National Occupational Research Articles

Pathogenic Potential of Respirable Spodumene Cleavage Fragments following Application of Regulatory Counting Criteria for Asbestiform Fibres

Health risks from exposure to lithium-bearing spodumene cleavage fragments are unknown. While asbestiform fibres can lead to fibrosis, mesothelioma and lung cancer, controversy remains whether non-asbestiform cleavage fragments, having equivalent dimensions, elicit similar pathologic responses. The mineralogy of respirable particles from two alpha (α)-spodumene concentrate grades (chemical and technical) were characterised using semi-quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD). Particles were measured using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the dimensions (length [L], diameter [D], aspect ratio [AR]) applied to regulatory counting criteria for asbestiform fibres. Application of the current World Health Organization (WHO) and National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (NOHSC) counting criteria, L ˃ 5 µm, D ˂ 3 µm, AR ˃ 3:1, to 10 SEM images of each grade identified 47 countable particles in the chemical and 37 in the technical concentrate test samples. Of these particles, 17 and 16 in the chemical and technical test samples, respectively, satisfied the more rigorous, previously used Mines Safety and Inspection Regulations 1995 (Western Australia [WA]) criteria, L ˃ 5 µm and D ≤ 1 µm. The majority of the countable particles were consistent with α-spodumene cleavage fragments. These results suggest elongated α-spodumene particles may pose a health risk. It is recommended the precautionary principle be applied to respirable α-spodumene particles and the identification and control of dust hazards in spodumene extraction, handling and processing industries be implemented.

Education and employment: An analysis from the effects of COVID 19 in the framework of educational processes

Unemployment as an effect of COVID-19, increased in some countries, with this study the behavior of the labor market was analyzed because of the pandemic whose main purpose is to offer indicators after the health situation in education and employment. The analysis was carried out with data from the third quarters of the years 2018 to 2021 from the National Occupation and Employment Survey (ENOE). The main results indicate that men lost more jobs than women, as well as older and single people and those with a basic level of studies, among workers with higher education it is highlighted that the jobs that were lost are in engineering areas, manufacturing, and construction.

Epidemiological characteristics of occupational chemical poisonings in Zhejiang, China from 2006 to 2020: A descriptive analysis.

As the second most common occupational disease in China, occupational poisoning is one of the major public health problems that seriously affect workers' health. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological and occupational characteristics of acute and chronic occupational poisoning cases in Zhejiang Province, so as to provide a scientific basis for proposing intervention measures and preventive strategies of occupational poisoning. The data on occupational poisoning cases in Zhejiang Province from 2006 to 2020 was derived from the National Occupational Disease Network Direct Report System. A descriptive statistical analysis was employed on this data utilizing R software. From 2006 to 2020, 1,008 occupational poisoning cases were reported in Zhejiang Province, with a downward trend since 2007. Of these cases, 81.94% were chronic poisoning and 18.06% were acute poisoning. Ningbo reported the most occupational poisoning cases among the 11 cities in Zhejiang Province, accounting for 20.34% of the total cases. Besides, the occupational poisoning cases in Wenzhou, Jiaxing, and Shaoxing also accounted for 18.15%, 18.06%, and 17.76% of the total number of cases, respectively. Occupational poisoning in male were 693 cases and in female 315 cases. Most of the occupational poisoning cases studied involved people aged between 40 and 49 years (38.19%). The length of work in chronic occupational poisoning cases was significantly higher than that of acute occupational poisoning cases (P < 0.05). Benzene and lead and its compounds (excluding tetraethyl lead) were the major toxicants causing occupational poisoning. More than 60% of occupational poisoning cases were reported in private enterprises. Meanwhile, over 90% of the cases were distributed in medium enterprises and small enterprises. The type of industry with the most occupational poisoning cases was the manufacturing industry. Although the cases of occupational poisoning in Zhejiang Province have declined, more comprehensive and effective prevention and control measures are still needed. More attention ought to be paid to the management of key points according to the epidemiological and occupational characteristics of occupational poisoning cases.

