National Independence Research Articles

Study of the Axiological Foundations of Russian Statehood: Prospects for the Application of Politico-Textological Analysis

The study of the historical and axiological foundations of Russian statehood is directly related to problems of national and civic identity and addresses the task of ensuring and protecting political sovereignty and national independence. Based on the analysis of a large corpus of works by Russian thinkers, writers, poets, religious and state figures of the 19th century, the content of such basic values as “freedom”, “truth” and “justice” was reconstructed, which maintained their significance throughout the history of Russia, but were substantively transformed in the public ideological-political discourse. The research was conducted based on the database of the National Corpus of the Russian Language (NCRL). In total, work was done with more than 7500 documents created during the period from 1801 to 1900. The main research methods, in addition to the general scientific methodology, were content analysis and politico-textological analysis. The concept of “freedom” was significant throughout almost the entire history of Russia, and in the 19th century, various aspects of it were addressed not only by thinkers and public figures of different ideological orientations, but also by publicists, poets, and writers. Interestingly, the legal and rational understanding of freedom was almost always combined with a moral and even religious content in the works of the authors of this period. The concept of “truth”, despite being used in its substantive sense much less frequently in the 19th century than in previous centuries, still retains its important axiological value in the Russian intellectual tradition and represents a complex moral-social ideological complex. “Truth” as a socialpolitical concept combines both the values and meanings of the Orthodox righteous way of life of each individual and the principles and goals of a truly just social and state system. The concept of “justice” is a cornerstone of the Russian vision of an ideal social and state structure, along with truth and freedom. The specificity of the domestic ideological-political discourse of the 19th century is that the concept of justice is inseparably linked with both the individual and society and the state, receiving moral justification for the necessity of following this principle first and foremost in the name of the common good, and then, as a consequence, in the name of one’s own well-being.

Konstruksi Pendidikan Pembebasan dalam Al-Madrasatul Diniyah Lil Banat (Diniyah Putri) oleh Syekhah Hajjah Rangkayo Rahmah El-Yunusiyyah

This research is a type of qualitative research. The approach to this study uses a character study approach by considering the character's integrity, depth of knowledge, and the success of the field the character is in. While the data collection method uses the documentation method, while the analysis uses content analysis while the technical data analysis uses hermeneutic techniques, which depart from language analysis and then move on to context analysis. The results of the study show (1) Awareness in the context of education for the liberation of Rahmah el-Yunusiyah which is divided into two aspects, internal and external. In the internal aspect, equipping students with various religious knowledge, languages, and various skills to develop the potential of each student can be empowered according to the field of interest. Awareness in the external aspect is proven by Rahmah with the real role of the daughter's daughter in the independence of the Indonesian nation (2) Rahmah El-Yunusiyyah uses the classical education method with a measurable grade system. He also applies a dormitory model so that his students can focus and be comfortable studying and avoid the prying eyes of married men

凡齋 金奎興의 국내 교육 계몽 활동과 성격

Kim Kyu-heung studied Chinese classics early and moved to Seoul in his mid-twenties. His wide-ranging exchanges allowed him to maintain a flexible mindset that accommodates various trends while reducing market changes. His participation in independent associations and his activities as a middle school uisuk teacher were the sites where he realized the importance of modern education.
 After the Eulsa Treaty, the sense of crisis and concern about the country was an opportunity to resign all government posts. When he traveled back and forth from Seoul to his hometown, he came to seek a new direction. Traveling abroad to China in 1905~1906 was the starting point for the anti-Japanese movement in earnest. At that time, the relationship with the Chinese was the main foundation for leaving a clear footprint in the anti-Japanese struggle. Membership and activities of the Korea Self-Generation Association paid attention to the development of private land as the top priority for the construction of an independent nation.
 Changmyeong School has repeatedly developed into an educational institution representing modern education in the Okcheon area. Teachers and students became aware of their social existence by actively participating in the National Debt Redemption Movement. These activities against the Japanese economic aggression deepened their awareness of reality.
 Kim Kyu-Hong’s educational enlightenment activities were not limited to simple ability improvement. His purpose was to suggest a direction to move forward by recognizing social responsibility and facing the reality they faced. As Japanese aggression intensified after the Hague special envoy incident, he left for exile for a joint struggle by the Korean-Chinese solidarity. It goes without saying that the history of the anti-Japanese struggle in China is a valuable asset for educational enlightenment activities in Korea.

