National Narcotics Board Research Articles

The Role of Imposing Rehabilitation as a Measure for Child Drug Offenses

Introduction to the Problem: The importance of rehabilitation in treating addiction among narcotics addicts is crucial to reduce the number of child addicts. However, in practice, there is still an increase in narcotics addiction among children and teenagers. The efficacy of rehabilitation in treating those afflicted by narcotics is crucial, given the inherent challenge faced by victims or users of narcotics in overcoming their dependence on these substances independently. Purpose/Study Objectives: The objective of this research is to understand the fulfillment of children's rights to be protected as offenders of drug misuse, namely their right to avoid detention unless absolutely necessary, which has not been achieved. The purpose of diversion efforts is to protect adolescents involved in drug misuse by preventing their transition from the formal criminal justice system to the informal criminal justice system. Approach research: This research uses a qualitative approach, enabling the researcher to gain an in-depth understanding of how children's rights are fulfilled in the context of narcotics rehabilitation and how the diversion system is applied. This method also allows the researcher to understand the perspectives of stakeholders, such as law enforcement officials, social workers, and the families of children or teenagers involved in drug misuse. Findings: Additional safeguards encompass the oversight, preemptive measures, therapeutic interventions, and reintegration efforts for youngsters engaged in substance misuse. The process of determining rehabilitation as a sanction for perpetrators of narcotics abuse follows the guidelines for granting a determination by a judge to a suspect or accused of narcotics abuse. This determination is made based on a request from National Narcotics Board and investigators, who recommend that victims of narcotics abuse undergo rehabilitation. Paper Type: Research Article

- Penerapan Sanksi Rehabilitasi Terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana Penyalahgunaan Narkotika Golongan I (Putusan Nomor 1016/Pid.Sus/2022/PN.Jkt.Brt)

Narcotics abusers are said to be victims of narcotics crimes and are placed into rehabilitation, but based on Decision No. 1016/Pid.Sus/2022/PN.Jkt.Brt. the defendant has been proven and determined as a narcotics abuser based on the results of the assessment and evidence which leads to rehabilitation. The formulation of the problem in this article is how the application of rehabilitation sanctions to the perpetrators of class I narcotics abuse in Decision No.1016/Pid.Sus/2022/PN.Jkt.Brt., and the obstacles and efforts in applying rehabilitation sanctions to perpetrators of class I narcotics abuse. This article uses normative juridical research methods, descriptive research nature, data used Secondary data and primary data, data collection using literature study, data analysis using qualitative, drawing conclusions using the deductive method. In the results of this study, Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics has regulated the mandatory use of medical rehabilitation, but in practice it does not run according to the Law. The conclusion is that the implementation of rehabilitation for addicts and victims of narcotics abuse by the National Narcotics Board has followed the existing provisions. However, the possibility of shortcomings in the application of these rules remains open

ANALISIS IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN KETAHANAN KELUARGA ANTI NARKOBA PADA BADAN NARKOTIKA NASIONAL REPUBLIK INDONESIA

The aim of this research is to analyze the implementation of the Anti-Drug Family Resilience Policy at the National Narcotics Board of the Republic of Indonesia. This research uses qualitative methods by conducting interviews, observation and documentation. The data source in this research uses secondary data and primary data. The informants in this research are policy makers in the field of prevention and prevention practitioners who implement family resilience programs with the BNN at both the central and district/city levels. According to the findings of the analysis, the anti-drug family resilience at BNN RI was the issue that was prioritized. This was done as an activity program that adapted evidence-based prevention that had been tested internationally. Therefore, it was very appropriate if this was supported by optimizing the anti-drug family resilience policy. The National Narcotics Board of the Republic of Indonesia's anti-drug family resilience policy isn't yet perfect. One of the reasons is that there is not any statutory or policy regulations issued by BNN as the leading sector in efforts to prevent drugs through strengthening families.

Holistic Rehabilitation in Action: A Data-Driven Analysis of the Impact on Quality of Life among Individuals with Psychoactive Substance Abuse.