A Policy Analysis of National Occupancy Standards with a Focus on Their Impact on Women Who Have Experienced Gender-Based Violence in British Columbia

For the past three decades, National Occupancy Standards (NOS) have been the default standard used by government and non-governmental housing organizations in Canada to assess housing suitability. However, there is growing concern that the prescriptive nature of these standards limits access to housing for those most in need, including women+ who have experienced gender-based violence and their families (Knowles et al., 2019). In this paper, we draw on Ginsberg and Miller-Cribbs’ (2005) framework for policy analysis that explores the feasibility, efficacy, quality, access, and ethics of NOS. This work also draws on a feminist ethics of care framework (Tronto, 1994) that places human relationships at its centre (Walker, 2007) and critically explores the extent to which government policies effectively care for its citizens (Sevenhuijsen et al., 2003). Together these frameworks help demonstrate the limitations of NOS, and the role they play as a barrier to housing. This has important implications, especially in light of Canada’s National Housing Strategy Act that recognizes the right to adequate housing as a “fundamental human right affirmed by international law” (National Housing Strategy Act, 2019). We conclude by outlining four recommendations for future policy, including the need to recognize NOS as guidelines, create new housing suitability policies that prioritize safety, create housing suitability policies with families, and reduce family poverty. This policy analysis provides an important reminder of the need to critically examine policies that shape social work practices and the colonial and neoliberal values that are often embedded in them. Keywords: National Occupancy Standards, Gender-Based Violence, Housing Policy, Feminist Ethics of Care, Policy Analysis

A review of occupational safety and health research for American Indians and Alaska Natives

Introduction: To better understand what is known about issues affecting American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) workers, authors conducted a literature review of publications specific to AI/AN and occupational safety and health. Methods: Search criteria included: (a) American Indian tribes and Alaska Native villages in the United States; (b) First Nations and aboriginals in Canada; and (c) occupational safety and health. Results: Results of two identical searches in 2017 and 2019 identified 119 articles and 26 articles respectively, with references to AI/AN people and occupation. Of the 145 total articles, only 11 articles met the search criteria for addressing occupational safety and health research among AI/AN workers. Information from each article was abstracted and categorized according to National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) sector, resulting in: four articles related to agriculture, forestry, and fishing; three related to mining; one related to manufacturing; and one related to services. Two articles reported on AI/AN people and occupational well-being in general. Conclusions: The review was limited by the small number and age of relevant articles, reflecting the likelihood that findings could be out of date. General themes across the reviewed articles point to the need for increased overall awareness and education regarding injury prevention and risks associated with occupational injuries and fatalities among AI/AN workers. Similarly, increased use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is recommended for the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industries, as well as for workers exposed to metals dust. Practical Applications: The lack of research in most NORA sectors indicates the need for heightened research efforts directed toward AI/AN workers.

Benchmarking Analysis of Occupational Standards for The Malaysia’s National Occupational Skills Standard (NOSS) Approach Towards New-Collar Jobs Era

Malaysia National Occupational Skills Standard (NOSS) is a document that underlines and specifies competencies needed by a skilled worker who is gainfully employed in Malaysia for an occupational area and level, and pathway to achieve the competencies. NOSS is developed by industry practitioners and skilled workers based on occupational needs and career structure in particular occupational area. NOSS is used as a guideline in preparing learning equipment and materials development, as a training analysis, and could be used as assessment materials. Meanwhile, in the working environment, NOSS is used as a guide for recruitment, career development, and staff performance evaluation. As the government agency that's responsible for formulating, promoting, and coordinating strategies and skills training programs, Department of Skills Development (DSD) has enforced the use of NOSS as a basis in developing instructional training materials for skills training in Malaysia. Approaching the New-Collar Jobs era, a revision of the NOSS is needed to ensure the competencies are in line with the dynamic change in the job structure. This study analyzed the occupational standards in the benchmarking countries and their approach on new collar jobs. We found that Malaysia is in-line with the other benchmarking countries in approaching new collar job era and could also adopt some of the other approaches by the benchmarking countries.

