FUNAI Research Articles

CPI da Funai e do Incra - reflexões entre Antropologia e agronegócio

Abstract Between 2015 and 2017, a Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry (PCI) took place in the Câmara dos Deputados (Brazil’s lower house) of the Brazilian National Congress, which investigated the formerly named National Indian Foundation (FUNAI) and the National Institute for Colonisation and Agrarian Reform (INCRA) in their attributions of demarcating lands, Indigenous and Quilombola lands, respectively. This PCI was established by the Ruralista caucus, a group that represents the interests of agribusiness inside Congress. One of the focuses of the PCI was to discuss the role of anthropology in the demarcation processes of Indigenous and Quilombola lands, questioning not only the work of anthropologists, but the field of knowledge itself. Through an ethnography of documents (shorthand notes of the meetings and reports presented) and by direct observation, the research that culminated in this article sought to reflect on the anthropological practice related to public policies for the redistribution of land to Indigenous peoples and Quilombola communities and their friction with agribusiness interests. The centrality of the agrarian agenda and the model of territorial development defended by agribusiness clashes with public policies for the democratisation of access to land. The FUNAI-INCRA PCI reveals yet another articulated attempt by agribusiness to establish new benchmarks for these public policies, through the Ruralista caucus, and for this reason anthropology was included in the debate.

Shifting Paradigms in Musealization: The Participation of Indigenous People in the Rio de Janeiro Indian Museum

This article presents a theoretical reflection on the relationship between museum and musealization processes in a contemporary perspective, examining the Indian Museum of Rio de Janeiro, founded in 1953 and currently linked to the National Indian Foundation (FUNAI), as a case study. To this purpose, our argument focuses on a critical analysis of Museology, in a decolonialized way, which involves the participation of indigenous people since 2001, notably in the museum’s research projects and exhibitions, with a partnership system between anthropologists and indigenous people. Such activities encompass indigenous people in the musealization, which is understood according to the theoretical model proposed by Zbynek Z. Stránský of selection, thesaurization, and presentation.

The Conquest of the Desert: Argentina's Indigenous Peoples and the Battle for History

The Conquest of the Desert: Argentina's Indigenous Peoples and the Battle for History

Violações dos direitos indígenas e os limites da justiça de transição no Brasil

The redemocratization process in Brazil did not make it possible to obtain the truth about the civil-military dictatorship. This article analyzes Post-Conflict Justice process in Brazil, with an emphasis on the analysis of violations of indigenous rights and deaths caused by direct actions or omissions by the Brazilian State. Some forms of violations perpetrated by agents of the Indian Protection Service and the National Indian Foundation were analyzed, which are included in the Figueiredo Report, a set of historical sources analyzed in the research. Reports of violations against the Aikewara indigenous people in the context of the Araguaia guerrilla were also analyzed. In the analysis it was found that there is an imminent need to move forward in search of memory, truth, reparation, and justice for indigenous peoples. Therefore, understanding the advances and limits of transitional justice for indigenous peoples is essential in improving our democracy.

Terms of engagement

Terms of engagement

The Indigenous Federal Brigades Program in Roraima: From Voluntary Brigades to Official Brigades and FUNAI - RR's Action in this Process

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As intervenções estatais na Educação Escolar Indígena

O presente artigo busca analisar a bibliografia sobre os processos de construção de intervenções estatais acerca da educação para as populações indígenas no território, hoje, chamado Brasil. Através da análise bibliográfica da história, começando com as missões jesuíticas que foram os primeiros responsáveis pela educação para as populações indígenas, depois com a Proclamação da República. A manutenção da educação tem como órgão responsável pela constituição e uniformização de uma política de estado o Serviço de Proteção aos Índios (SPI), o qual mantinha uma educação baseada nos ideais positivistas e evolucionistas. Em 1967, é fundada a Fundação Nacional do Índio (FUNAI), o então órgão oficial responsável em auxiliar na construção da Educação Escolar das populações indígenas.

