Level Of National Income Research Articles

Societal determinants of flood-induced displacement.

What explains human consequences of weather-related disaster? Here, we explore how core socioeconomic, political, and security conditions shape flood-induced displacement worldwide since 2000. In-sample regression analysis shows that extreme displacement levels are more likely in contexts marked by low national income levels, nondemocratic political systems, high local economic activity, and prevalence of armed conflict. The analysis also reveals large residual differences across continents, where flood-induced displacement in the Global South often is much more widespread than direct human exposure measures would suggest. However, these factors have limited influence on our ability to accurately predict flood displacement on new data, pointing to important, hard-to-operationalize heterogeneity in flood impacts across contexts and critical data limitations. Although results are consistent with an interpretation that the sustainable development agenda is beneficial for disaster risk reduction, better data on societal consequences of natural hazards are critically needed to support evidence-based decision-making.

Exploring the relevance of investing in technological innovation programs for tackling natural resource consumption-related environmental challenges in developing countries

Promoting green growth, especially across underdeveloped countries, is a well-acknowledged agenda that has prime relevance for making the global economic growth processes more ecologically sustainable over time. Hence, taking this critically important issue into cognizance, this current study considers a sample of 80 underdeveloped nations from different regional locations for retrospecting how technological financial provisions, natural resource dependency, urbanization, international trade, foreign direct investment, and corruption control have affected their annual carbon emission growth figures during the 2000-2021 time frame. In a nutshell, the analytical findings for the concerned underdeveloped countries as a whole show that scaling financial grant provisions for investing in technological innovation programs helps to reduce environmental challenges by independently plunging the yearly emission growth rates, while jointly mitigating the emission growth figures further alongside more consumption of natural resources. Besides, the results also confirm the emission growth rate-surging impacts exerted by rising levels of natural resource dependency and international trade openness. By contrast, controlling the spread of corruption is identified as an effective emission growth rate-inhibiting mechanism while urbanization and influx of foreign direct investment are found to not bother the annual carbon emission growth figures of the concerned underdeveloped nations. More importantly, these abovementioned findings are observed to be heterogeneous for underdeveloped countries having different national income levels, regional locations, pollution intensities, natural resource dependency levels, and technological innovation-related financial provisions. Therefore, in light of the analytical findings, it is recommended that the underdeveloped nations boost the output productivity and carbon-intensity levels of their respective natural resource industries, scale funding levels for technological innovation programs, promote clean energy consumption while raising energy efficiency levels across urban areas, make trade baskets less embodied with carbon, attract clean foreign direct investment, and enforce stringent corruption controlling laws.

Глобальні виклики та ризики як детермінанти економічного прогресу країн у контексті глобальних трансформацій

The aim of the article is to identify the global challenges and risks that determine the economic progress of countries in the context of global transformations. The study argues that the global transformations of recent decades have radically changed the geopolitical and geo-economic space, influencing the dynamics of economic development and socioeconomic progress. It has been established that in research, economic progress is often equated with economic development and economic growth. Scientific approaches of domestic researchers to the understanding of economic progress are considered. It is confirmed that global economic progress is a multidimensional process and is not limited only to the economic sphere, it combines technological, social, political, informational and other kinds of progress. The dynamics of the distribution of the countries of the world by the level of gross national income (GNI) per capita has been determined. The dynamics of economic growth in the world is analyzed. A slowdown in economic growth for countries has been identified and the main reasons for this phenomenon have been identified. An assessment of the risk structure for the short-term (2 years) and long-term (10 years) periods was carried out in accordance with a study by the World Economic Forum. The role of false information and disinformation among the threats to economic progress is revealed. The spread of propaganda and false information has been confirmed to affect press freedom. It is argued that the disinformation industry threatens both political and economic stability, deepens the crisis of democracy in the world. An analysis of the change of political regimes in the world is carried out, changes in political systems in the regions are evaluated. Threats to global democracy have been identified. Among the determinants of economic progress, cybersecurity is singled out. The main global cyber threats are analyzed. The role of violation of the principles of peace and security in maintaining global economic development is argued. The main environmental risks, which are important determinants of economic progress, have been identified. It is emphasized that climate change leads to the depletion of natural resources, which are important for economic activity. Another threat is the growing number of so-called climate refugees. Social polarization is confirmed to be a risk to the global economy and global economic progress. The dynamics of the Social Progress Index is analyzed. The measures necessary to achieve global economic progress taking into account global challenges and risks are proposed.