Perception of stakeholders on current perfusion education in Malaysia

Perfusionist is known as a certified medical technician liable for extracorporeal oxygenation of the blood during open-heart surgery. Current curriculum is believed to be at par and is aligned with the National Occupational Skills Standard, however, the scope of perfusion practice keeps changing with the advancement of technology and procedures, and there is a demand for specialty area such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Therefore, current curriculum should be re-evaluated by taking consideration from multiple stakeholders’ perception on current needs, content, educational strategies, teaching methods, assessment methods, and curriculum management. Hence, this study aimed to explore perception of stakeholders in evaluating current perfusion education in Malaysia. In the context of the present study, stakeholders of perfusion education in Malaysia were referred to the private providers, manager, educators, advance diploma holders, perfusionist, and pensioners. This was a qualitative study which involved in-depth interview approach. A total 10 stakeholders participated in this study, chosen though purposive sampling. The interview was guided by semi-structured questions to explore participant’s perception. The participants were approached by the list obtained from the Malaysian Perfusionist Society (MAPS). The interviews were conducted face-to-face or virtually.

A chronological account of the history &amp; progress of naturopathy in Ghana

Naturopathy is the general practice of Natural remedies. Others have also opined that Naturopathy is the way of life. Additionally, any natural modality that is effective and has scientific support is considered Naturopathy in the modern dispensation. The naturopathic movement started in the 19th century by the hydrotherapy and nature cure proponents in Austria and Germany and professionalized in North America. Africa, Naturopathy is well appreciated in South Africa and is a highly regulated Profession. In Ghana, we found that the Naturopathy movement started in the 1960s. It has however gained momentum in the current dispensation with the development of Ghana’s first National Occupational Standards in Naturopathy at the Higher National Diploma and Bachelors level awaiting accreditation. Research and standardization have also intensified due to the work of Ghana’s first Naturopathic Medical School; Nyarkotey University College of Holistic Medicine &amp; Technology (NUCHMT). We provide commentary on the Naturopathy journey in Ghana in this article.

Machine learning prediction of agricultural produces for Indian Farmers using LSTM

The agriculture sector is India’s primary source of national income and occupation. Today India is considered a global agricultural powerhouse, but the agriculture sector suffers from serious maladies. As a result, Indian agriculturists and farmers are poor. As per the experts, one of the major factors contributing to farmers' poverty is poor access to reliable and timely market information and the unavailability of commodity price forecasts. In this study, our main goal is to build a web application for Indian farmers with a simple user interface to provide them easy access to current and historical prices of their commodities as well as predict daily, weekly and monthly commodity prices using a long-short term memory (LSTM) machine learning model. For the price forecast, we evaluated different methods based on input data type and Mean Square Error (MSE). Upon evaluation, we used the LSTM model for its efficacy and precision on time-series data and lowest MSE among contemporaries.

Benchmarking Naturopathy Education; Comparing the Indian and Ghanaian Curricula

Background: Ghana has developed two significant programs for modern naturopathic education in Africa. This success story makes Ghana one of the first countries in the West African sub-region to promote and advocate for the standardized structured naturopathic practice. This also makes Ghana join the likes of countries with a well-defined Naturopathic education such as South Africa, India, North America, and the like. In the case of South Africa, the Naturopathic program is offered at the School of Natural Medicine at the University of the Western Cape, a public institution. However, in the case of Ghana, there is a dedicated university for the promotion of naturopathy and Holistic Health programs. This, therefore, makes Ghana the first on the African continent to have a dedicated university to teach Naturopathy and Holistic Medicine. With a team of Naturopathic and Biomedical Science professionals in both clinical and academic practice, the Nyarkotey University College of Holistic Medicine &amp; Technology (NUCHMT) provided a roadmap in this area. National Occupational Standard was further developed at the Higher National Diploma (HND) and Bachelor in Naturopathy and Holistic Medicine approved by the Commission for Technical and Vocational Education and Training (CTVET) for training two different cadres of Naturopathic Professionals. The HND aims to train Naturopaths and Bachelors to train Naturopathic Physicians. As part of training professionals to meet international standards, the curricula were benchmarked as part of approval requirements. This research paper examines the Ghanaian naturopathic curriculum to assess if it meets the Indian model for training Naturopathic Physicians.&#x0D; Objective: To critically review the Ghanaian naturopathy curriculum approved by the Commission for Technical and Vocational Education and Training (CTVET).&#x0D; Methods: This is qualitative research that used a document analysis. In this stage, we undertook an in-depth curricula evaluation and comparison with the Ghanaian Bachelor of Naturopathy and Holistic Medicine and the Indian Bachelor of Naturopathy and Yogic Sciences (BNYS).&#x0D; Results: We found that the Ghanaian and Indian Naturopathy curricula have some similarities and differences. The difference between the Indian and Ghanaian programs is that the first year is extended in the Indian BYNS for additional 6 months.&#x0D; Conclusion. The subjects offered in the Ghanaian naturopathic curriculum are on the same level as the Indian standards. However, the Indian curriculum has yogic sciences as an important aspect of naturopathic education which cannot be said in the Ghanaian curriculum.