Hidden Suicides of the Indigenous People of the Brazilian Amazon: Gender, Alcohol and Familial Clustering

ObjectiveTo evaluate the coverage, characteristics and the risk of suicide in the indigenous people of Tabatinga in the Brazilian Amazon. MethodsAn active surveillance strategy for suicide cases was used: records of the Ministry of Health, the Municipal Health Secretariat, the Special Indigenous Health District of the Upper River Solimões (Distrito Sanitario Especial Indígena Alto Río Solimões), the Military Hospital of Tabatinga, the National Indian Foundation (Fundación Nacional del Indio) and the civil registry offices were examined from 2007 to 2011 for individuals over 9 years of age. Adjusted rates were estimated using the direct method and according to age. A descriptive analysis was performed and the hypothesis tests were considered significant if p-values were <0.05. ResultsThe coverage of indigenous suicide was 82.8%, since 11 (17.2%) were classified as hidden suicides. For men between 15 and 29 years of age, and for women aged from 12 to 20 years, the probability of suicide was around 70.0%. In 17.2% of the sample there was a record of alcohol consumption before death and relationship between victims. The corrected adjusted mortality rate was 111.7/100,000 (95% CI, 84.6–148.6). ConclusionsThe risk of suicide in the indigenous people of the Tabatinga is very high. Coping strategies should consider the complex relationship between suicide and alcohol consumption, gender differences and the existence of vulnerable groups, such as young people, especially those with close relatives who have committed suicide.

Escolarização indígena Mebengokre Kayapó Gorotire

O presente artigo resulta da pesquisa que trata da educação escolar indígena com objetivo de deslindar o processo de escolarização dos Mẽbêngôkre Gorotire, comunidade indígena localizada no município de Cumaru do Norte, sul do estado do Pará, à luz da História Oral Temática, com 14 participantes, sendo 9 Mẽbêngôkre e 5 não indígenas, e análise documental constituída no âmbito municipal e estadual. A escolarização dos Mẽbêngôkre Gorotire é recente, principiada em 1973, pela Missão Evangélica do Brasil e operacionalizada por vários agentes sociais, Fundação Nacional do Índio, Summer Institute of Linguistics, garimpeiros, madeireiros, Associação Floresta Protegida e os próprios Gorotire, sendo atualmente gerenciada técnica, administrativa e pedagogicamente pela Prefeitura Municipal de Cumaru do Norte-PA, por meio da Secretaria Municipal de Educação e Secretaria Estadual de Educação do Pará. O processo escolar dessa comunidade indígena se apresenta em contextos educacionais contemporâneos, todavia com vivências que a alicerçaram por muitos anos numa perspectiva instrutiva integracionista e que a pouco tempo andarilha no vislumbre de concebê-la no âmago da autonomia e reafirmação de sua identidade, sobretudo por meio de ressignificações estabelecidas pelos próprios Gorotire.

Os antropólogos, as terras tradicionalmente ocupadas e as estratégias de redefinição do Estado no Brasil

O objetivo deste texto é refletir sobre o fazer antropológico no decorrer dos processos de construção moderna do Brasil como Estado-nação, isto é, os processos do chamado “nation-building”, nos quais empreendimentos capitalistas e o Estado moderno constituem os dois mais importantes poderes que organizam o espaço hoje. O projeto modernizador de construção do Estado-nação brasileiro não envolve apenas os governantes que tentam implementá-lo, mas também aqueles que lutam contra seus efeitos negativos em espaços políticos legais estabelecidos. Juntamente com o projeto modernizador são configuradas novas formas de fazer história, principalmente após a Constituinte de 1987-8, mediante o reconhecimento das terras tradicionalmente ocupadas por indígenas, quilombolas e outras categorias de povos tradicionais. É contra esses direitos diferenciados de cidadania que é instaurada a CPI da FUNAI e do INCRA, que busca, em última instância, atingir os direitos territoriais e culturais de povos tradicionais mediante estratégias de criminalização de pesquisadores. A criminalização atua de modo a desqualificar pesquisas acadêmicas, assim como estudos realizados para a elaboração de relatórios técnicos antropológicos e laudos periciais judiciais, que venham a resultar na garantia de direitos territoriais e no questionamento dos efeitos socioambientais dramáticos. Tais estudos apontam que a implementação de metas públicas definidas pelo projeto modernizador atinge a continuidade de modos tradicionais de fazer, criar e viver.

