National Objectives Research Articles

Personal Earnings in Pakistan: Role of Information Communication Technology (ICT) and Livelihood Diversification

The determination of factors explaining personal earnings has remained a matter of great interest among economists. This study explores important socioeconomic and demographic factors affecting personal earnings in Pakistan with a special focus on the contribution of ICT usage and livelihood diversification. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression models have been estimated using the most recent available PSLM (2019-20) data published by the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS). After careful screening, the data has been restricted to only those individuals who earn either through farm, non-farm, or diversified livelihoods. The results suggest that the use of ICTs has a significant contribution to the earnings in Pakistan. Similarly, livelihood diversification i.e., participating in both farm and non-farm employment activities can greatly improve personal earnings. The non-farm sector also remarkably supports the agriculture-based Pakistan’s economy. Especially, the small landholders have to inevitably search for additional livelihood sources as risk coping strategy. Education is found one of the most important determinants of personal earnings. It is suggested that measures should be taken to improve access to ICTs and internet facilities at the national level with a special focus on the most backward areas. Moreover, the government may acknowledge and support the livelihood diversification strategies as a component of the national objective for job creation. Stringent efforts are recommended to ensure the provision of free and quality education for all with equal opportunities.

Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation into Sectoral Plans: An Assessment Based on the Logical Framework Approach

Although climate change adaptation (CCA) and spatial planning are relevant to promoting climate resilience, Italy shows a certain lack of studies focused on the coherence between national CCA objectives and sectoral plans. We aim to investigate such a research gap and propose and apply a logical framework approach (LFA)-based method to assess the coherence of sectoral plans adopted in Sardinia (Italy) with the missions of the Italian National Climate Change Adaptation Plan (NCCAP). We apply LFA to analytically scrutinize sectoral plans by reconstructing their strategic framework—including objectives and actions—and comparing them to the CCA objectives established by the NCCAP. The purpose is to provide the regional administrations with a methodological approach and tangible findings, suggesting the need for updating plans lacking CCA contents and contributing to the drafting or updating of the regional strategy for CCA. The method adopted in this study allowed us to identify plan objectives and actions that fully or partially integrate NCCAP objectives. Then, plans partially (or not at all) consistent with the NCCAP can be integrated with CCA contents. This is relevant to promoting climate resilience issues in plans that have clear effects in terms of spatial, landscape, and urban planning, according to different governance levels.

FORMATION OF AN EFFECTIVE FOREIGN INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT IN AZERBAIJAN: THE EXAMPLE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

This research looks at the potential and difficulties of adopting renewable energy sources (RES) in Azerbaijan in light of the nation's objectives for energy security. Azerbaijan, one of the world's suppliers of hydrocarbons, plans to use renewable energy sources for 20% of its electricity. Azerbaijan has implemented its Renewable electricity Strategy (RES) in compliance with sustainable development guidelines, all the while guaranteeing a steady flow of electricity. Since the 2000s, Azerbaijan has made large expenditures for the expansion of the renewable energy industry through the use of oil export revenue and the existing regulatory framework. This study looks at the obstacles that stand in the way of the nation's objective of obtaining 20% of its electricity from renewable energy sources and how close it is to reaching that target. This paper addresses the legal framework, environmental policies, and actual accomplishments as reported by the government when examining the nation's energy security and insecurity concerns. The focus is on Azerbaijan's energy policies in light of the July 2018 thermal power plant accident, which revealed numerous shortcomings in the country's energy policies. The paper assesses the chances that Azerbaijan's attempts to switch to renewable energy sources will be successful and offers solutions for the challenges the country faces. Keywords: Energy, formation, investment, Azerbaijan, renewable

Measuring Readiness to Welcome a Golden Indonesia (2045): Analysis of the Implementation of Pancasila Economics and its Legal Umbrella

A factor that can support the accomplishment of the Indonesian state's objectives is the economic application of Pancasila. From Mohammad Hatta's worldview, the Pancasila economy is a force that can support the accomplishment of national objectives. To attain national objectives, create a modern, wealthy, and prosperous Indonesia. Normative legal research is what this study is. According to the research, cooperatives have Pancasila economic values and are vital to the country's economy. A more appropriate reflection of the family-based and Pancasila-based economic system model of economic law development can be seen in creating cooperatives to address issues that provide difficulty for foreign investment. In order to fulfill the dream of Indonesia's golden years, it can significantly influence the country's economic growth in 2045.