재정분권이 공공부문 성과에 미치는 영향 분석

This study empirically analyzes the impact of fiscal decentralization on public sector performance, focusing on national competitiveness and government efficiency. It also explores whether the effects of fiscal decentralization on public sector performance differ based on the income level of countries. This study uses a panel dataset of 25 OECD member countries, covering the period from 2001-2020. The results show that fiscal decentralization improves national competitiveness and government efficiency. Moreover, the impact of revenue decentralization on public sector performance is larger than expenditure decentralization. Finally, the impact of fiscal decentralization on national competitiveness and government efficiency varies depending on the national income level. It is also found that the impact of fiscal decentralization on public sector performance is insignificant among 13 countries with a GDP per capita of less than $40,000.

Nexus Between Industrialization and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Impacts on Infant Mortality in Lower-Middle-Income Countries

The study examines how industrialization, income distribution, and other socio-economic factors play crucial roles in influencing mortality rates and demographic patterns. This study used a strong, balanced panel dataset and covered 37 lower-middle-income countries. The econometrics approach DOLS used, as well as two models. The study provides mixed results for both models. In model 1, morality rate is a dependent variable, while other independent variables. In the model, greenhouse gases and urbanization both have a negative and statistically significant impact on morality rates. In Model 2, urbanization and adjusted national income level have a negative impact on the total adult mortality rate. Besides, greenhouse gases and renewable energy have a positive impact on the total adult mortality rate. The study recommends deep attention to environmental protection and adopting clean energy in lower-middle-income countries to alleviate the adverse effects of greenhouse gas emissions, industrialization, and nonrenewable energy usage on human health.

THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN UZBEKISTAN

The article is devoted to the role of foreign direct investment in promoting economic growth in Uzbekistan. The growth of direct investment and its impact on the level of income and the quality of the institutional environment, the long-term and interrelated effects of growth on the level of national income in many developing countries and the economic growth of direct investment in Uzbekistan are studied.

How does government efficiency affect carbon emission intensity? A comprehensive empirical study.

This study utilized panel data from 132 countries spanning from 1996 to 2019 to examine the effect of government efficiency on carbon emission intensity. Using a fixed effect model, the study found that stronger government efficiency is associated with a significant decrease in carbon emission intensity. Robustness tests were performed, the results of which consistently supported the main findings. Additionally, the study investigated the mechanisms underlying the linkage between government efficiency and carbon emission intensity, revealing that improved government efficiency can inhibit carbon emission intensity by fostering environmental innovation and promoting renewable energy consumption. Finally, the study examined the moderating effects of national income level, economic freedom, democracy, and ruling party ideology on the nexus of government efficiency and carbon emission intensity, and found empirical evidence supporting these moderating effects. These results provide new insights for governments seeking to reduce carbon emission intensity.

Temporal and spatial distribution of musculoskeletal disorders from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease

ObjectivesThis study aimed to globally assess the prevalence and distribution of primary-origin musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) from 1990 to 2019 to better understand their temporal trends.MethodsUsing data from the 2019 Global...

Determinants of government spending on primary healthcare: a global data analysis

In 2018 global leaders renewed their political commitment to primary healthcare (PHC) ratifying the Declaration of Astana emphasising the importance of building a sustainable PHC system based on accessible and...

Research on the national income prediction based on Python

The national income level has always been a topic of concern, and there are many influences that affect the income. This paper focuses on the national work, age, education, marriage, gender, weekly working hours and other dimensions to explore the types of people with annual income above $50,000. In this paper, we select the data collected from the U.S. Census as the data set, divide the training set and the test set, and then construct logistic regression and decision tree models to predict the national income respectively. The experimental results show that the ACC of the logistic regression model is 0.773 and the AUC is 0.515, and the ACC of the decision tree model is 0.860 and the AUC is 0.900. It is verified that the decision tree has better performance in predicting national income.

The Role of Digital Technology in the Future of Insurance and Economic Development

Purpose: The objective of this study is to examine the influence of the Digital Adoption Index (DAI), Insurance and Financial Services' percentage contribution to GDP, ICT Expenditure as a percentage of GDP, the Ease of Doing Business Index, and Gross National Income per capita on economic development in developing countries.
 
 Theoretical Framework: Drawing from the endogenous growth theory, the study hypothesizes that improvements in digital technology, insurance and financial services, and the business environment, alongside the level of national income, contribute positively to economic growth.
 
 Methodology: A panel regression analysis was applied using the Fixed Effects model to analyze data collected from various developing countries. The study utilized both unit root and cointegration tests, with the Hausman test used for model selection.
 
