Wars Of National Liberation Research Articles

Wars of National Liberation and the Disruption of Hegemony in 1974

The negotiations leading to what came to be Article 1(4) of the First Additional Protocol to the 1949 Geneva Conventions were so acrimonious that they threatened to wreck the 1974-1977 conference i ...

Independence, Intervention, and Internationalism: Angola and the International System, 1974–1975

This article explores the escalation of tensions surrounding Angola's independence from Portugal in 1975, when a protracted war of national liberation escalated sharply into an international crisis. Rather than see Angola as merely a proxy war, the article depicts the varied responses to Angolan anti-colonial nationalism as consequences of “internationalization,” or the deliberate and endogenous process of framing the struggle for Angolan independence in global terms. By establishing Angolan independence as part of a worldwide battle against imperialism, racism, and Western hegemony in the early 1960s, and by raising the issue in international forums, creating transnational support networks, and operating across borders and oceans, the Angolan national liberation movements created the ideological and political preconditions for the military interventions and Cold War political theater of the 1970s. Angola thus demonstrated how national liberation movements, as transnational actors, learned to operate within the international system to gain necessary material and moral support but also provoked the ire of more powerful external actors who had their own political and ideological reasons for opposing a pro-Soviet regime in Angola.

Проблема войны и мира в контексте истории Коминтерна (1919–1922 гг.)

The article discusses the evolution of the theoretical views of the Soviet Russia's and the Communist International leadership on the problem of war and peace, the model of political power during the formation of the Versailles-Washington system of international relations. The author not only analyzes the world order established by the beginning of the 1920s. She also considers the theoretical and tactical attitudes of the Comintern on the issue of imperialist, revolutionary, civil and national liberation wars, as well as the problem of relations with European social democracy and pacifist political forces, the national bourgeoisie, disagreements within the communist parties and the search for a model of the world community capable of preventing new wars.

Неопатріархатний проєкт націоналістичної преси 1920-1930-х років

The article focuses on the problem of interaction between ideology and gender in the Ukrainian press of the 1920s-1930s. The object of the study is the nationalistic periodical publications in the interwar two decades period. The objective of the study is to ascertain the techniques of dissemination of discursive impact and construction of gender models, taking into account the ideological vector of a publication. The chosen research methodology is synthesis of critical discourse-analytical approach with feminist criticism, which allows to analyze the texts in the context of “domination/subordination”. Results of the study. The nationalistic publications consistently restored the patriarchal values in the western Ukrainian society on the eve of the 1920-1930’s. Their journalists constructed an idea of militaristic masculinity as a normative and used the following techniques: modeling a warrior’s image through comparison with a foreign model of normative masculinity, the narratives about dangerous actions and martyrdom of nationalist heroes, popularization of sport and physical hardness aimed at training of youth generation for the upcoming liberation war. The nationalists tried to deny the achievements of the Ukrainian feminist movement, in particular “Soiuz Ukraiinok”/”Union of Ukrainian Women”, had the fierce ideological discussions with the leadership of this organization on the pages of their publications. A woman was represented as a resource in terms of underground struggle against the invaders and in terms of the upcoming national liberation war. However, there were extremely few materials in which the heroines (actants) were women. The heroines in the nationalistic press were endued with three functions: biological, symbolic and ideological. In those materials, which still covered the women as the members of militant groups, military or political actions, their contribution was diminished and consealed. Сonclusions of the study. The patriarchal myth was revivaled on the pages of the nationalistic press of the 1920-1930s. According to nationalists the patriarchal structure of society served best the ideological tasks in order to prepare the Ukrainians for a long national liberation struggle. Relevance of the study. Understanding the mechanisms of interaction between ideology and gender gives an idea of interconnections within the power-media-society paradigm, which is one of the most significant issues of the modern media researches.

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Ретроспектива пізнання історії та культури Волині у літописі Феодосія Софоновича

The «Chronicles of Ancient Chronographers» Theodosius Sofonovich is a unique monument of Ukrainian history and culture, the creation of which coincides with the period of the National Liberation War of the Ukrainian people of 1648-1658 when political reality contributed to the development of Ukrainian national education and culture, headed by Kyiv Mohyla Collegium and patriotic Orthodox clergy. «Chronicles ...» consists of three parts: «About Russia», «The beginning and the name of Lithuania», «About the land of Poland». The first part covers the history of Kievan Rus, the second and third – the history of Ukraine XIV–XVII centuries. on the background of the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland (after 1569 – the Commonwealth). In the «Chronicles ...»Theodosius Sofonovich contains twenty messages on the problem being investigated, in particular: «Volyn» – 18; «Volyn lands» – 1; «Volyn» (city) – 1. With the help of the messages «Chronicles ...», an important role played by Volyn and Volyn lands in national history and culture from the time of the settlement of the Slavs in Eastern Europe to the events of the initial period of the National Liberation War in June 1648 was determined. Considering only one particular issue in the pages of «The Chronicles of the Chroniclers of the Ancients» Theodosius Sofonovich, the authors of the article came to the conclusion that this work not only greatly represents the bright national historiography of the New time, but also gives the opportunity to a modern researcher to find out the features of the historical, socio-political, social, economic and cultural development of Ukraine and its separate lands from ancient times to the last quarter of the XVII century.