Background: Psychoactive substance abuse can affect biological, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects, as well as the users' quality of life, and obliged to carry out medical and social rehabilitation. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to identify the effect of holistic rehabilitation programs on quality of life among drug abusers. Methods: Quasi-experimental with time series design. The sample of this study amounted to 54 people, taken by G-power, all participants who will take part in the rehabilitation program at the National Narcotics Board rehabilitation clinic. Rehabilitation interventions include health assessment, psychological assessments, health counseling, human immunodeficiency virus-related voluntary counseling and testing, addiction counseling, group therapy, family therapy, client and family monitoring, relapse prevention therapy, and postrehabilitation services. Interventions are provided for 10 weeks, and delivered by health professionals. Measurement of quality of life using World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF) MEAT 26 statements consisting of physical, psychological, environmental, and social relationship dimensions, with an alpha value of 0.8756. The data was analyzed with the Friedman test. Results: Holistic rehabilitation influences all dimensions quality of life of drug abusers with a P-value of <0.001. Conclusions: A holistic rehabilitation program improves the quality of life of drug abusers.

Implementing deep learning-based named entity recognition for obtaining narcotics abuse data in Indonesia

&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;The availability of drug abuse data from the official website of the National Narcotics Board of Indonesia is not up-to-date. Besides, the drug reports from Indonesian National Narcotics Board are only published once a year. This study aims to utilize online news sites as a data source for collecting information about drug abuse in Indonesia. In addition, this study also builds a named entity recognition (NER) model to extract information from news texts. The primary NER model in this study uses the convolutional neural network-long short-term memory (CNNs-LSTM) architecture because it can produce a good performance and only requires a relatively short computation time. Meanwhile, the baseline NER model uses the bidirectional long short-term memory-conditional random field (Bi-LSTMs-CRF) architecture because it is easy to implement using the Flair framework. The primary model that has been built results in a performance (F1 score) of 82.54%. Meanwhile, the baseline model only results in a performance (F1 score) of 69.67%. Then, the raw data extracted by NER is processed to produce the number of drug suspects in Indonesia from 2018-2020. However, the data that has been produced is not as complete as similar data sourced from Indonesian National Narcotics Board publications.&lt;/span&gt;

Thematic group activities: accommodating the individual needs of clients undergoing therapeutic community approach in Indonesia

PurposeTherapeutic community (TC) is a primary approach that has been used in all Indonesian National Narcotics Board residential treatment centers since 2012. In TC, all daily activities are strengthened into habits and routines without strong therapeutic or educational reasons. But recently, the TC members become more critical and have growing individual needs. Thus, the Indonesian National Narcotics Board (INNB) tried to combine the TC approach with thematic group activities (TGA) intervention using an integrated individual approach to improve the outcomes. This study aims to evaluate the client’s behavioral changes after undergoing a TC approach added with TGA intervention for two months.Design/methodology/approachA mixed-methods study with the pre-post design was applied to 122 participants from six INNB rehabilitation centers. Pre-post behavioral changes were measured by using Client Evaluation of Self Treatment, University Rhode Island Change Assessment Scale, modified-Addiction Severity Index 3.0 and World Health Organization-Quality of Life instruments. Analysis was done by using univariate and bivariate on quantitative data, focus group discussion, and medical record review.FindingsThe participants’ mean age was 30.57 years, majority male, 50% graduated from senior high schools and were employed. Bivariate analysis resulted statistically significant (p-value < 0.05) in tendencies to seek treatment, participate more actively, maintain a good relationship with counselors during the program, and decrease the psychological problems of participants. The client’s social state, as well as adaptation to the program, were also amended.Originality/valueTGA-added TC approach was proven to improve clients’ behavioral changes, particularly in social functioning, program involvement and psychological conditions, in people with substance use disorders.