독립운동자금 조달의 주역들

During the period of resistance against Japan, the Korean people did not give in to persecution and fought for independence in order to restore national rights from the Japanese invasion. In the process, procurement of the funds was very important in the independence movement. It was extremely risky to do so as Japanese surveillance was prevalent. Also, risking your entire savings to secure procurement was not an easy feat. The bold and noble sacrifice of these people was the true noblesse oblige that accomplished the historic task of gaining national independence. It is also true that there are only a few documents or materials remaining to prove these acts of procuring funds, as these were done in secret to avoid Japanese surveillance. However, according to the records, there are many independence activists who went to jail for participating in these acts. These heroes were the CEO’s of Korea’s independence movement. I believe it is a meaningful work to collect and organize the remaining resources regarding military or independence funds.

Catching-up and Pulling Ahead: The Role of China’s Revolutions in its Quest to Escape Dependency and Achieve National Independence

This article argues that the historic tasks of removing foreign domination and landlord-capitalist rule in the colonies are one task and have to be carried out by the proletariat, in alliance with the peasant masses. For its part, dependent on imperialism, the landlord-bourgeoisie are fearful of a shake-up of property relations in any form. The article first explains the intensification of uneven and combined development in the final, monopoly stage of capitalism before turning to China’s struggles for national independence. It is contended that the People’s Republic of China is a transitional economy where the law of primitive socialist accumulation and the law of value are in competition. This is the driver of its social formation, a “unity of opposites” between capitalist and non-capitalist elements. Capitalism in China remains under the control of the Communist Party of China and its social-economic base. The flourishing of private enterprises leads to inequality and capitalist accumulation but has been restrained by state policies and the law of primitive socialist accumulation.

Concepts of and Proposals for Constitutional Reforms in the Views of Polish Political Societies in Exile in 1830s: The Case of Young Poland

The article analyses the concepts of and proposals for constitutional reforms put forward by one of the Polish democratic political groups, which was established in exile after the fall of the November Uprising (1830-1831). Young Poland, which was a part of an international conspiratorial organisation founded by Giuseppe Mazzini (Young Europe), an organisation marked by revolutionary democratism, which, according to Polish emigrants, meant primarily striving for national character, seeing its goal in regaining national independence lost by Poland as a result of partitions. In addition, however, the concepts of members of Young Poland strongly emphasized both Christian and Utopian socialist themes. The foundation of these concepts referred to republican ideas that arose from the Great French Revolution and were based on the principles of freedom, equality and fraternity.

Symbole Nienawiści. Dewastacja Pomnika Józefa Piłsudskiego i Czwórki Legionowej w Krakowie – charakterystyka wybranych aspektów

SYMBOLS OF HATE: VANDALISM AGAINST THE MONUMENT TO JÓZEF PIŁSUDSKI AND THE LEGION QUARTET IN CRACOW – CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED ASPECTS The article analyses the concepts of and proposals for constitutional reforms put forward by one of the Polish democratic political groups, which was established in exile after the fall of the November Uprising (1830-1831). Young Poland, which was a part of an international conspiratorial organisation founded by Giuseppe Mazzini (Young Europe), an organisation marked by revolutionary democratism, which, according to Polish emigrants, meant primarily striving for national character, seeing its goal in regaining national independence lost by Poland as a result of partitions. In addition, however, the concepts of members of Young Poland strongly emphasized both Christian and Utopian socialist themes. The foundation of these concepts referred to republican ideas that arose from the Great French Revolution and were based on the principles of freedom, equality and fraternity.

Choreographing Independence: Performing La Diada, or Catalonia’s National Day, for Cultural Unity or Political Division?