Social and Historic Contextuality of Contemporary Albanian Literature

To reach the reader of 2018, Contemporary Albanian literature has overcome many obstacles and politics ideology. It felt violated by a certain, imposing and savage ideology. The method of socialist realism by some writers was embraced with delight and conviction, and from some others it was used for compromise to bring to light their works, which, in case of incompatibility with the relevant ideology, was banned from publishing. However, given that literature is the creation of the human spirit, it is unnatural to think that all this literature of this period has not expressed their feelings, sorrows, dreams and their love. Perhaps, we can argue with conviction, which has been a memory for the past and also a dream for the future. This literature overwhelmed the content imposed in 1945 and continued to be the most rebellious. The national liberation war was not the subject of the 1960s literature, which was more stubborn than what was written fifteen years ago, even by the same authors. Here, summed up as a great deal in the history of contemporary literature, find the first and the foremost authors of this literature, their best works, publishers, and their echoes in the language of translation.
 Key words: Literature, History, World War II, Writer, Contemporary, Education, Publisher.

ПІДХОПЛЕНІ СТИХІЄЮ: ПОГЛЯД НА СЕЛЯНСЬКИЙ ПОВСТАНСЬКИЙ РУХ ЗА ВІДНОВЛЕННЯ УНР КРІЗЬ АРХІВНО-КРИМІНАЛЬНІ СПРАВИ НА ЙОГО РЯДОВИХ УЧАСНИКІВ

Archival-criminal cases on participants of 1921 – 1925 peasant insurgent movement for the resumption of the Ukrainian National Republic make up a massive and little studied part of the documents of the state security bodies of Soviet Ukraine. First of all, the attention is drawn to the cases concerning the «political banditry» of ordinary insurgents and members of their families. Thousands of such cases are kept in the funds of the Branch state archive and archives of temporary keeping of Security service regional bodies of Ukraine. A considerable part of the repressed peasants are not rehabilitated till today. In the overwhelming majority of cases to their destinies no attention was paid on behalf neither of historians, nor of representatives of the public, nor of their relatives. Behind numerous archival-criminal cases many great tragedies of human lives remain latent, in particular, broken and spoilt destinies of ordinary peasants, torn off from their land and picked up by elements of revolutions, civil and national-liberation wars. In the articles characteristic destinies of those whom the Bolshevist extrajudicial repressive bodies defined as «bandits» are investigated, such as conscious, irresponsible, and conditional insurgents, as well as insurgents’ brothers, mothers, and brides. Not only unjustified cruelty of their punishment, but also recognitions by the recent time «competent bodies» and the current legislation of independent Ukraine of their «guilt» as such that does not provide rehabilitation are common to the destinies of figurants of the investigated cases. The push to a new powerful rehabilitation have, with a supports of the state, public, and science figures should be given by Law of Ukraine on rehabilitation of victims of political repressions in a new wording dd. March 13th, 2018.

Interaction of Albanian Nationalism with Kosovo-Macedonia during and after WWII

When defining this research paper, it is worth to mention that so far not many researches have been made to this regard because of the monographic historiographies, which have misunderstood the historical issues of Albanians during the period of World War II and during the Anti-Fascist National Liberation War. Only in the last twenty years we have seen the Albanian historiography, with the support of a stable and well-established historical factography, strongly opposing a part of the historical literature about the Anti-Fascist War. In this research paper, an aim will be the specification of conditions by which Albanians once again showed their determination in the struggle against dictatorships from the Albanian League of Prizren, the Kacak movement, The Second League of Prizren, the Anti-Fascist Liberation War until the last UCK-UCMB war. After the Second League of Prizren ceased to exist, the indispensable necessity for Albanian nationalism to act was born, and it acted under the name of Albanian National Democratic Organization (Movement). The decisions and actions made by Albanian National Democratic Organization constitute the main topic of this research paper.