The Extent of Occupational Health Hazard Impact on Workers: Documentary Evidence from National Occupational Disease Statistics and Selected South African Companies’ Voluntary Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosures

This paper explores the potential of Corporate Social Responsibility disclosures in providing alternative information on the extent of occupational health hazard impact on workers, by selected South African companies operating within the manufacturing and utilities sectors amidst an absent national occupational disease surveillance system. An online internet search was used to retrieve publicly available national occupational disease statistics published between 2001 and 2020, and Corporate Social Responsibility reports of selected South African case companies, published between 2015 and 2020. Content analysis was used to analyse the retrieved documents for both descriptive and numeric data. The collection and reporting of occupational disease data in South Africa is inconsistent. Corporate Social Responsibility disclosures related to occupational health metrics vary between companies. Occupational disease incidence was the least reported of the social aspects in Corporate Social Responsibility disclosures, and/or were reported as a single statistic or combined into occupational safety incidence rates in some instances, obfuscating the true extent of the impact caused by occupational health hazards on workers. Furthermore, noise-induced hearing loss remains the most prevalently reported occupational disease, in general. Corporate Social Responsibility reports point to occupational health hazards requiring regulatory intervention, whilst also providing an alternative information source for occupational disease statistics.

Working hours, sleep, and fatigue in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing sector: A scoping review.

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry (AgFF) workers often work extremely long hours during peak production seasons, resulting in sleep deprivation and fatigue. The National Occupational Research Agenda has classified fatigue as a "significant safety issue" and area of concern for many industry sectors, including AgFF. This review explores current research and practice in AgFF and proposes next steps. We conducted a scoping literature review to examine the extent and nature of research in this area. Article inclusion criteria included peer-reviewed journal articles written in English; published after 1989; covering AgFF workers in high-income countries; with data on working hours/schedules and sleep related to safety and health. Limited research has addressed long hours and sleep deprivation among AgFF workers. We identified 8350 articles for title and abstract review. Among those, 407 underwent full-text review and 96 met all inclusion criteria (67% agriculture, 25% fishing/seafood processing, 8% forestry). The literature provided some evidence fatigue contributes to fatalities, injuries, and illnesses in AgFF. Older, new, young, foreign-born, and female workers, as well as those who work in small organizations or longer hours (40+) may be at higher risk for fatigue-related injury and illness. Few studies have developed or evaluated interventions to control risks. Given that fatigue is a factor in injury and illness for this sector, future AgFF surveillance and research should increase efforts to capture fatigue and sleep data, directly investigate the role of long hours and nonstandard work schedules in the sector, and most importantly, create practical interventions to manage fatigue.

Developing National Occupational Standards for Behavior Analysis

ABSTRACT In order to help promote the future growth of behavior analysis, it is incumbent on behavior analysts around the world to develop country-specific standards. National Occupational Standards (NOS) are concise and readable documents that specify the knowledge an individual requires and the standard of performance that must be achieved when carrying out a specific function in the workplace. NOS are used as benchmarks of good practice across professions internationally. The current paper provides an overview of a model with 20 discrete actionable steps across five phases for developing standards: (i) preparation, (ii) development, (iii) review, (iv) validation, and (v) endorsement. A case example is provided for the development of NOS for Applied Behavior Analysts in the United Arab Emirates in the Middle East.

Working hours, sleep, and fatigue in the public safety sector: A scoping review of the research.