ABSTRACT La Diada, Catalonia’s national day, has had a complex history entwined in the cultural politics of Spain. It developed late in the nineteenth century as part of a constructed, reimagining of a past independent Catalan nation. The annual 11 September remembrance event was subsequently suppressed during the Franco regime, and later revived but limited to a short official wreath-laying ceremony with associated cultural events. Since 2012, grassroots independence campaigners have orgainzed huge public marches on the day, calling for Independence as the separatist movement across Catalonia gained momentum in the immediate aftermath of the global economic downturn of 2008. It is now a cultural-politico device and a tool for place making and nation-building. Drawing on Tali Hatuka’s (2018, The Design of Protest; choreographing political demonstrations in public space. Austin: University of Texas Press) approaches to the Design of Protests, and through the utilization of discourse analysis of interviews, media coverage and political policy this study traces the development of the day through a number of key stages and its contemporary appropriated cultural role in the separatist movement. It concludes that the events staged around La Diada are an increasingly divisive set of tactics that lead to cultural alienation and give rise to division and increasing tension in Catalan and broader Spanish society.

CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND FOR THE DESIGN OF GENERAL AND HIGHER EDUCATION IN UKRAINE: HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND PARADIGM CHANGE

This article presents a discussion of historical context and paradigm change in Ukraine’s educational systems design and functioning. The purpose of this article is simply to alert the reader to foundational issues in education that tend to be under-examined in the post-Soviet space. The hope is that the article will stimulate further discussion by the Ukrainian audience, as this audience may consider relevant to specific conditions in Ukraine. These themes follow from Ukraine’s transformation away from colonial status to national independence and to general processes of social modernization. The intention is to stimulate thought about themes that may have been under-examined concerning secondary and tertiary education in independent Ukraine. The article highlights the cultural, sociological, and organizational complexity of educational reform. The paper emphasizes that educational institutions need to be recognized as quintessentially human organizations, that are not easily amenable to elitist or market management methods. A prominent, though not exclusive, role should be accorded to teachers and faculty, as the main “custodians” of education. Ultimately, educational reform requires corresponding changes to the basic culture and values of any given country.

Britain’s Failed Attempt at Monetary and Fiscal Exceptionalism

Abstract The autumn 2022 economic upheavals that brought down British Prime Minister Liz Truss’s government represented an ultimate extension of a high-risk exercise in British exceptionalism: the June 2016 referendum decision to leave the European Union. The ill-fated 23 September 2022 ‘mini budget’ introduced by Truss and Kwasi Kwarteng, her chancellor of the exchequer – like the referendum outcome six years earlier – was a landmark gesture of national independence. ‘The most ambitious and disastrous budget in modern British history’ illustrated how the intertwining forces of politics and economics set limits on ‘go it alone’ policies. The lessons reverberate beyond the UK’s borders.

Morocco Reimagined

Abstract This article rereads the works of Carlos de Nesry and Abraham Serfaty, two important Jewish intellectuals from Morocco, to conceptualize their theorization of state and society in post-1956 Morocco. The article argues that Moroccan Jews’ striving for an inclusive citizenship in and belonging to the independent nation took several forms, but the most salient of which were the two embodied in the work of de Nesry and Serfaty. Although there is a robust literature on Moroccan Jews, these theorizations have not received the scholarly examination they deserve nor have they been put in dialogue with each other to tease out their significance for the situation of Jews in the Moroccan context. This article is an attempt to bring attention to the implications of a locally produced Jewish political theory for the larger Moroccan nation. By examining de Nesry’s and Serfaty’s writing against the background of political repression and increasing authoritarianism, I show how Jewish intellectuals navigated their place in a fast-changing post-independence country, furnishing ideas and projects that could have created a different Morocco.

Tolerance in political ideology of Ho Chi Minh and its present value

During the process of leading the war for national independence and progress to socialism, Ho Chi Minh inevitably became a political strategist, who united the whole nation, built and constructed the country. As an authentic humanist, Ho Chi Minh's humanist ideology permeates in all his ideologies, including political ideology and creates deep tolerance in Ho Chi Minh's political ideology. Understanding the spirit of tolerance in Ho Chi Minh's political ideology will help to deepen the understanding of his noble personality and draw profound lessons about the cause of political innovation and international integration in the current stage.