Identification of Methamphetamine and Amphetamine in Drug Abuse Urine Sample using Multi-drug Rapid Test and Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) at the Centre of Drug Testing Laboratory, National Narcotics Board Republic of Indonesia

Introduction: Drug abuse is a real threat that threatens the Indonesian nation in the form of non-military threats. The second most abused illicit substance in the world is methamphetamine (MA). Most of the methamphetamine users in the world live in East and Southeast Asia. Methamphetamine is a powerful stimulant of the central nervous system (CNS) that can make someone feel an increase in sympathomimetic. Methods: First, the preliminary test was conducted using a BioCare multi-drug rapid test and a specific methamphetamine rapid test that works based on the Lateral Flow Assay (LFA) principle. Second, the sample preparation used Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE). Third, GC-MS confirmed the test using GCMS Shimadzu-QP2020NX-GC-2030 (HP-5MS column, Length 30 m, diameter 0.25 m, film 0.25). Result and Discussion: The Preliminary test shows that the urine is positive and contains methamphetamine and amphetamine. Based on the sample chromatogram, There are 2 peaks, which are methamphetamine and amphetamine compounds it can be seen by the retention time is 5.560 minutes (methamphetamine) a similarity index of 98% to methamphetamine compounds, and 4.885 minutes (amphetamine) with a similarity index of 96% to amphetamine compounds. Conclusion: The urine samples with code 210DGB from methamphetamine users were detected due to the presence of methamphetamine and amphetamine, which is the metabolite of methamphetamine.

FAMILY AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF CLIENTS IN DRUG ABUSE IN THE REHABILITATION CENTER OF NATIONAL NARCOTIC BOARD

Family and social lives are the several factors that lead someone to be involved in drug abuse, specifically in children and adults. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) noted that in 2021 the number of drug users worldwide was around 275 million in the past year. The National Narcotics Board or Badan Nasional Narkotik (BNN) Baddoka recorded that the number of clients undergoing rehabilitation in 2021 was 256, with 218 at severe levels, 36 at moderate levels, and 2 at mild levels, then 188 clients had completed rehabilitation. This study aimed to describe family and social environment factors to clients on drug abuse. This was descriptive research in that number of samples was 75 respondents selected by purposive sampling. The results revealed that most of the clients had inappropriate family and social environments. The former clients are encouraged to maintain proper relationships with their family and social life to avoid the potential opportunity for drug abuse. Furthermore, families are suggested to support and deliver more attention to clients who had run the rehabilitation process.

Strategy for Services Anticipation at the Rehabilitation Center of BNN Based on Moving Average and Exponential Smoothing Forecasting Method

One of the Indonesian government’s responses to the COVID-19 pandemic is making policies related to restrictions on public services which affects the organizational resilience of the Rehabilitation Center of the National Narcotics Board (BNN). This research aimed to determine the historical pattern of the influence of public service policies during the COVID-19 pandemic on the client population, to forecast the client population for 3 (three) months ahead, and to analyze strategies for anticipating rehabilitation services at the Rehabilitation Center of BNN. This research method is quantitative by using a moving average (MA) and exponential smoothing forecasting model. Based on the validity test, MA is the best forecasting model, which indicates a possibility of a spike in male clients with the same amount in the pre-pandemic period, as many as 310 people, and the average female client is 7 people. Meanwhile, adolescent clients show inaccurate prediction results with MAPE 149.825. Strategies that can be implemented to anticipate a spike in the number of clients if it reaches the highest forecasting point are: increasing the budget, modifying the rehabilitation program for female and adolescent clients, a balanced staff composition, and the availability of facilities and infrastructure.