The "Dangerous Concept of the Just War": Decolonization, Wars of National Liberation, and the Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions

The "Dangerous Concept of the Just War": Decolonization, Wars of National Liberation, and the Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions

Professor dr. Zdravko Kučić (1910-1961), Promoter of the Hospital Service in Post-War Rijeka

Dr Zdravko Kučić was born in Bakar on 11 April 1910. In1928 he finished the Gymnasium in Sušak and graduated from the School of Medicine, University of Belgrade in1934. After completing the internship in Zagreb, he worked at the General Public Hospital "King Alexander I" in Sušak as a secondary doctor of medicine and later as an assistant at the Internal Department. In 1940 dr Kučić became the specialist of Internal medicine. Until August 1943 he worked at Sušak and Rijeka Department of Internal Medicine. Upon the unconditional surrender of fascist Italy in September 1943 dr Kučić joined the partisans in the National Liberation War (1941-1945) performing the most important duties at military sanitation departments. After demobilization from the Yugoslav Army in January 1946, he was appointed Head of Internal and Infectious Diseases Department in General Hospital "Sušak" and in 1948 the Head of Department of Internal Medicine in General Hospital "Rijeka". In 1949 he was awarded the title "Primarius" of the Internal Medicine Department and the Director of the General Hospital "Rijeka". Dr Kučić was a prominent figure on the political and social scene. Among many of his duties in the bodies of public authorities, he was also the head of the Healthcare and Social Welfare Committee in the City Council of Rijeka. For many years he was the main organizer of the post-war public hospital health in the City and County of Rijeka. Dr Kučić was particularly responsible for the founding of the Faculty of Medicine in Rijeka in 1955. In 1958 he was elected as an assistant professor and in 1959 as an associate professor at the Department of Internal Medicine of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka. He died in Rijeka on 21 October 1961.

On the wings of modernity: WWII memorials in Yugoslavia

Memorial sites dedicated to the National Liberation War, revolution and the victims of fascism have played an important role in the cultural and political life of the socialist Yugoslavia. The changing political course of Yugoslavia from 1948 influenced its cultural strategy. This reflected the artists’ sensibility and tendency towards abstract sculpture, which culminated during the 1960s and 1970s. In this essay we will examine the influx of modern art and architecture on the aesthetics of the memorials from the era. We will also focus on their contemporary representation as an important part of cultural heritage.

Century of Ukraine's diplomatic service

On December 22, 2017 the Ukrainian Diplomatic Service marked the 100thanniversary of its establishment and development. In dedication to such a momentous event, the Department of International Relations of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University has published a book of IR Dept’s ardent activity since its establishment. It includes information both in Ukrainian and English on the backbone of the collective and their versatile activities, achievements and prospects for the future.
 The author delves into retracing the course of the history of Ukrainian Diplomacy formation and development. The author highlights the roots of its formation, reconsidering a long way of its development that coincided with the formation of basic elements of Ukrainian statehood that came into existence as a result of the war of national liberation – the Ukrainian Central Rada (the Central Council of Ukraine). Later, the Ukrainian or so-called State the Hetmanate was under study. The Directorat (Directory) of Ukraine, being a provisional collegiate revolutionary state committee of the Ukrainian People’s Republic, was given a thorough study. Of particular interest for the research are diplomatic activities of the West Ukrainian People`s Republic. Noteworthy, the author emphasizes on the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic’s foreign policy, forced by the Bolshevist Russia.
 A further important implication is both the challenges of the Ukrainian statehood establishing and Ukraine’s functioning as a state, first and foremost, stemmed from the immaturity and conscience-unawareness of the Ukrainian society, that, ultimately, has led to the fact, that throughout the twentieth century Ukraine as a statehood, being incorporated into the Soviet Union, could hardly be recognized as a sovereign state.
 Our research suggests that since the beginning of the Ukrainian Diplomacy establishment and its further evolution, it used to be unprecedentedly fabricated and forged.
 On a wider level, the research is devoted to centennial fight of Ukraine against Russian violence and aggression since the WWI, when in 1917 the Russian Bolsheviks, headed by Lenin, started real Russian war against Ukraine. Apropos, in the about-a-year-negotiation run, Ukraine, eventually, failed to become sovereign. Remarkably, Ukraine finally gained its independence just in late twentieth century. Nowadays, Russia still regards Ukraine as a part of its own strategic orbit,waging out a carrot-and-stick battle.
 Keywords: The Ukrainian People’s Republic, the State of Ukraine, the Hetmanate, the Direcorat (Directory) of Ukraine, the West Ukrainian People`s Republic, the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic, Ukraine, the Bolshevist Russia, the Russian Federation, Ukrainian diplomacy

Lenin, (Just) Wars of National Liberation, and the Soviet Doctrine on the Use of Force

Today, the prohibition of the use of force is universally accepted as a norm of customary international law. Nevertheless, several exceptions are discussed in international law scholarship. One of them, wars of national liberation, originates in Lenin’s socialist war theory and was subsequently maintained by the former Soviet doctrine of international law. Little known in western academia, this Soviet argument of national liberation struggles to be ‘just wars’ is still alive in Russian international law scholarship today, and, therefore, a lasting legacy of Lenin’s theory of wars of national liberation in international legal discourse as developed around the time of the Russian Revolution (even if sometimes ignored) may be conceded.