Effect of public relations planning on human resource management performance of the Independent National Electoral Commission in Nigeria

Effect of public relations planning on human resource management performance of the Independent National Electoral Commission in Nigeria

The First Indigenous Anglican Diocese of Western Africa: Contested Legacy of the Diocese on the Niger and CMS Mission in Igboland

AbstractAs Nigeria grew as an independent nation, the role of the Church Missionary Society (CMS) began to evolve, reflecting the needs of a burgeoning multi-ethnic society. This transformation is particularly evident in the Diocese on the Niger – the first indigenous Anglican diocese in Western Africa – a topic of debate within various factions of the Church of Nigeria, Anglican Communion. These contentions – centred on historical accuracy, heritage and primacy – mirror broader socio-political disputes concerning the Igbo people’s history and reveal postwar ethnocentric trends in Nigeria. We propose that the strategic positioning of the Diocese on the Niger was part of the CMS mission’s expansion plan into Islamic-dominated Western and Northern Nigeria. Igboland, with its geographical significance and potential as a fertile ground for the gospel, was a deliberate choice. The debates around these contested viewpoints and legacies epitomize the societal disputes over historical interpretation and its theological implications – extending beyond the events themselves and prompting reflection on the embodiment of Christ’s teachings in navigating socio-political complexities. These discussions go beyond religious or geographical disagreements – they symbolize a broader struggle to understand and interpret the past.

Dimitris Stamatopoulos, ed. Imagined Empires: Tracing Imperial Nationalism in Eastern and Southeastern Europe

Dimitris Stamatopoulos, ed. <i>Imagined Empires: Tracing Imperial Nationalism in Eastern and Southeastern Europe</i>

Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) and The Conduct of 2023 Presidential and National Assembly Elections in Nigeria: A Paradigm Shift

It is an established fact that Nigeria’s electoral process has always been marred with irregularities over the years. The 2023 Presidential and National Assembly elections are a paradigm shift in the history of electioneering in the country. Though some challenges were encountered in the conduct of the elections, the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) was given a pass mark by many local and international observers and thus made the general election a watershed. This makes it imperative in this paper to examine the conduct of the 2023 Presidential and National Assembly elections in Nigeria. The paper infers that if the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) can continue to discharge its functions out of political influence and move away from the status quo where a political party dominates the constitution of drivers of INEC, there is every tendency that there will be continuous better conduct of election in the future. The paper taps various means of getting relevant materials to put this study together for onward academic utilisation and to reshape the conduct of Nigeria’s subsequent general elections like the maintenance of established punishment for electoral offenders, strengthened voter education, and establishment of training institutes for prospective politicians.

An Introspection into the Emergence of ‘Inconclusive Elections’ from the Electoral Act 2022 and Its Implication on the Nigeria Politics

The incidence of inconclusive elections in Nigeria has attracted diverse perspectives in recent times. The significance of this discourse to the consolidation of Nigeria’s democracy cannot be ignored considering its consequential effects on the country’s electoral process. In what seems to be an unusual jurisprudential and political development was the case of John Faleke v Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) &amp; Anor which posed a peculiar scenario that was unprecedented to the evolution of electoral disputes in Nigeria. In line with the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (CFRN), the Independent National Electoral Commission is empowered to organize or undertake and to supervise all elections to key offices including those of the President and Vice President, Governor, and Deputy Governor among others. It is in the exercise of this power that the INEC developed the Electoral Act and Election Manual used for all general elections which authorized the INEC to declare elections inconclusive or to schedule a rerun election where appropriate. Several arguments have arisen as to the constitutionality of the declaration by INEC. The first notorious case was the Kogi State Gubernatorial Election held on November 21, 2015, as an inconclusive election. It is against this background that the paper examines the decision of the Supreme Court in the case of James Faleke v INEC, the provision of the Electoral Act 2022 and Election Manual which affirms the legality of the INEC’s power and the correctness of the declaration of inconclusive election. It argues that the declaration of election as inconclusive is in line with the Electoral Act and the Constitution. The paper further posits the fundamental grounds or conditions upon which an election can be declared as ‘inconclusive.’ However, it suggests that there is a need to carefully thread the path of application of the provisions on inconclusive election in order to avoid a situation where it is being deployed as a manipulative tool for the benefit of the ruling party.