Customs Supervision Through Synergy Against Narcotics Smuggling in Batam

The circulation of Narcotics in Indonesia cannot be separated from the crime of Narcotics smuggling that occurred in Batam because of its strategic location in the Malacca Straits area and having access to various regions in Indonesia. Customs is an agency that oversees the entry and exit of goods from the Batam Free Trade Zone needs to continue to improve supervision of narcotics smuggling. This study aims to analyze customs supervision of Narcotics smuggling in Batam through synergy with The National Narcotics Board (BNN) as the leading sector in handling Narcotics problems in Indonesia. This paper will explore the memorandum of understanding between Customs and BNN and examine it using the theory of synergy. The method used is qualitative research with a narrative research design. The results of this study found that the synergy between Customs and BNN has been going well and supported by an agreement. Customs has the advantage of analyzing the traffic of export and import goods. This is complemented by BNN's superiority in analyzing the circulation of Narcotics in the country through intelligence activities in the form of undercover. The synergy carried out by Customs and BNN can create more effective, efficient, and sustainable supervision. Further research about other synergies is still needed to eradication of illegal circulation of Narcotics.

The economic impact of asymmetric warfare through illicit drug trafficking in Indonesia

Purpose — This research aims to analyze the economic impact of asymmetric warfare through illicit drug trafficking in Indonesia.Method — This research uses a qualitative method with data collection techniques using interviews and literature studies. Researchers conduct interviews with officials related to the National Narcotics Board with 10 people and officials from the Defense Potential Directorate of the Indonesian Ministry of Defense with 2 people.Result — Illicit drug trafficking in Indonesia has an impact on the national resilience of the Indonesian nation. The impact covers all aspects of astagatra, which consists of trigatra aspects, namely demographic, geographical, and natural resources aspects, and pancagatra aspects, which consist of ideological, political, economic, socio-cultural, and defense-security aspects. In economics, research has shown that the economic loss due to drugs amounts to 84.7 trillion rupiahs due to illicit drug trafficking, where 77.42 trillion rupiahs is a personal loss and 7.27 trillion rupiahs is a social cost. Moreover, drug addicts will find it difficult to get a job, given that the impact of rejection from the community and the work environment reaches 92%. Cooperation between agencies and community participation is necessary to address it. This is because Indonesia's defense system is total people's defense and security system (Sishankamrata), which requires the participation of all components of the nation.Contribution — This research add to the knowledge about the impact of asymmetric warfare through illicit drug trafficking, specifically the economic impact. In addition, this research is expected to be a source of input for the government in developing strategic steps to counter illicit drug trafficking which is asymmetric warfare.

The active defense strategy of the National Narcotics Board of the Republic of Indonesia in facing asymmetric warfare

The war that occurred in the last few decades is no longer dominated by conventional wars that use military force in battle, but modern wars where the perpetrators are not limited to state actors, but also non-state actors, in fact both of them can together become a threat. One type of modern warfare is asymmetric warfare. The illicit circulation of drugs in Indonesia is a form of asymmetric war used to weaken the nation's defense. The purpose of this research is to analyze the active defense strategy of the National Narcotics Board in facing asymmetric warfare, in this case illicit drug trafficking in Indonesia. The research method uses qualitative with a descriptive analytic approach. Data collection techniques through interviews and documentation. The results showed that the active defense strategy of the National Narcotics Board in facing the asymmetrical warfare of illicit drug trafficking was formulated through four institutional functions of the National Narcotics Board namely Eradication, Prevention, Community Empowerment and Rehabilitation. Eradication is used to facing threats in plain sight. Prevention is used to facing potential/predictable threats. Rehabilitation is used to facing threats that have already had an impact and Community Empowerment is used to facing threats that are still probable/possible.

AUSTRALIA’S ROLE IN DEVELOPING INDONESIA’S CAPACITY BUILDING IN COMBATTING NARCOTIC CRIMES

This research seeks to explain Australia's role, through the Australian Federal Police (AFP) and the Australian Border Force (ABF) in developing Indonesian National Narcotics Board’s (BNN) capacity building in dealing with narcotics crimes. Special skills are needed in dealing with narcotics crimes, both in the process of prosecution of criminals and crime prevention. The Indonesian National Narcotics Board faced several obstacles in handling narcotic crimes, including the lack of capacity in using technology to identify new kinds of drugs and capability to track down narcotic criminals. Hence, Australia observes that enforcement skills could be developed within Indonesia's capacity to deal with narcotics crimes. This study uses a descriptive research method with a qualitative approach to describe Australia’s role in developing Indonesia's internal and external capacity building.The result of this research shows that Australia's role in developing Indonesia's capacity building through conducting activities in the form of training which consists of skills, knowledge and attitude training. Australia’s training has improved BNN staff’s internal capacity in problem solving, integrity and knowledge. Australia has also improved BNN’s external capacity by developing K-9 facilities and granting dog runs.

IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN KRIMINAL ASESMEN TERPADU TERHADAP TERSANGKA PENYALAH GUNA NARKOTIKA DI BADAN NARKOTIKA NASIONAL KABUPATEN SLEMAN

This research aims to analyze the implementation of integrated assessment on narcotics abusers at National Narcotics Board of Sleman District, identify and analyze weaknesses in its regulation and the obstacles on implementation of integrated assessment on narcotics abusers. This study uses a normative juridical research method by reviewing legal rules relating to the integrated assessment on narcotics abusers as a guide for analyzing the implementation of integrated assessment on narcotics abusers at National Narcotics Board of Sleman District. The implementation of integrated assessment on narcotics abusers at National Narcotics Board of Sleman District begins with the receiption of an integrated assessment request from the investigator, followed by the implementation of medical and legal assessments and case conference to determine recommendations of integrated assessment. Weaknesses in the arrangement of the integrated assessment are that there are several differences in the provisions of the rules relating to the integrated assessment, limited scope of narcotics types whose suspects can be placed in rehabilitation centers through integrated assessment, the results of the integrated assessment don’t have legal force and the differences in regulations regarding narcotics recidivists. Obstacles in the implementation of integrated assessment are weaknesses in the regulation of integrated assessment, wrong views of law enforcement on narcotics abusers, members of the integrated assessment team are tied to their respective authorities, limited time for assessment, lack of synchronization between law enforcers in following up on the results of the integrated assessment, the limited of budget for the placement of narcotics abuser as the results of integrated assessment, and the public's wrong view on narcotics abusers. For this reason, it is necessary to improve the arrangement of integrated assessments and make efforts to change the views of law enforcement and the public so that rehabilitation is prioritized over the sentencing of narcotics abusers

Cybersecurity project implementation for resources protection: a case study of the National Narcotics Board

Cybersecurity is currently being used by government organizations in protecting their resources such as data and assets as well as avoiding catastrophic pollution and the failure of key infrastructure that can harm human health and environment. The increasingly modus operandi of modern drug crime syndicates which utilizing technology to attack the network of the National Narcotics Board (NNB) is a threat and vulnerability for NNB, so NNB must make efforts to mitigate the risk. Research on the implementation of cybersecurity projects at the National Narcotics Board aims to explore information related to the implementation of cybersecurity projects in securing and defending data and information networks at NNB. The research method used is a descriptive approach with qualitative methods through semi-structured interviews and observation. This cybersecurity project provides benefits for data and information protection at NNB, through a cybersecurity monitoring system assisting NNB in monitoring cyber traffic conditions in real-time. From this study, it was found that the factors influencing the implementation of cybersecurity projects that were mapped to critical success factors for information technology projects, namely involvement and effective communication, capability and motivation of the team, capability, and leadership of the project manager, requirements management, clear project objectives, and top-level management support levels.

Data warehouse capability maturity model assessment for efficient monitoring process: a case study in National Narcotics Board

Data Warehouse/Business Intelligence nowadays has become a necessity for every organization. Data analysis supports in making decisions and policies. The problem is the data warehouse management process, both related to ETL, data modelling, and data architecture, which results in the non-optimal and inefficient dashboard that wastes energy, as a data monitoring tool in displaying important information needed by the organization. This research was conducted by providing an assessment to the working group team in the data warehouse section using the Spruit & Sacu Data Warehouse Capability Maturity Model (DWCMM) to measure the maturity of the data warehouse at the National Narcotics Board. The results showed that the DWCMM maturity level is at the repeatable level, from the measurement results it can be seen that the worst DW category is in the Service Processes component so that many improvements need to be made to increase the DWCMM maturity level. As a recommendation, it is necessary to design a virtual integrated DW architecture that has real-time updates, data quality system, automatic synchronization of data modelling, standardization of metadata, realtime ETL monitoring management, closed-loop & BI real-time BI application, and improves the development process and process services in the management of DW/BI at BNN to become more efficient.