Utilization of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System to Identify Buffer Zones Area at Plumpang Fuel Depot

Utilization of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System to Identify Buffer Zones Area at Plumpang Fuel Depot

Engagement of stakeholders in the development of generic medical and nursing curricula in Tanzania through media outlets and social media

Background. The Catholic University of Health and Allied Health Sciences, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College and Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences teamed up to address gaps in the training curricula for medical doctors and nurses with the aim of developing harmonised curricular templates that would be comprehensive and suit national objectives. Objectives. To share experiences and lessons learned in engaging stakeholders using social media as an additional method to collect information on curricular gaps and ideas to develop harmonised medical and nursing curricula. Methods. Pictures, newsprint extracts, and videos of face-to-face events in the curriculum development process and project and a curriculum advert were posted on Facebook, Twitter and YouTube and used to engage stakeholders, including regulatory bodies, health professional councils, graduates, students, practitioners, health training institutions, private and public employers, internship supervisors, faculty and the public. Reactions, comments and post insights from stakeholder postings, in both Swahili and English, were analysed manually and categorised into four types of messages: congratulatory, comments on the process and expected outcomes, curricular gaps, and faculty development needs to implement new curricula. Results. A total of 69 290 stakeholders were engaged via Facebook and 229 via Twitter. A total of 13 553 (19.6%) Facebook and 179 (78.2%) Twitter comments were directly related to gaps in current curricula and graduate competencies. Other inputs received through social media were on faculty development needs to implement harmonised curricula and the project in general. Conclusion. This was the first attempt to engage curriculum stakeholders using social media for the development of harmonised curricula in Tanzania. The impact of social media in providing relevant inputs for curriculum development was significant. Use of social media, with multiple language options, is an economical and efficient way to reach a large number of stakeholders for curriculum quality improvement.

The conservation value of forests can be predicted at the scale of 1 hectare

To conserve biodiversity, it is imperative to maintain and restore sufficient amounts of functional habitat networks. Therefore, the location of the remaining forests with natural structures and processes over landscapes and large regions is a key objective. Here we integrated machine learning (Random Forest) and open landscape data to scan all forest landscapes in Sweden with a 1 ha spatial resolution with respect to the relative likelihood of hosting High Conservation Value Forests. Using independent spatial stand- and plot-level validation data, we confirmed that our predictions correctly represent different levels of forest naturalness, from degraded to those with high and associated biodiversity conservation values. Given ambitious national and international conservation objectives and increasingly intensive forestry, our model and the resulting wall-to-wall mapping fill an urgent gap for assessing the achievement of evidence-based conservation targets, spatial planning, and designing forest landscape restoration.

From code to command: Unveiling India’s cyberpower strategy

As cyberspace gets advanced, its significance has increased making it a key element of national power. In response to heightened cyber threats and vulnerabilities, states may seek to achieve their national objectives through digital means. As a result, strategic policies, dedicated organizations, collaborative cyber efforts, and similar initiatives seamlessly integrate into the state system. With this perspective in mind, this article explores both internal and external cyber threats, and the measures to mitigate them in India. The article will delve into three major themes- India’s domestic cybersecurity concerns, external digital threats, and its participations in global cyber affairs. As the article intends to focus chiefly on India’s digital strategic interests, it concentrates on the military cyber activities, cyber doctrines, command structure, and related areas. While the article also briefly discusses on India’s domestic efforts to combat cybercrime, it additionally examines India’s intentions to expand its role in global cyber affairs/politics.