Rethinking the Place of the Second World War in the Contemporary History of Albania

AbstractThe Second World War in Albania was a central topic of socialist historiography because of the importance laid upon the National Liberation War for the legitimation of the establishment of communist rule in 1944. History writing was a very centralized process, controlled by party institutions responsible for safeguarding the implementation of Marxist‒Leninist principles and party lines. Since the 1990s, the history of the Second World War has been revised in the framework of a general revision of Albanian national history. History writing developed as an open process and now included historians from countries other than Albania, as opposed to the previous state socialist isolation. The extent to which the war history had been distorted and manipulated during socialism has influenced the subsequent process of rewriting that first focused on adjusting the existing narratives. Thus, despite an increasing variety of research topics, the historiography on wartime Albania has remained dominated by political and military history, and by the national master narrative.

Songs and melodies in the National Liberation War in Serbia

The subject of this paper is the songs written and sung in Serbia during the National Liberation War fought on our territory during World War II. The focus is on Partisan song variants, among them the song "Krajinski smo mladi partizani" [We Are the Young Partisans of Krajina] from the Zaječar region particularly stood out and became a well-distinguished one. Having become quite popular, this song used to be sung during the National Liberation War in the Partisan troops, on marches, at performances organized by the Liberation War supporters, and after the Liberation, throughout Yugoslavia. The paper mainly features its numerous variants.

Monument to Vasa Carapic in Belgrade

In the beginning of the second half of the 20thcentury, a generation of artists formed before 1941 produced a wealth of public monuments. This generation of sculptors, educated under the influence of academism and Art Nouveau, retained their stylistic inclinations, expressing the aesthetics of traditional plastic arts. This aesthetic approach was responsive to the ideological demands placed upon the artists, that is, in line with socially engaged art - the prevailing socialist realism of the 1950s. In this context, the Monument to Vasa Čarapić, created in 1951, represents both a significant work of art from that period, and the most successful artistic achievements of its author. This monument is also one of the earliest and, at the same time, representative examples of a new discourse of the Yugoslav public sculpture in 1950s, deviating from prevailing trends of the presentation of motifs from the National Liberation War.

The non-aligned humanism of Rudolf Bruci: The composer and the society of self-management socialism

In 1979 the oratorio We Are All a Single Party was performed, composed by the Yugoslav composer Rudolf Bruci, who in an interview for the Novi Sad daily newspaper Dnevnik explained his driving motives in the following way: ?I wanted to preserve the spirit of our revolutionary songs and to speak in a modern, familiar way, understandable to everyone, about the decades in which our revolution was born and grew; about the legendary activities of pre-war communists, the difficult days of the War of National Liberation, the liberation and reconstruction of the country, about Tito and his invaluable contribution to the development of our selfmanagement socialism and non-aligned humanism? (Dnevnik, 10 April, 1979). In this article I argue that the syntagm ?non-aligned humanism? is suitable for identifying the connection between the aesthetic and the political in Rudolf Bruci?s creative output, observed as a consistent author?s opus. At the core of this thesis lies the assumption that non-alignment in regard to the West or East was a major political and aesthetic orientation of Yugoslav self-management socialism. The intersubjective field of this self-management socialist pluralism produced creative entities - composers such as Bruci - whose works were created under the principles of direct political engagement and modernist aestheticism as different manifestations of the same ideology. Within the specific rationality of non-aligned humanism, the concrete poetic-morphological characteristics of Bruci?s compositions become coherent subjective (Bruci?s personal) and objective (social) achievements.

Changes in North Korea’s ‘Literatures on National Liberation War Theme’ during the Juche Ideology Era - Focused on Lyric Poetry of North Korea between 1960s~1990s -

Changes in North Korea’s ‘Literatures on National Liberation War Theme’ during the Juche Ideology Era - Focused on Lyric Poetry of North Korea between 1960s~1990s -

Przywódcy polityczni: Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Zhu De – przestrzeń współpracy i rywalizacji

This lecture includes an attempt to answer the question: what the connection of Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and Zhu De was, and what conditions contributed to the fact that both Zhou Enlai and Zhu De did not share the fate of the political opponents of Mao Zedong, inter alia Liu Shaoqi, Wang Ming, Gao Gang and others. Recognizing the political reality of China of the period from the creation of the CPC to the death of the heroes, the synthetic approach shows their resumes, and an attempt was taken to involve the most important facts to answer the questions, inter alia about civil, war of national liberation, domestic and foreign policy of China implemented in accordance with the provisions of the Communist Party of China and the role of the heroes in shaping the cultural and civilisation order after the declaration of the establishment of the People’s Republic of China.