Contribution of Lifestyle Related Shaming in Drug Relapse Management in Indonesia

In the statistical calculation of the National Narcotics Board of the Republic of Indonesia or so called BNN, there were 70% of drug offenders with the status of drug relapse in 2019 reached (BNN: 2019). Such condition illustrates that the social rehabilitation mechanism for drug offenders in Indonesia still has the opportunity to present shameless people. Therefore, this study is intended to observe the significance of Lifestyle Related Shaming as an effort to reduce the number of drug relapses in Indonesia. Lifestyle Related Shaming is supported by 3 (three) macro theories, namely reintegrative shaming theory proposed by John Braithwaite, desistance theory proposed by Farral and routine activity theory proposed by Hiddlenlang The literature review method was applied here through the utilization and effort to develop an existing theory (grounded theory) by presenting certain concepts (variables) in accordance with the affordability of study data. In addition to qualitative approach, this research also performed a quantitative approach through survey method among respondents who experienced drugs relapse in Indonesia as well as in-depth interviews with drug relapse residents with various backgrounds and educational levels at the Center for Drug Rehabilitation of the Republic of Indonesia at Lido Bogor. It is expected that this study may provide a broad understanding to the government to prepare the best program for solving the drug relapse phenomenon, especially drug abuse in Indonesia. For the science, this study is expected to be a basis for the implementation of shaming in Indonesia. Furthermore, this study is also expected to be able to provide input in the process of drug relapse management in Indonesia, especially in an effort to prevent residents from falling into a shameless condition.

Risk Factor Analysis on Drug Abuse Handled by National Narcotics Board of Republic of Indonesia in the Special Region of Yogyakarta during 2020

Cases of drug abuse by various groups in Indonesia have a fairly high number. Especially in the Special Region of Yogyakarta in 2008 which was named the second-largest city in drug abuse. Many factors can cause a person to decide to become a drug user, both from individual factors and the environment. Based on individual factors, one of which includes sociodemographic status which is divided into age, gender, education level, and type of work. This study aims to describe the demographic risk factors that include age, gender, education level, and type of work on drug abuse. Statistical significance was analyzed using Pearson Chi-Square. From a total of 87 research subjects, it was found that almost all drug abusers were in the productive age, namely, 86 people (98,9%). The majority were male namely, 85 people (97,9%), more than half had high school education, namely 51 people (58,6%), and the majority of drug abusers were dominated by the student, namely 35 people (41,4%). The type of drug that is most widely used is the type of narcotics for as many as 61 people (70,1%). The relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and drug abuse itself had no significant results in the classification of age (p=0,699), gender (p=0,487), and type of work (p=0,254). Meanwhile, there were significant results for the level of education (p=0,027). Abstrak: Kasus penyalahgunaan narkoba oleh berbagai kalangan di Indonesia memiliki angka yang cukup tinggi. Khususnya di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta pada tahun 2008 yang dinobatkan sebagai kota terbesar kedua dalam penyalahgunaan Narkoba. Banyak faktor yang dapat menyebabkan seseorang memutuskan menjadi pengguna narkoba, baik dari faktor individu maupun dari lingkungan. Berdasarkan faktor individu, salah satunya meliputi status sosiodemografi yang didalamnya terbagi atas usia, jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan, dan jenis pekerjaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran faktor risiko demografis yang meliputi usia, jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan, dan jenis pekerjaan terhadap penyalahgunaan narkoba. Kemaknaan statistik dianalisis menggunakan Pearson chi-square . Dari total 87 subyek penelitian, didapatkan hampir seluruh penyalahguna narkoba berada pada usia produktif yaitu 86 orang (98,9%). Mayoritas adalah laki-laki yaitu 85 orang (97,9%), lebih dari separuh berpendidikan SMA yaitu 51 orang (58,6%), dan mayoritas penyalahguna narkoba di dominasi oleh anak sekolah yaitu 35 orang (41,4%). Untuk jenis narkoba yang paling banyak digunakan adalah jenis narkotika sebanyak 61 orang (70,1%). Hubungan karakteristik sosiodemografi dengan penyalahgunaan narkoba sendiri memiliki hasil tidak bermakna pada penggolongan usia ( p =0,699), jenis kelamin ( p =0,487), dan jenis pekerjaan ( p =0,254). Sementara terdapat hasil yang bermakna pada tingkat pendidikan ( p =0,027).