 Findings: The results demonstrated that all variables significantly influence GDP per capita. The most substantial impacts were found to come from the Insurance and Financial Services' percentage of GDP and the GNI per capita.
 
 Research, Practical & Social implications: The findings underline the crucial role of digital technology, insurance and financial services, ICT expenditure, ease of doing business, and GNI per capita in enhancing economic growth. They provide insights for policy-makers in developing countries on the areas to prioritize for substantial economic development.
 
 Originality/Value: This study fills a research gap in exploring the interplay of digital technology, insurance, and economic growth, particularly in the context of developing countries. It provides a unique contribution by integrating various factors into a comprehensive model.

Energy security and economic stability: The role of inflation and war

This paper investigates the impact of energy security risk (ESR) on economic stability. Using multiple global datasets, we provide empirical evidence from a panel of 68 countries spanning over a period from 1980 to 2021. Our results indicate that high ESR reduces GDP growth rate (GDPG) from a global perspective. In robustness tests, this effect remains valid across several specifications based on non-U.S. samples, national income-level, alternative measure of economic stability, and a set of endogeneity tests based on propensity score matching estimation. Countries with pre-existing low GDPG mainly suffer from heightened energy insecurity. Further tests reveal that numerous country-specific institutional quality estimates moderate the effect. Finally, the damaging impact of ESR worsens during years of high inflation, geopolitical risk and acts, as well as of escalated war threats. We encourage international collaborations to develop a more sustainable energy system, which enhances the security of energy supply and the stability of economy.

Do Digital Trade Rules Matter? Empirical Evidence from TAPED

This study aims to examine (1) the impact of digital trade rules on digital services exports, (2) the heterogeneity of this impact in different trade categories, (3) the impact of digital trade rules on the growth of services exports through reducing trade costs, and (4) whether this impact is different in national income levels. In order to test the hypotheses, this study uses panel data from the TAPED database encompassing 143 economies between 2005 and 2019, employing a differences-in-differences model as the analytical framework. Our empirical results yield several key findings. Firstly, digital trade rules have a significant role in promoting the export of digital services. Secondly, the impact of trade rules on different types of trade and national income levels is significantly different. Thirdly, the mechanism analysis results show that trade costs have an intermediary role, and digital trade rules can promote the export of digital services by reducing trade costs. Finally, compared to “high-income countries”, the establishment of digital trade rules brings greater benefits to the digital services trade of low- and middle-income countries. Digital trade has brought significant changes to globalization development. Few studies address the role of digital trade rules in regulating the development of digital trade, and some researchers suggest reconstructing the global trade rules to meet the growth of digital trade. Nevertheless, research on how digital trade rules affect digital services exports is still sparse. This study contributes to the literature by revealing the importance of digital trade rules and provides a reference to promote institutional openness in the field of digital trade.

National income and macro-economic correlates of the double burden of malnutrition: an ecological study of adult populations in 188 countries over 42 years

The double burden of malnutrition (DBM) represents a growing global challenge with adverse health and economic consequences. We aimed to investigate the associative roles of national income (gross domestic product per capita [GDPPC]) and macro-environmental factors on the DBM trends among national adult populations. In this ecological study we assembled extensive historical data on GDPPC from the World Bank World Development Indicators database and population-level DBM data of adults (aged ≥18 years) from the WHO Global Health Observatory database in 188 countries over 42 years (1975-2016). In our analysis, a country was considered to have the DBM in a year when adult overweight (BMI ≥25·0 kg/m2) and underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) prevalence was each 10% or more in that year. We used a Type 2 Tobit model to estimate the association of GDPPC and selected macro-environmental factors (globalisation index, adult literacy rate, female share in the labour force, share of agriculture in the national gross domestic product [GDP], prevalence of undernourishment, and percentage of principal display area mandated to be covered by health warnings on cigarette packaging) with DBM in 122 countries. We find a negative association between GDPPC and the likelihood of a country having the DBM. However, conditional on its presence, DBM level exhibits an inverted-U shaped association with GDPPC. We found an upward shift in DBM levels from 1975 to 2016 across countries at the same level of GDPPC. Among the macro-environmental variables, share of females in the labour force and share of agriculture in the national GDP are negatively associated with DBM presence in a country, whereas the prevalence of undernourishment in the population is positively associated. Further, globalisation index, adult literacy rate, share of females in the labour force, and health warnings on cigarette packaging are negatively associated with DBM levels in countries. DBM level in national adult populations rises with GDPPC until US$11 113 (in 2021 constant dollar terms) and then starts declining. Given their current GDPPC levels, most low-income and middle-income countries are thus unlikely to have a decline in the DBM levels in the near future, ceteris paribus. Those countries will also be expected to experience a higher DBM level at similar levels of national income than were historically experienced by the current high-income countries. Our findings point to a further intensification of the DBM challenge in the near future for the low-income and middle-income countries as they continue to have income growth. None.