Defence and Security System Against The Threat of Drone Weapons In The Oil and Gas Industry As a Vital National Object

Defence and Security System Against The Threat of Drone Weapons In The Oil and Gas Industry As a Vital National Object

Solving poverty or tackling healthcare inequalities? Qualitative study exploring local interpretations of national policy on health inequalities under new NHS reforms in England

ObjectivesMajor reforms to the organisation of the National Health Service (NHS) in England established 42 integrated care systems (ICSs) to plan and coordinate local services. The changes are based on...

Муниципально-территориальное устройство арктических регионов: системно-агломерационный подход (на примере Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа

One of the primary challenges in municipal reforms lies in the initial perception of the municipal and territorial structure merely as a means of managing administrative entities (cities, settlements, or regions), rather than as a mechanism for unlocking the economic potential of territories. This perspective detrimentally impacts the efficacy of regional strategic planning and hinders the attainment of goals outlined in national Arctic programs. It also acts as a barrier to innovation-driven socio-economic and sustainable development and impedes progress in the quality of life. This article explores the potential of employing an agglomeration-based systems approach to improve the system of municipal management in the Russian Arctic in alignment with sustainable development goals. Drawing upon the newly proposed model of an industrial cluster, alongside historical, socio-economic, and agglomeration-based systems analyses, we delineate the approximate boundariesof naturally forming macro-agglomerations, using the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (which encompasses Western, North-Eastern, and South-Eastern agglomerations) as a case study. The theoretical outcomes of the study include the following: 1) an original model of an industrial cluster, which singles out fundamental elements and aspects of cluster management; 2) a methodology for identifying primary indicators of naturally occurring macro-agglomerations based on the analysis of the fundamental elements identified within the model; 3) a pertinent analytical framework and procedure tailored to the features of Arctic regions. These tools can be used to refine the regional municipal management system and shape socio-economic policies in the Russian Arctic, thereby bolstering the regions' potential to achieve national strategic objectives. In conclusion, we propose recommendations to align the municipal and territorial structure of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug with emerging macro-agglomerations. This alignment is crucial for fostering a synergistic growth effect and realizing the socio-economic and innovative-driven development potential of the territories under consideration.

앱솔루트보드카 시티시리즈에 나타난 도시정체성 특성 연구

In the era of city competition, value and role of visualized city identity is getting bigger. The study aims to methods for building and visualizing city identities through city series advertisement campaign by Sweden Absolut bodka brand to make premium image. The study is done by literature research and case study. Absolut releases creative advertisements to break up Russian low-graded image of bodka for penetration toward US market. City series ads of Absolut combining unique bottle shape and symbolic images of cities help to build premium brand image and penetrate global market. Images of cities represented on ads can be categorized as landmark. symbolic objects, historical events, representative artists, city culture, national objects, While ads using concrete objects such as architecture and product can be understood easily, ads using history and culture require higher leveled visual metaphor. Absolut ads show the diversity of city identies and importance of visual communication using creative expression. In order to build city identities effectively, collaboration with consumer brand and creative expression are required.

Axiological Review of the Philosophy of Defense Science in Efforts to Improve National Defense Capabilities

The purpose of this study is to ascertain how defense science philosophy fits into efforts to strengthen the nation’s fundamental defense capabilities. With the researcher serving as the primary research instrument and a descriptive and explanatory design approach, the research employs a descriptive qualitative methodology. With this method, a literature evaluation of the research that has been done is used to obtain more precise and in-depth information, some of which is gained later on by the researchers. Only by studying the philosophy of defense science using a succinct approach to outline the philosophy of defense science will it be possible to improve national defense capabilities through the application of an in-depth understanding that is critical, systematic, methodological, and fundamental. The emergence of the globalization, science, and technology eras can be advantageous to a nation, but they can also be dangerous for its security and defense. particularly about the state’s necessity to fulfill its national objectives, where security can only be attained via defense. Stated differently, defense is an essential human urge that cannot be suppressed. The fundamental idea behind this acknowledgment is that everyone and every person has a duty and responsibility to take part in defending their nation, which includes working to instill a strong sense of nationalism, patriotism, and fighting spirit in the Indonesian state