The public safety sector includes law enforcement officers (LEO), corrections officers (CO), firefighter service (FF), wildland firefighting (WFF), and emergency medical services (EMS), as defined in the National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Across these occupations, shiftwork, long-duration shifts, and excessive overtime are common. Our objective was to identify research gaps related to working hours, sleep, and fatigue among these workers. We used a scoping review study design that included searches of MEDLINE, Embase, CAB Abstracts, Global Health, PsychInfo, CINAHL, Scopus, Academic Search Complete, Agricultural and Environmental Science Collection, ProQuest Central, Cochrane Library, Safety Lit, Homeland Security Digital Library, and Sociological Abstracts using a range of occupational search terms and terms related to working hours, sleep, and fatigue. Out of 3415 articles returned from our database search, 202 met all inclusion criteria. Six common outcomes related to working hours, sleep, and fatigue emerged: sleep, fatigue, work performance, injury, psychosocial stress, and chronic disease. Nearly two-thirds (59%, n = 120) of the studies were observational, of which 64% (n = 77) were cross sectional and 9% were (n = 11) longitudinal; 14% (n = 30) of the studies were reviews; and 19% (n = 39) were experimental or quasi-experimental studies. Only 25 of the 202 articles described mitigation strategies or interventions. FFs, LEOs, EMS, and WFFs were the most studied, followed by COs. In general, more longitudinal and experimental studies are needed to enrich the knowledge base on the consequences of long working hours, poor sleep, and fatigue in the public safety sector. Few experimental studies have tested novel approaches to fatigue mitigation in diverse sectors of public safety. This gap in research limits the decisions that may be made by employers to address fatigue as a threat to public-safety worker health and safety.

Binaların Kullanıcı Yükünün Türkiye’de Binaların Yangından Korunması Hakkındaki Yönetmelik ve NFPA ile Karşılaştırılması

In order to protect the lives of the occupants and to minimize the possible damages to a property from a fire, it is great importance to accurately calculate the occupancy load of a building both in the Turkey’s National Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) legislation and in the American National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). In this research, the building occupancy load calculations were compared with NFPA 101-Life Safety Code 2018 within the scope of the "Turkey's Regulation on the Protection of Buildings from Fire" (ROPBF), which was first published in the Official Gazette on 19.12.2007 and then revised on 10.08.2009. The scope of the research also contains calculation methodology for the occupancy loads and what to consider in buildings that is used by both legal entities and real persons. The correct determination of the "Occupancy load", which is the most basic component of calculating and designing the required number of emergency exits, sizes, widths represents one of the most important and key component of an OHS measure to be taken before a fire occurs.

Epidemiological Characteristics of Occupational Cancers Reported - China, 2006-2020.

IntroductionOccupational cancers are a major threat to workers’ health in China. The latest version of the Classification and Catalogue of the Occupational Diseases includes 11 occupational cancers. This study analyzed the epidemiological characteristics of occupational cancers in China reported to the National Occupational Disease Reporting System during 2006−2020.MethodsOccupational cancers reported during 2016−2020 were obtained from the National Occupational Disease Reporting System. Epidemiological characteristics were analyzed by year, region, industry, gender, age at diagnosis, and exposure duration to occupational hazards.ResultsOverall, a total of 1,116 cases of occupational cancers were reported between 2006 and 2020. The main types reported were leukemia caused by benzene exposure (511, 45.79%), lung cancer caused by coke oven exhaust exposure (266, 23.84%), and lung cancer and mesothelioma caused by asbestos exposure (226, 20.25%). There were 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) that had reported over 50 new cases in the last 15 years. Most cases (913, 81.18%) were distributed in the manufacturing industry. There were 870 (77.96%) male cases and 246 (22.04%) female cases. The average age at diagnosis of all reported cases was 51.91±15.85 years, and the median exposure duration to occupational hazards was 12 (5.29−23.25) years.ConclusionsThere is a large discrepancy between the high morbidity of occupational cancers and a low number of cases diagnosed and reported cases. Occupational cancers in China may be underestimated, and comprehensive measures should be taken to improve the diagnosis and reporting of occupational cancers.