Individual Characteristics And The Gateway Hypothesis Among Drug User Patient In Indonesia

Drug abuse has become severe not just in the world but also in Indonesia. To address this problem, public policies and researcher try to understand the drug use pattern. One of the famous concept in drug use pattern is gatheway hypothesis. The gateway hypothesis refers to the pattern of substance use initiate softer drug lead to the harder drug. However, many literature shows drug use pattern is not just gateway pattern, there is reversal pattern and using both gateway and reversal pattern. Many studies have discussed the relationship between drug use and individual characteristics. However, few of them are relatively link between individual characteristics and the sequential order in drug use. The purpose of this study is to evaluate how individual characteristics are associated with the gateway pattern and other pattern for different types of drugs. We use a secondary dataset of individual drug user patients from the Rehabilitation Center of National Narcotics Board aged 14–67 years assessed using the Addiction Severity Index (ASI), employing probit and multinominal logit model. Duration are associated with initial soft drug user with gateway pattern. While alcohol use and have high education level related with initial hard drug user with reversal pattern. Interestingly, duration and alcohol use correlated with initial intermediate drug user with all kind of pattern. Prevention and intervention efforts should be targeting high-risk characteristics of people at an initial stage of drug use and progression to the next stage.

PENGARUH PENGETAHUAN PERPAJAKAN, PELAYANAN PERPAJAKAN DAN SANKSI PAJAK TERHADAP KEPATUHAN WAJIB PAJAK BENDAHARA DILINGKUNGAN BADAN NARKOTIKA NASIONAL

This study aims to determine and analyze the effect of tax knowledge, tax services and tax sanctions on treasury taxpayer compliance in the National Narcotics Board. The research design used in this study is a descriptive method with a qualitative method approach. Hypothesis Results Partial Test (t) Testing the first hypothesis (H1) states that taxation knowledge does not have a significant effect on taxpayer compliance. Based on statistical parameters, the t-count value is 0.731 &lt;2.056 (t-table). At a significance of 5% (0.05), it is said that knowledge of taxation has no effect on taxpayer compliance. The second hypothesis testing (H2) states that taxation services do not have a significant effect on taxpayer compliance. Based on statistical parameters, the value of tcount is -0.292 &lt;2.056 (t table). At a significance of 5% (0.05), it is said that taxation services have a negative and insignificant effect on tax compliance of taxpayers. Testing the third hypothesis (H3) states that tax sanctions have no significant effect on taxpayer compliance. Based on statistical parameters, the value of tcount is -1,955 &lt;2,056 (ttabel). At a significance of 5% (0.05), it is said that the size of tax sanctions has a negative and insignificant effect on tax compliance of taxpayers. Hypothesis Test Results on the Coefficient of Determination (R2), the R2 value of this study is 0.198, this value means that the total dependent variable is related to an average of 19.8%. It can be explained by the relationship between tax knowledge, tax services, and tax penalties. Together. While the remaining 80.2% is influenced by other factors that are not explained in this study.