Saúde Indígena: reflexões contemporâneas

Objetivo: O estudo analisa alguns elementos da trajetória sócio-histórica das políticas públicas em saúde no processo de efetivação e disponibilização deste direito fundamental social junto as Comunidades Indígenas do Brasil. Metodologia: Foi usado o método bibliográfico-interpretativo, acompanhado de dados estatísticos da Fundação Nacional do Índio, Fundação Nacional de Saúde e Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Resultados: A política de saúde para os povos nativos é uma das questões de constante discussão por diversos organismos nacionais e internacionais. Sensíveis às enfermidades trazidas por não indígenas e, muitas vezes, habitando regiões remotas e de difícil acesso, as populações indígenas são vítimas de doenças como malária, tuberculose, infecções respiratórias, hepatite, doenças sexualmente transmissíveis, entre outras. Desde a criação da Fundação Nacional do Índio (Funai), em 1967, diferentes instituições e órgãos governamentais se responsabilizaram pelo atendimento aos índios. Conclusão: As diretrizes foram alteradas diversas vezes, mas, com exceção de casos pontuais, em nenhum momento a situação sanitária nas terras indígenas foi realmente satisfatória.

Hidden Suicides of the Indigenous People of the Brazilian Amazon: Gender, Alcohol and Familial Clustering

ObjectiveTo evaluate the coverage, characteristics and the risk of suicide in the indigenous people of Tabatinga in the Brazilian Amazon. MethodsAn active surveillance strategy for suicide cases was used: records of the Ministry of Health, the Municipal Health Secretariat, the Special Indigenous Health District of the Upper River Solimões (Distrito Sanitario Especial Indígena Alto Río Solimões), the Military Hospital of Tabatinga, the National Indian Foundation (Fundación Nacional del Indio) and the civil registry offices were examined from 2007 to 2011 for individuals over 9 years of age. Adjusted rates were estimated using the direct method and according to age. A descriptive analysis was performed and the hypothesis tests were considered significant if p-values were <0.05. ResultsThe coverage of indigenous suicide was 82.8%, since 11 (17.2%) were classified as hidden suicides. For men between 15 and 29 years of age, and for women aged from 12 to 20 years, the probability of suicide was around 70.0%. In 17.2% of the sample there was a record of alcohol consumption before death and relationship between victims. The corrected adjusted mortality rate was 111.7/100,000 (95% CI, 84.6–148.6). ConclusionsThe risk of suicide in the indigenous people of the Tabatinga is very high. Coping strategies should consider the complex relationship between suicide and alcohol consumption, gender differences and the existence of vulnerable groups, such as young people, especially those with close relatives who have committed suicide.

VIRANDO FUNAI: UMA TRANSFORMAÇÃO KANAMARI

Resumo: Os Kanamari (Katukina, Amazonas) dizem que estão "virando Funai". Virar Funai pode expressar aspirações práticas, como o desejo de trabalhar para a Fundação Nacional do Índio. Mais usualmente, no entanto, refere-se a um processo difuso e coletivo que leva os Kanamari a aceitarem com entusiasmo as regras que a Funai lhes impõe e a emularem ou exagerarem algumas de suas convenções. Isto inclui tatuar insígnias do Estado brasileiro em seus corpos, deixar de trabalhar aos domingos, usar roupas com logotipos da Fundação e dar a seus filhos os nomes de funcionários do órgão indigenista. Neste artigo proponho que, longe de ser a consequência sui generis da subsmissão dos Kanamari ao aparato do Estado brasileiro, "virar Funai" é um processo que deve ser compreendido em relação à história e à mitologia kanamari. À luz deste contexto, "virar Funai" surge como uma transformação lógica de ideias kanamari mais antigas sobre assimetria e submissão quando estas se defrontam com a política tutelar do Estado brasileiro.

Pulmonary tuberculosis in Brazilian indians: a picture of this context depicted through radiography.