Survival among people hospitalized with COVID-19 in Switzerland: a nationwide population-based analysis

BackgroundIncreasing age, male sex, and pre-existing comorbidities are associated with lower survival from SARS-CoV-2 infection. The interplay between different comorbidities, age, and sex is not fully understood, and it remains unclear if survival decreases linearly with higher ICU occupancy or if there is a threshold beyond which survival falls.MethodThis national population-based study included 22,648 people who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection and were hospitalized in Switzerland between February 24, 2020, and March 01, 2021. Bayesian survival models were used to estimate survival after positive SARS-CoV-2 test among people hospitalized with COVID-19 by epidemic wave, age, sex, comorbidities, and ICU occupancy. Two-way interactions between age, sex, and comorbidities were included to assess the differential risk of death across strata. ICU occupancy was modeled using restricted cubic splines to allow for a non-linear association with survival.ResultsOf 22,648 people hospitalized with COVID-19, 4785 (21.1%) died. The survival was lower during the first epidemic wave than in the second (predicted survival at 40 days after positive test 76.1 versus 80.5%). During the second epidemic wave, occupancy among all available ICU beds in Switzerland varied between 51.7 and 78.8%. The estimated survival was stable at approximately 81.5% when ICU occupancy was below 70%, but worse when ICU occupancy exceeded this threshold (survival at 80% ICU occupancy: 78.2%; 95% credible interval [CrI] 76.1 to 80.1%). Periods with higher ICU occupancy (>70 vs 70%) were associated with an estimated number of 137 (95% CrI 27 to 242) excess deaths. Comorbid conditions reduced survival more in younger people than in older people. Among comorbid conditions, hypertension and obesity were not associated with poorer survival. Hypertension appeared to decrease survival in combination with cardiovascular disease.ConclusionsSurvival after hospitalization with COVID-19 has improved over time, consistent with improved management of severe COVID-19. The decreased survival above 70% national ICU occupancy supports the need to introduce measures for prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the population well before ICUs are full.

Physician suicide demographics and the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective:To identify suicide rates and how they relate to demographic factors (sex, race and ethnicity, age, location) among physicians compared to the general population when aggravated by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.Methods:We searched U.S. databases to report global suicide rates and proportionate mortality ratios (PMRs) among U.S. physicians (and non-physicians in health occupations) using National Occupational Mortality Surveillance (NOMS) data and using Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) in the general population. We also reviewed the effects of age, suicide methods and locations, COVID-19 considerations, and potential solutions to current challenges.Results:Between NOMS1 (1985-1998) and NOMS2 (1999-2013), the PMRs for suicide increased in White male physicians (1.77 to 2.03) and Black male physicians (2.50 to 4.24) but decreased in White female physicians (2.66 to 2.42).Conclusions:The interaction of non-modifiable risk factors, such as sex, race and ethnicity, age, education level/healthcare career, and location, require further investigation. Addressing systemic and organizational problems and personal resilience training are highly recommended, particularly during the additional strain from the COVID-19 pandemic.

The National Occupational Respiratory Disease Registry (NORDR): it is time to learn from failure.

The National Occupational Respiratory Disease Registry (NORDR): it is time to learn from failure.

Research gaps and needs for preventing worker fatigue in the transportation and utilities industries.

The transportation and utilities industries include establishments engaged in the movement of passengers and freight, or the provision of public power, water, and other services. Along with the warehousing industry, they make up the US National Occupational Research Agenda's Transportation, Warehousing and Utilities (TWU) industry sector. In 2018 the sector composed 5% of the US workforce, with approximately 8 million workers. TWU workers experienced 19% of all fatalities among U.S. workers in 2018 and 7% of total occupational injuries and illnesses. Around-the-clock operations, heavy workloads, long and irregular shifts, complicated schedules, and time pressures characterize work across the US TWU sector. However, there are considerable differences in worker priorities and concerns between TWU industries. Major areas of concern within the sector include disparities in work schedules; required training for employee fatigue awareness and prevention; physical and mental job demands; and safety culture. Strategies for fatigue mitigation are critical to reduce the prevalence of injuries, safety-critical events, and crashes in TWU workers. Further research on the incidence and characterization of fatigue among TWU workers will guide the development of effective mitigation strategies. The influence of work scheduling on missed sleep opportunities and disrupted circadian rhythms should be determined. Evaluation of fatigue mitigation strategies can lead to the adoption of the most effective ones for each TWU industry. Implementation of effective strategies is critical for the health, safety, wellbeing, and productivity of workers in the TWU sector.