Integrating community-based partnerships for enhanced health outcomes: A collaborative model with healthcare providers, clinics, and pharmacies across the USA

The Community Health Enhancement Initiative represents a significant advancement in the field of public health within the United States, targeting the improvement of health outcomes through a comprehensive, collaborative approach. This initiative, in partnership with an array of healthcare entities including renowned hospitals (e.g., Cleveland Clinic, Mayo Clinic, Johns Hopkins Hospital), federally qualified community health centers (e.g., Henry J. Austin Health Center, Chase Brexton Health Care), primary care practices (e.g., Kaiser Permanente, Geisinger Health System, Providence Medical Group), specialized clinics (e.g., Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Heart and Vascular Institute), and pharmacies with healthcare services (e.g., CVS Health, Walgreens, Rite Aid), aims to revolutionize community health services across the nation. This paper delves into the strategic framework of the initiative, which is designed to foster health literacy, disease prevention, and wellness in diverse American communities. It examines how the collaborative model not only leverages the strengths of various healthcare providers to offer comprehensive care but also actively involves communities in their health management through educational workshops and accessible services. By bridging the gap between healthcare providers and the public, the initiative seeks to build a more health-literate society that is better equipped to manage and prevent diseases. Furthermore, the paper evaluates the impact of this nationwide initiative on public health metrics, showcasing evidence-based outcomes and the potential for scalability in different regions. The initiative's alignment with national health objectives, its innovative use of partnerships to extend healthcare access, and its emphasis on health literacy as a pivotal component of community well-being underscore its relevance and importance to the broader health policy landscape in the U.S. In addition, the research addresses the challenges and opportunities presented by this model, including the integration of technology in healthcare delivery, the sustainability of partnerships, and the continuous engagement of communities. It concludes with policy recommendations for enhancing the initiative's effectiveness and potential for replication, contributing to the ongoing discourse on improving public health infrastructure and outcomes across the United States.

National Worldview as the Factor of National Security in the Classical and Domestic Philosophical Thought

Introduction. The opportunity of the multinational people of Russia to fulfil independently its vital needs becomes extremely important in the context of today’s civilizational confrontation. The demand for independence also refers to the philosophical doctrines aimed at forming the national worldview in terms of setting the goals, objectives, methods and strategies of ensuring the national self-preservation, self-sustaining and self-reproduction. As a rule, the borrowed foreign theories do not correspond to the national values and objective conditions required for existence of our people and plant the “seeds of manipulation” into the domestic systems of ensuring the national security. Thus, studying the domestic background of philosophical, religious and theoretical concepts underlying the national worldview becomes relevant, because although the institutions of undeclared struggle against the internal entropy have the universal importance, their institutional study throughout the history of mankind requires revealing the mental features of the society where they exist, since each society and state has its own path to sustainable development. The present research aims at elucidating and updating the classical philosophical and domestic religious doctrines for forming the national worldview on ensuring the national security of contemporary Russia. Materials and Methods. The research was based on the results of the analysis and index definition of more than 1 000 monographs and dissertations on the issue of national security. The multifacetedness of the philosophical foundations of the institution of national security induced application of the cross-scientific and cross-sectoral approaches, the use of the works on anthropology, philosophy, theology and history. The main method used in the research was reviewing the history of philosophical and religious doctrines through the prism of the theory of legal order of society and the theory of national security. The authors have also used a number of general scientific and specific scientific research methods — logical, system-structuring, as well as comparative legal methods. Results. In the present work, the authors refer to the domestic religious and classical philosophical doctrines as a benchmark of the unified worldview that had ensured the survival of the people in a series of historical challenges. It is stated that the Orthodox Christianity, as a religious doctrine multiplying the altruism of the people, managed to create the conciliarity as the unified ecclesiastic and secular worldview, which became a part of the efficient system of ensuring the security of a human, society and the state, thus predetermined turning to the Orthodoxy of the majority of the population of Russia and other nations. Discussion and Conclusion. In the modern world dissemination of the philosophy of egoism as a mainstream behavioural strategy among the masses of people has resulted in elimination of the collective form of their existence in time and space. The beingness of a modern human outside the people’s framework, whereas he is a form of the people’s existence, has led to his “nongenuine existence”. Neither the past or future of being within the multinational people of the Russian Federation have become the objects of security for a human and his communities, but his everyday life — “being there”(Da-sein), “being here”. Due to his egoism, a human does not recognise himself a form of existence of something bigger, thus cuts himself off the immortality of his people’s being. The attempt to present himself as a human without the Motherland, a citizen of the world, leads him to the breakaway from the environment and society where he lives. Such a human does not need to preserve the past and think about the future. At the current stage, the multinational people of the Russian Federation needs the unified national worldview for its efficient self-preservation, self-sustaining and self-reproduction. Taking into account the domestic experience of the radical egoism of the capitalism and the wasteful altruism of the socialism, the national worldview should be based not on the economic theories, but on the traditional religions, universal human values and the common history of existence of the peoples on the territory of Russia.

