 30 days). Analysis of recent UK data showed no significant difference in short- or medium-term mortality between ST elevation myocardial infarction patients treated with bivalirudin vs. heparin-plus-GPI at primary PCI.

Percutaneous interventions in cardiology in Poland in the year 2014. Summary report of the Association of Cardiovascular Interventions of the Polish Cardiac Society AISN PTK.

IntroductionThe Board of the Association of Cardiovascular Interventions of the Polish Cardiac Society (AISN PTK) publishes annual data from the National PCI Registry (ORPKI) operated by the Jagiellonian University Medical College in Krakow.AimFor the first time the AISN PTK report is based on the new electronic database implemented in Poland on January 1st, 2014.Material and methodsIn 2014, there were 155 invasive cardiology centers registered in the ORPKI database (an increase by 1 center in comparison to 2013) and 92% of them had 24/7 percutaneous (PCI) duty. For the first time the number of catheterization laboratories (cath labs) in Poland remained stable, and even though there was an increase by 1 in absolute numbers, 2 cath labs ceased to admit patients in 2014. This means that the number of active cath labs per 1 million inhabitants is similar to last year and equals 4.ResultsIn comparison to 2013, there was a significant increase in the total number of coronary angiographies. There were 226 713 angiographies in 2014. The total number of PCI procedures was 126 241, which is 5.1% more than in 2013.ConclusionsThere was a significant increase in the overall number of coronary angiographies and PCIs in Poland in 2014. The use of attributes of modern interventional cardiology such as drug-eluting stents and bioabsorbable vascular stents is growing as well as more frequent choice of a radial access site by PCI operators even in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients. One should also note a significant rise in the use of additional imaging or diagnostic tools such as fractional flow reserve, intravascular ultrasound and optical coherent tomography.

Borderline trend towards long‐term mortality benefit from drug eluting stents implantation in ST‐elevation myocardial infarction patients in Poland—data from NRDES registry

To analyze long-term outcome of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) and non-STEMI (NSTEMI) patients treated with Drug Eluting Stents (DES) stents with regard to mortality and stent thrombosis rates based on the national Polish PCI registry database. Only a few studies suggested potential trend towards lower mortality in STEMI patients treated with DES. Current European Society of Cardiology STEMI guidelines recommend DES use only with one restriction to suspected patient poor compliance or contraindication to dual antiplatelet therapy. Thirteen high-volume interventional cardiology centers in Poland enrolled patients in National Registry of Drug Eluting Stents (NRDES) Registry from October 2010 till October 2011. There were 2686 patients enrolled in NRDES Registry. Eighty five patients (3%) had both DES and BMS implanted at index PCI procedure and were excluded from further analysis. A subpopulation of STEMI (1709; 66%) and NSTEMI (892; 34%) patients was selected for BMS vs DES comparison. A significant difference in favor of DES group for 1-year mortality was found in STEMI subgroup (P < 0.0001-unadjusted and P = 0.0497 after propensity score adjustment). No such differences were noticed for NSTEMI subgroup or stent thrombosis comparisons. A strong selection bias for DES stents was observed with regard to demographic and angiographic characteristics in both STEMI and NSTEMI. DES implantation was associated with similar ischemic outcome to BMS at 1-year follow-up. STEMI patients with DES presented a trend towards lower long-term mortality at 1 year in comparison to BMS.

Environmental triggers of acute myocardial infarction: does air pollution matter?

Purpose: Exposure to air pollution has been shown to be a trigger of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). As in those studies no correction was made for other meteorological factors, the present study wants to evaluate the independent environmental triggers of AMI. Methods: Weekly counts of AMI patients that underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) in the period 2006-2009 in 32 Belgian PCI centres were extracted from the national PCI database. Those data were correlated with average weekly meteorological data obtained from daily measurements in 73 meteorological sites, equally distributed in Belgium. The following meteorological measures were investigated: air pollution expressed as particulate matter both less than 10μM (PM10) and less than 2.5μM (PM2.5), black smoke, temperature and relative humidity. Time-series and Poisson regression analysis were carried out to investigate the correlation between environmental changes and the incidence of AMI. Results: During the study period a total of 15964 AMI patients (mean age 63, 24.8% female) were admitted with a weekly average admission rate of 77±11 patients. Time-series (see figure) and univariate Poisson regression revealed a significant positive correlation between AMI's and air pollution and an inverse correlation between AMI's and temperature. Multivariate analysis showed that only low temperature was significantly correlated with AMI with an increase of 7% AMI's for each 10°C decrease in minimal temperature (0R 1.07 95% CI 1.04-1.11.) and that there was no significant effect of air pollution (0R 1.01 95% CI 1.00-1.02). ![Figure][1] time series Conclusions: In a global environmental model, low temperature is by far the most important environmental trigger for AMI, whereas air pollution has a negligible effect. [1]: pending:yes

047 Trends in access site choice and PCI outcomes: insights from the UK national PCI dataset

BackgroundThere has been a drive to change access site practice for PCI with the aim of reducing access site complications. This is increasingly important with the shift to more acute...