Radiol Bras. 2015 Set/Out;48(5):V–VI Currently the Brazilian indigenous population is estimated to be a little more than 817 thousand individuals scattered all over the regions of the country, according to the 2010 demographic census. Such a population is the remainder of the original fivemillion indigenous population that lived in the Brazilian forests at the time of the Europeans’ arrival. They are found in greater number in the North and Central-West regions where about 90% of the demarcated lands are located, with 60% of the population distributed principally throughout the states of Roraima, Amazonas and Mato Grosso do Sul. Unfortunately, there are no reliable data about the true health conditions of the Brazilian indigenous population. The data made available by some official organs such as Fundacao Nacional do Indio (FUNAI) (National Indian Foundation), Fundacao Nacional de Saude (FUNASA) (National Health Foundation), Secretaria Especial de Saude Indigena (SESAI) (Special Secretary of Indigenous Health) and non-governmental organizations demonstrate high rates of morbidity and mortality in the indigenous population, frequently superior to those observed in the general Brazilian population. Such a reality is a result from intrinsic immunological characteristics, living habits, malnutrition and elevated rates of infectious diseases such as gastrointestinal infections, respiratory infections, tuberculosis (TB), sexually transmissible diseases and malaria. The occurrence of tuberculosis (TB) is closely related to a low index of human development (IHD) characterized by unfavorable social conditions, low schooling index, and precarious housing and health conditions – unfortunately a sad reality present in most indigenous villages of our country. Available data indicate that, amongst indigenous individuals, the tuberculosis incidence rate in 2013 (95.6/100,000 individuals) was three times higher than the incidence rate observed in the general population for the same period (35.4/100,000 individuals). The data from SESAI regarding mortality are not less alarming. Such data indicate that respiratory diseases, particularly the infectious ones, were responsible for 15.3% of the total number of indigenous individuals deaths recorded in that same year, about two times the mortality rate for those diseases in the general population. Those indicators might be improved with the implementation of actions of basic attention to health involving the indigenous popu-

The impact of the law 10,267/2001 in the brazilian rural registration

The publication of the Law 10,267 of 08/28/2001 changed the paradigm of rural registration in Brazil, because this law known as the "Law of Georeferencing" has created the National Registration of Rural Property, that unifies in a common basis different registrations present in several government agencies, such as the National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform (INCRA), the Secretariat of Federal Revenue, the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Natural Resources, and the National Indian Foundation. Also, this new registration system has a graphical component which has not existed until such date, where the boundaries of rural property are georeferenced to the Brazilian Geodetic System. This new paradigm has resulted in a standardization of the survey and its representation of rural properties according to the Technical Standard for Georeferencing of Rural Properties, published by INCRA in compliance with the new legislation. Due to the georeferencing, the creation of a public GIS of free access on the Internet was possible. Among the difficulties found it may be observed the great Brazilian territory, the need for specialized professionals, and especially the certification process that INCRA has to perform for each georeferenced property. It is hoped that this last difficulty is solved with the implementation of the Land Management System that will allow automated and online certification, making the process more transparent, agile and fast.

Mensurando alteridades, estabelecendo direitos: práticas e saberes governamentais na criação de fronteiras étnicas

This article has two objectives, focusing on the statistics for Brazil's indigenous population. One objective is methodological, starting with a criticaI and ethnographic perspective to analyze the quantitative data as both cognitive and political tools related to the recognition of rights, which need to be framed within the colonization and state-building processes. The second, focusing on current and past discrepancies between data from indigenous affairs authorities and the national censuses, as currently represented bythe National Indian Foundation (Funai) and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), respectively, reflects on the heuristic potential of the latter, thereby allowing visualization of the extent and importance ofthe indigenous presence in the country's formation, counter to the administrative ethnicization and neglect in offidal history.