Viability Problem-Solving Approach in Teaching Mathematics at This Era: Retrospection of the Six Decades of Mathematics Education in Ghana

This paper attempts to preview the viability of the problem-solving approach in teaching mathematics in Ghana in this digital age. The historical development of mathematics Education in Ghana since the nation's independence from British rule in 1957; and how these have influenced current practice in teaching mathematics and beyond, detailing the reliance on traditional instructional strategies such as lectures and quizzes and how reformed instructional practices were students have the opportunity to link mathematical concepts to real-life situations (problem-solving and inquiry-based learning) have been provided. Some recommendations such as enrolling back in the TIMSS Assessment as it embraces the modern pedagogies in mathematics problem-solving in order to train the young ones to be innovative, creative, critical thinkers and problem solvers, opting for other mechanisms of assessment with international repute that can help transform the country’s school mathematics than the continuous reliance on WAEC as the monopolist examination body and the intensification of continuous professional teacher development to ensure that the serving teachers are abreast with modern best practices have been made to improve students’ performance in the subject as a means of adopting modern pedagogical skills in delivering mathematics education in Ghana.

Роль и место технологического суверенитета в обеспечении устойчивости экономики России

Introduction. The peculiarity of the current period development determined the need to change the vector, format and scale of the structural transformation of the Russian economy. This necessitated the need for domestic development only on the basis of achieving technological sovereignty as the main factor of economic growth and a condition of national security. It is revealed that one of the reasons for the low level of its achievement is the low innovative activity of organizations and a small proportion of organizations creating technological innovations and developments in the subjects of the Russian Federation. Theoretical analysis. The article examines the place and role of technological sovereignty in increasing national independence. Various approaches to understanding the essence of technological sovereignty are considered. A retrospective analysis of the “technological sovereignty” category formation is carried out, its priority over the policy of import substitution is proved. Empirical analysis. The analysis of the organizations’ innovative activity indicators dynamics by subjects of the Russian Federation and by types of economic activity, as well as the dynamics of the share of organizations in the total number of surveyed organizations of the Russian Federation engaged in technological innovations is carried out. The results allowed to make a conclusion about the negative trend of most of the indicators’ values. The obtained results confirmed the need to revise the vector of domestic economy development, the research activities activation as the main factor of ensuring technological sovereignty. Results. The result of the study is the identification and systematization of priority areas and measures to ensure technological sovereignty. The specific characteristics of the sovereignties influencing the achievement of universal sovereignty based on the construction of a sovereign economy model are shown. Based on theoretical and empirical analysis, assumptions are made about the different sovereignties level of development in the Russian Federation.

The Extent of the Application of English Laws in the Cameroonian Legal System

The decisive events which made the introduction of English laws possible in Cameroon were the arrival of European traders, the activities of European missionaries and the introduction of the English legal system by the British Government. The arrival of these Europeans introduced certain new practices and institutions which the traditional laws of the country, particularly customary law could not cope with. Besides, the Europeans themselves were not prepared to be bound by tribal laws since the type of society to which the law and custom was appropriate was totally different from the type of society in which they (Europeans) had been brought up. After the 1st World War, Cameroon ceased to be a German Protectorate following her defeat and was thus administered by Great Britain and France under the League of Nations Mandate and subsequently under the United Nations Trusteeship Agreement. By Article 9 of the Mandate Agreement, the laws of the administering authorities were to be transplanted into Cameroon. Article 9 thus provided the basis and officially marked the beginning of the duality of Western legal systems which the people of Cameroon have since experienced and to which they remain subject to till this day. The Foreign Jurisdiction Act, 1890 was also very important and served as the enabling statute that led to the introduction and observance of English law in Southern Cameroons. The English common law, the doctrines of equity and the statutes of general application which were in force in England on the 1st day of January 1900 were then transplanted in Anglophone Cameroon viz s. 11 of the Southern Cameroons High Court Law, 1955. However, neither the statutes in England on the 1st day of January 1900, nor common law and the doctrines of equity apply in Cameroon without limitations. They are subject to local limits and circumstances. In this 21st Century, the laws of a colonial power particularly the statutes of general application should not apply again to an independent nation like Cameroon and thus should be repealed and replaced with local legislation. The Executive and Legislature should thus ensure compliance while the Government is called upon to hasten and complete the harmonization process of the common law and the civil law in a bid to give the country a unified/uniform legal system.