Skill Development to Maximize the Benefits of Integration into Global Value Chains

Goods that were previously manufactured within a single country are now fragmented and dispersed across global production networks. As a result, countries are no longer required to develop complete industries solely for export purposes. Instead, companies can achieve access to global markets by concentrating on particular products or tasks within the value chain. At present, the sharing of components is commonplace, and numerous regions in the developing world are deeply integrated into global value chains. It is undeniable that countries engage in this type of activity with several national objectives, and one of the most significant is undoubtedly the enhancement of employment opportunities. In this context, workers in developing countries, including Arab nations, frequently find themselves occupying lower-skilled positions within value chains. This situation arises from a vicious cycle encompassing insufficient education, limited training, jobs with low productivity, and subsequently, low wages. Hence, the issue lies not primarily in the scarcity of employment opportunities, but rather in the deficiency of skills necessary for value creation. To fully capitalize on the advantages of job integration, Arab countries must elevate themselves to a level where they become crucial contributors to global trade based on value chains. However, achieving this ambition presents formidable challenges of significant complexity. Among these challenges, economic underdevelopment, a substantial scientific and technological gap, and the failure of educational systems to adapt to labor market transformations emerge as the most prominent obstacles. The study concluded that the issue of integration in value chains is based on an important element to enable countries to maximize their benefits from global trade, which is to provide employees with the required skills such proficiency in technology, problem-solving, communication, critical thinking, and a proactive attitude towards learning. By fostering this diverse skill set and others, a country can achieve greater specialization in international production, surpassing other nations both quantitatively and qualitatively within the production chain.

French Nuclear Strategy: The Making of a ‘Consensus’ (1972–1988)

ABSTRACT This article presents the first critical explanation of the construction of a French nuclear ‘consensus’ in the 1970s and 1980s. It draws on known sources, apart from a few interviews, but above all it puts forward a new question: what is the role of domestic politics in French foreign policy and defence choices? It demonstrates the artificial construction of general assent to meet national political objectives. These findings suggest that what is called ‘consensus’ is in fact the end of the debate and not the adherence of the whole population to the strategic doctrine of deterrence.