Conservation in Sustainable-Use Tropical Forest Reserves

trialspecies,therelativemeritsofdifferentapproachesto ensure the long-term persistence of those species remain highly contentious. Most would agree, however, that both establishing protected areas and exercising some form of restraint on extraction of forest resources are among the most effective of all viable conservation measures. Deforestation, wildfires, logging, and hunting are among the leading drivers of species losses in tropical forests, and de facto or de jure protection from these threats can be conferred by either effective enforcement of regulations or physical remoteness. Attempts to assess conservation success of protected areasatlargescaleshaverestedprimarilyonconventional use of remote sensing to quantify spatial or temporal differences in rates of change in land cover due to deforestation and wildfires, rather than on empirical demographic or community-level metrics (Gaston et al. 2008). Q2 However, the former approaches fail to detect most types of subcanopy anthropogenic disturbances that also result, directly or indirectly, in species losses (Peres et al. 2006). Moreover, the effects of habitat loss and degradation on population extirpations and declines are nonlinear, so vegetation cover alone is rarely a robust proxy for the viability of terrestrial biotas. Remotesensing data show vast tracts of apparently intact tropical forests, but in reality levels of hunting and other forms of extraction in these areas are often unsustainable (Peres & Lake 2003). Fundamental questions yet to be answered include whether ostensibly intact protected areas retain full complements of forest species and how the extent of cryptic patterns of disturbance is related to human population density in both protected and unprotected areas. I considered the global to regional emergence of sustainable-use reserves, emphasizing the world’s largest tropical forest region, Amazonia. Sustainable-use reserves often have intermediate levels of disturbance, so I examined the degree of use of natural resources by resident communities and used human population density as a proxy for level of extraction. In both protected and unprotected areas, I also estimated responses of game vertebrate assemblages to hunting on the basis of the relative biomassextractedfromasubsetoftheforestfauna.Iused analysesofcovariance(ANCOVA)toexaminetheassociationbetweenhumandensityandgamebiomassharvested across different reserve categories. Finally, I considered the long-term capacity of sustainable-use forest reserves to maintain populations of all resident species.

Rios, lagoas, cachoeiras e rebojos: religiosidade no espaço fluvial Nambiquara

The article aims to present the symbolism surrounding the river area from Nambiquara indigenous groups, located in the western area of Mato Grosso State, on the Indigenous Land Nambiquara, demarcated by the National Indian Foundation in 1968, in the middle of Legal Amazon. A line bordering the area seized and occupied by the Nambiquara wraps itself in their cultural representations and results in an ethnohistorical process based on the contact between neighboring indigenous peoples and social groups from different parts of Brazil. The Nambiquara space is apprehended in its representations, images and concepts, built in function of their thoughts systems and their needs. The water, involved in mythical-religious meanings, is the starting point for the recognition of its territory. It is the first registered trace in the improvised cartography of the villages, constantly rebuiltin the pages of their memories.Key words: Nambiquara, mythic-religious meanings, river area, cultural representations.

P1-520 Preventive health of invisible and uncontacted tribes in amazon forest

The Amazon has uncontacted indigenous peoples in its forests. To remain away from contemporary civilisation these tribes may be interpreted as the invisible population of the forests. Indian uncontacted is...

Indigenism: Ethnic Politics in Brazil

Indigenous people comprise only 0.2% of Brazil's population, yet occupy a prominent role in the nation's consciousness. In her important and passionate new book, anthropologist Alcida Ramos explains this irony, exploring Indian and non-Indian attitudes about interethnic relations. Ramos contends that imagery about indigenous people reflects an ambivalence Brazil has about itself as a nation, for Indians reveal Brazilians contradiction between their pride in ethnic pluralism and desire for national homogeneity. Based on her more than thirty years of fieldwork and activism on behalf of the Yanomami Indians, Ramos explains the complex ideology called indigenism. She evaluates its meaning through the relations of Brazilian Indians with religious and lay institutions, non-governmental organizations, official agencies such as the National Indian Foundation as well as the very discipline of anthropology. Ramos not only examines the imagery created by Brazilians of European descent members of the Catholic church, government officials, the army and the state agency for Indian affairs she also scrutinizes Indians' own self portrayals used in defending their ethnic rights against the Brazilian state. Ramos thoughtful and complete analysis of the relation between indigenous people of Brazil and the state will be of great interest to lawmakers and political theorists, environmental and civil rights activists, developmental specialists and policymakers, and those concerned with human rights in Latin America.