Riset Pengaruh Indeks Pembangunan Manusia Dan Tenaga Kerja Pada Pertumbuhan Ekonomi

In line with IPM, labor is a factor that affects economic growth, the role of work is one of the production factors that affect the level of national income. At the same time it is assumed that with the increase in labor input at the production plant, then the volume of production will also increase. In other words, if the amount of labor does not increase, the amount of production remains the same. Such a statement cannot be considered completely true, because although the number of employees has not changed, it is possible that if the quality of employees increases, the level of production will also increase.

How Did Governments Address the Needs of People With Disabilities During the COVID-19 Pandemic? An Analysis of 14 Countries' Policies Based on the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons With Disabilities.

People with disabilities have experienced heightened social risks in the context of the pandemic, resulting in higher rates of infection and mortality. They have also borne elevated burdens associated with public health measures. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) obliges its 184 state parties to eliminate discrimination and ensure equality and inclusion for persons with disabilities, including protection and safety in situations of emergency. It remains unclear to what extent national COVID-19 policies have aligned with these commitments under the UNCRPD. Our objective in this exploratory study was to assess alignment between the UNCRPD indicators and COVID-19 policies from 14 countries with the goal of informing policy development that is inclusive of persons with disabilities and responsive to rights under the UNCRPD. We identified COVID-19 policy documents from 14 purposively selected countries. Country selection considered diversity based on geographic regions and national income levels, with restriction to those countries that had ratified the UNCRPD and had English or French as an official language. We used a computational text mining approach and developed a complex multilevel dictionary or categorization model based on the UNCRPD Bridging the Gap indicators proposed by the Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights (OHCHR). This dictionary was used to assess the extent to which indicators across the entirety of the UNCRPD were represented in the selected policies. We analyzed frequency of associations with UNCRPD, as well as conducting 'key word in context' analyses to identify themes. We identified 764 COVID-19 national policy documents from the period of January 2020 to June 2021. When analyzed in relation to the Articles of the UNCRPD, the most frequently identified were Articles 11 (risk and humanitarian emergencies), 23 (home and family), 24 (education), and 19 (community living). Six countries produced 27 policies that were specifically focused on disability. Common themes within these documents included continuation of services, intersectionality and equity, and disability considerations in regulations and public health measures. Analyzing country policies in light of the UNCRPD offers important insights about how these policies do and do not align with states' commitments. As new policies are developed and existing ones revised, more comprehensive approaches to addressing the rights of persons with disabilities are urgently needed.

The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in college students by continents and national income during the COVID-19 pandemic: a meta-analysis.

The present study aimed to provide a more accurate representation of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in college students during COVID-19 by performing meta-analyses by continents, national income, and study majors, and comparing the results with estimated pooled prevalence. Based on the guideline of PRISMA, literature was searched in PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase. The prevalence of PTSD was estimated through a random model based on the different continents and levels of national income, as well as study majors, and compared with the pooled prevalence of PTSD among college students. Totally 381 articles were retrieved from electronic databases and 38 articles were included in the present meta-analysis. The results showed that the pooled prevalence of college students' PTSD was 25% (95% CI: 21-28%). Prevalence estimates of PTSD among college students were statistically significant (p < 0.00001) when stratified with geographical regions, income levels, and study majors. In comparison with the pooled prevalence of PTSD (25%), subgroups of Africa and Europe, lower-middle-income countries, and medical college students possessed higher prevalence estimates. The findings of the study showed that the prevalence of PTSD in college students worldwide during COVID-19 was relatively high and varied in different continents and countries with different income levels. Therefore, healthcare providers should pay attention to the psychologically healthy condition of college students during COVID-19.