Основные направления обеспечения комплексной поддержки кадровой политики Нижегородского региона

The topical issue of increasing labor productivity, outlined in the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation V. V. Putin “On national goals and strategic objectives of the development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2024” (No. 204 dated 07/05/2018), is defined as the most important priority of socio-economic development of Russia. The Government of the Nizhny Novgorod region in the developed and approved program “Improving labor productivity and employment support” for the Nizhny Novgorod region for 2018-2025 (Resolution No. 904 of 14/12/2017) aims to increase labor productivity by 2025 to 30%, in connection with which measures have been prepared aimed at increasing the number of high-performance jobs at enterprises in the processing industries of the Nizhny Novgorod region. A detailed analysis of the effectiveness of the above-mentioned program approved by the Government of the Nizhny Novgorod region is being carried out. Its shortcomings are listed, which significantly narrows the circle of potential participants in this legislative document. Emphasis is placed on the development of a package of measures aimed at comprehensive support in the field of personnel policy in the Nizhny Novgorod region: for large businesses, this is the retraining of personnel who were released as a result of productivity improvement programs; for medium and small businesses based on educational institutions of the Nizhny Novgorod region, these are retraining courses for the most in demand professions today; for medium and small businesses, this is the development of a program to support small and medium-sized businesses at the expense of funds allocated by the state, as well as funds from target funds; in order to expand the interaction of large, medium sized and small business is the development of the federal program “Cooperation”.

Legal Analysis of the Patient-Nurse Relationship Regarding Nursing Administration in Accordance with Health Law Number 17 of 2023

Human rights within the realm of healthcare demand tangible realization through Health Development initiatives aimed at enhancing the well-being of individuals, families, and society by instilling robust health practices. Positioned as a fundamental national objective, underscored in the preamble of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, the pursuit of Public Welfare necessitates the enactment of Health Development measures. Such endeavors find manifestation through the facilitation of healthcare services, inclusive of nursing care. Within the evolving landscape of scientific inquiry, concerted efforts have been made to optimize nursing services, leveraging the pivotal role of educational institutions and allied stakeholders. The advent of Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health, heralded on August 8, 2023, stands as a watershed moment, furnishing nurses with a blueprint for elevating service standards. The purview of this discourse encompasses an exploration into the Legal Safeguards for Nurses in Nursing Administration and a Legal Analysis of Patient-Nurse Relations vis-à-vis Nursing Administration, as delineated in Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health. Adopting a juridical normative research approach, which draws upon legal precepts enshrined in statutes, judicial pronouncements, and societal legal norms, this study relies on library research methodology to unearth theoretical underpinnings and research imperatives. With regard to the rights and obligations delineated for nurses and patients in nursing administration, a deeper exploration reveals intricate regulations embedded within Article 273 of Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health, specifically articulated in Part Nine, addressing the rights and obligations of medical and health personnel. Further elaboration is provided in Paragraph 1, which expounds upon the rights and duties incumbent upon medical practitioners and health professionals, including nurses. Meanwhile, the responsibilities incumbent upon medical and health personnel in the execution of their professional duties are codified in Articles 274 and 275. Delving into patient entitlements, Article 276 elucidates the rights of patients within the ambit of healthcare legislation, while delineating corresponding obligations in Article 277. Keywords: Patient, Nurse, Nursing Administration, Health Law

印尼實習焦慮與英語實習教師之培訓:借鑑COVID-19大流行時的經驗

AbstractThe existing literature on practicum anxiety seldom scrutinises the preservice teachers’ experiences to uncover potential links between the sources of these anxieties and the conceptual frameworks they bring into their practicum journeys. This qualitative study interviewed five first-year preservice English language teachers in Indonesia amid COVID-19 lockdowns, exploring sources of their anxiety and coping strategies. The analysis revealed that, while their coping strategies align with those documented in prior international research, it also yielded novel insights. The preservice teachers in the study lacked conceptual frameworks to aid in translating the national ELT curriculum objectives into practice, did not mention utilising relevant professional literature for additional guidance, and appeared unfamiliar with the school culture at their practicum locations. Arguably, these factors are crucial for fostering a sense of ease during the practicum. Although the scope of this study is limited, its findings highlight the significance of this analysis and stress the necessity for more extensive investigations to gain a fuller understanding of the preservice practicum experience.