Future directions in interventional cardiology

British Journal of Hospital MedicineVol. 72, No. 2 EditorialFuture directions in interventional cardiologySean Gallagher, Simon KennonSean GallagherSearch for more papers by this author, Simon KennonSearch for more papers by this authorSean Gallagher; Simon KennonPublished Online:16 Aug 2013https://doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2011.72.2.64AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail View article References British Cardiovascular Intervention Society (2008) The UK national PCI audit data 2000-2008. www.bcis.org.uk/pages/page_box_contents.asp?pageid=697&navcatid=11 (accessed 25 January 2011) Google ScholarFeldman T, Kar S, Rinaldi M et al. (2009) Percutaneous mitral repair with the MitraClip system: safety and midterm durability in the initial EVEREST (Endovascular Valve Edge-to-Edge REpair Study) cohort. J Am Coll Cardiol 54: 686–94 Crossref, Medline, Google ScholarGrube E, Schuler G, Buellesfeld L et al. (2007) Percutaneous aortic valve replacement for severe aortic stenosis in high-risk patients using the second- and current third-generation self-expanding CoreValve prosthesis: device success and 30-day clinical outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol 50(1): 69–76 Crossref, Medline, Google ScholarHildick-Smith D, de Belder AJ, Cooter N et al. (2010) Randomized trial of simple versus complex drug-eluting stenting for bifurcation lesions: the British Bifurcation Coronary Study: old, new, and evolving strategies. Circulation 121(10): 1235–43 Crossref, Medline, Google ScholarKrum H, Schlaich M, Whitbourn R et al. (2009) Catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation for resistant hypertension: a multicentre safety and proof-of-principle cohort study. Lancet 373(9671): 1275–81 Crossref, Medline, Google ScholarLefevre T, Ormiston J,Guagliumi G et al. (2005) The Frontier stent registry: safety and feasibility of a novel dedicated stent for the treatment of bifurcation coronary artery lesions. J Am Coll Cardiol 46: 592–8 Crossref, Medline, Google ScholarLegrand V, Thomas M, Zelisko M et al. (2007) Percutaneous coronary intervention lesions: State-of-the-art. Insights from the second meeting of European Bifurcation Club. Eurointervention 3: 44–9 Medline, Google ScholarOnuma Y, Mülle R, Ramcharitar S et al. (2008) Tryton I, first-in-man (FIM) study: six month clinical outcome and angiographic outcome, analysis with new quantitative coronary angiography dedicated for bifurcation lesions Eurointervention 3: 546–5 Crossref, Medline, Google ScholarThomas M (2010) One year results of the SAPIEN Aortic Bioprosthesis European Outcome (SOURCE) Registry. Presented at EuroPCR (Official congress of European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular interventions, Paris, France: 25–28 May Google ScholarWebb JG, Pasupati S, Humpries K et al. (2007) Percutaneous transarterial aortic valve replacement in selected high risk patients with aortic stenosis. Circulation 116: 755–63 Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails 1 February 2011Volume 72Issue 2ISSN (print): 1750-8460ISSN (online): 1759-7390 Metrics History Published online 16 August 2013 Published in print 1 February 2011 Information© MA Healthcare LimitedPDF download

Reperfusion therapy for ST elevation acute myocardial infarction in Europe: description of the current situation in 30 countries

AimsPatient access to reperfusion therapy and the use of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (p-PCI) or thrombolysis (TL) varies considerably between European countries. The aim of this study was to obtain a realistic contemporary picture of how patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) are treated in different European countries.Methods and resultsThe chairpersons of the national working groups/societies of interventional cardiology in European countries and selected experts known to be involved in the national registries joined the writing group upon invitation. Data were collected about the country and any existing national STEMI or PCI registries, about STEMI epidemiology, and treatment in each given country and about PCI and p-PCI centres and procedures in each country. Results from the national and/or regional registries in 30 countries were included in this analysis. The annual incidence of hospital admission for any acute myocardial infarction (AMI) varied between 90–312/100 thousand/year, the incidence of STEMI alone ranging from 44 to 142. Primary PCI was the dominant reperfusion strategy in 16 countries and TL in 8 countries. The use of a p-PCI strategy varied between 5 and 92% (of all STEMI patients) and the use of TL between 0 and 55%. Any reperfusion treatment (p-PCI or TL) was used in 37–93% of STEMI patients. Significantly less reperfusion therapy was used in those countries where TL was the dominant strategy. The number of p-PCI procedures per million per year varied among countries between 20 and 970. The mean population served by a single p-PCI centre varied between 0.3 and 7.4 million inhabitants. In those countries offering p-PCI services to the majority of their STEMI patients, this population varied between 0.3 and 1.1 million per centre. In-hospital mortality of all consecutive STEMI patients varied between 4.2 and 13.5%, for patients treated by TL between 3.5 and 14% and for patients treated by p-PCI between 2.7 and 8%. The time reported from symptom onset to the first medical contact (FMC) varied between 60 and 210 min, FMC-needle time for TL between 30 and 110 min, and FMC-balloon time for p-PCI between 60 and 177 min.ConclusionMost North, West, and Central European countries used p-PCI for the majority of their STEMI patients. The lack of organized p-PCI networks was associated with fewer patients overall receiving some form of reperfusion therapy.

Uniform magnetic flux density simulation and verification for a new electromagnetic flow meter

The measurement of the distribution of magnetic flux density in an electromagnetic (EM) flow meter is important in obtaining an accurate flow rate. In this paper, Helmholtz coils are used in the EM flow meter to generate a homogenous magnetic flux density across the cross section of flow pipe. The finite element method analysis software, COMSOL, was used to build a model of the magnetic flux density, which was then verified using experimental testing. A 2D magnetic camera system containing an 8 × 8 array of 64 Hall sensors is used to detect the magnetic flux density. The magnetic flux density data is then measured using a national instruments PCI 6255 data acquisition card. The results from the simulation model and experimental measurements are presented and compared in the paper. The study is useful in designing the electrode sensor arrays of an EM flow meter. In addition to this, the distribution of magnetic flux density is useful in improving the accurate flow rate measurement of the EM flow meter.