Effects of high temperatures and heatwaves on dengue fever: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Studies have shown that dengue virus transmission increases in association with ambient temperature. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effect of both high temperatures and heatwave events on dengue transmission in different climate zones globally. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science from January 1990 to September 20, 2022. We included peer reviewed original observational studies using ecological time series, case crossover, or case series study designs reporting the association of high temperatures and heatwave with dengue and comparing risks over different exposures or time periods. Studies classified as case reports, clinical trials, non-human studies, conference abstracts, editorials, reviews, books, posters, commentaries; and studies that examined only seasonal effects were excluded. Effect estimates were extracted from published literature. A random effects meta-analysis was performed to pool the relative risks (RRs) of dengue infection per 1°C increase in temperature, and further subgroup analyses were also conducted. The quality and strength of evidence were evaluated following the Navigation Guide systematic review methodology framework. The review protocol has been registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). The study selection process yielded 6367 studies. A total of 106 studies covering more than four million dengue cases fulfilled the inclusion criteria; of these, 54 studies were eligible for meta-analysis. The overall pooled estimate showed a 13% increase in risk of dengue infection (RR=1.13; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11-1.16, I2=98.0%) for each 1°C increase in high temperatures. Subgroup analyses by climate zones suggested greater effects of temperature in tropical monsoon climate zone (RR=1.29, 95% CI: 1.11-1.51) and humid subtropical climate zone (RR=1.20, 95% CI: 1.15-1.25). Heatwave events showed association with an increased risk of dengue infection (RR=1.08; 95% CI: 0.95-1.23, I2=88.9%), despite a wide confidence interval. The overall strength of evidence was found to be "sufficient" for high temperatures but "limited" for heatwaves. Our results showed that high temperatures increased the risk of dengue infection, albeit with varying risks across climate zones and different levels of national income. High temperatures increased the relative risk of dengue infection. Future studies on the association between temperature and dengue infection should consider local and regional climate, socio-demographic and environmental characteristics to explore vulnerability at local and regional levels for tailored prevention. Australian Research Council Discovery Program.

Global prevalence of congenital hypothyroidism among neonates from 1969 to 2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Little is known about the global prevalence of congenital hypothyroidism (CH), though it is known to vary across countries and time periods. This meta-analysis aims to estimate the global and regional prevalence of CH among births between 1969 and 2020. PubMed, Web of Sciences, and Embase databases were searched for relevant studies between January 1, 1975, and March 2, 2020. Pooled prevalence was calculated using a generalized linear mixed model, and expressed as a rate per 10,000 neonates. The meta-analysis involved 116 studies, which analyzed 330,210,785 neonates, among whom 174,543 were diagnosed with CH. The pooled global prevalence of CH from 1969 to 2020 was 4.25 (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.96-4.57). The geographic region with highest prevalence was the Eastern Mediterranean (7.91, 95% CI 6.09-10.26), where the prevalence was 2.48-fold (95% CI 2.04-3.01) that in Europe. The national income level with the highest prevalence was upper-middle (6.76, 95% CI 5.66-8.06), which was 1.91-fold (95% CI 1.65-2.22) that in high-income countries. Global prevalence of CH was 52% (95% CI 4-122%) higher in 2011-2020 than in 1969-1980, after adjusting for geographic region, national income level, and screening strategy. Conclusion: The global prevalence of CH increased from 1969 to 2020, which may reflect the implementation of national neonatal screening, neonatal testing for thyroid-stimulating hormone, and a lowering of the diagnostic level of this hormone. Additional factors are likely to be driving the increase, which should be identified in future research. What is Known: • Cumulated evidence had suggested that the occurrences of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) among newborns were varied in different countries.. • Up-trends of the birth prevalence of CH were observed in many European and American countries. What is New: • This is the first meta-analysis to estimate global and regional prevalence of CH among newborns. • The global prevalence of CH has increased by 127% since 1969. The Eastern Mediterranean has the highest prevalence and stands out with the most pronounced escalation in the prevalence of CH.

Why were some countries more successful than others in curbing early COVID-19 mortality impact? A cross-country configurational analysis.

Why was there considerable variation in initial COVID-19 mortality impact across countries? Through a configurational lens, this paper examines which configurations of five conditions-a delayed public-health response, past epidemic experience, proportion of elderly in population, population density, and national income per capita-influence early COVID-19 mortality impact measured by years of life lost (YLL). A fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) of 80 countries identifies four distinctive pathways associated with high YLL rate and four other different pathways leading to low YLL rate. Results suggest that there is no singular "playbook"-a set of policies that countries can follow. Some countries failed differently, whereas others succeeded differently. Countries should take into account their situational contexts to adopt a holistic response strategy to combat any future public-health crisis. Regardless of the country's past epidemic experience and national income levels, a speedy public-health response always works well. For high-income countries with high population density or past epidemic experience, they need to take extra care to protect elderly populations who may otherwise overstretch healthcare capacity.