National History Research Articles

The Heritage of Tsarist Russia’s Military Forts as an Object of Postcolonial Revision: Case of the Kaunas School of Art Building 1922–1923

The aim of the article is to rethink which objects in contemporary Lithuania are worth being European cultural heritage and which are not — as many of them are now being used by the neighboured aggressive country as examples (politicised arguments) for today’s Russia’s imperial historical narratives. Results of the research demonstrate that the discussion on mitigations of Tsarist Russia’s military forts heritage is a new topic, as the recent decades in Lithuania have shown that the heritage of military forts’ architecture in the post-soviet decades is being protected even more than in Soviet Russia’s occupation period. So, this trend in Lithuanian cultural Heritage research emerges as an object worth deeper postcolonial revision. Significant is building the future from the past. Within this frame of thinking, the article invites us to remember the national history and select well-known cases from the country’s past as most valuable for national and cultural identity. The example of the famous 100-year-old Art School building in Kaunas city (which in the interwar period 1918–1940 was the temporary capital of the Republic of Lithuania) was chosen as the article’s main case study. After 100 years, there are no longer any doubts or debates as to how much the area of the 9th battery in Kaunas Oaks Hill (Ąžuolų kalnas) has “suffered” due to the fact that the complex of buildings of the Lithuanian national Art School was built in a Tsarist Russia military fortress plot. This is evidenced by the other mentioned cases — today outstanding national cultural heritage objects were built a century ago replacing Tsarist Russia’s military architecture, meanwhile, according to the laws in force today — these buildings should be protected. Conclusions. Russia’s war against Ukraine, it’s the right time to reassess countries’ critical heritage: in which situations it is worth, how much it is worth, and in which it is no longer worth protecting the architectural heritage of military power formed by Tsarist Russia, especially when it is ruined and too difficult to adapt it to the needs of modern people.

Analysis of the Attitude of the United States Government Towards the COVID-19 Epidemic from the Perspective of Post-colonialism and National History

COVID-19 has swept the world for 4 years. During this period, different countries have made different policies on COVID-19 according to their national conditions, and different results have been produced according to different policy restrictions. The United States, as the world's largest power objectively, has also formulated a relative lose control policy to limit the development of the epidemic according to the actual situation. Therefore, this study focuses on the attitude of the US to this pandemic through theoretical and historical angles. From the perspective of post-colonialism and the formation history of the early United States, because the United States of America was used to the free and democratic way of government., and the early United States developed into an independent country only after the colonialists carried out an uprising against its home country, it showed very strong resistance to restrictions and forced management of such means. This has also led to the fact that the United States is still struggling with COVID-19, and it is believed that soon, the United States will completely coexist with COVID-19 and become normalized.

The History of International Relations in the Legacy of the Soviet Historian Vladimir M. Khvostov (1905–1972)

In the article, based on a large number of archival documents, some of which were first put into scientific circulation, the research activities and problems of scientific research by V.M.Khvostov are considered. The author analyzed two main directions in the work of the scientist: the history of diplomacy and international relations; problems of general and national history (mainly the events of world wars). The contribution of V.M.Khvostov to the study of this issue is determined, his creative biography is considered as one of the models of the life and career of a scientist in the Soviet political and historiographic space.

The Phenomenon of Panteleimon Kulish in the National History and Culture of Ukraine

The Phenomenon of Panteleimon Kulish in the National History and Culture of Ukraine

Makna Perang Jagaraga dalam Kerangka Sejarah Nasional Sebagai Bentuk Kepribadian Bangsa Indonesia

In the 19th and 20th centuries, there were a number of battles the Balinese people fought against the Dutch colonial government. Resistance either in the form of war or puputan occurred successively in the royal territories in Bali, starting from the Buleleng war, Jagaraga war, Banjar war, Kusamba war, Badung puputan, Klungkung puputan to Margarana puputan. This paper focuses on the Jagaraga war within the framework of national history which was carried out by the Balinese people under the command or army leaders from among the kings, governors, relatives of the kings, and even among ordinary people, such as Jero Jempiring at the Battle of Jagaraga. From this background, the problems discussed in this paper are: (1) What is the meaning of the link between the paramilitary leader and his followers? (2) What is the meaning of Hindu philosophy in the Jagaraga war? and (3) What is the meaning of the Jagaraga war in the framework of National history?.

PERANCANGAN APLIKASI GAME EDUKASI TENTANG MITOLOGI INDONESIA BERBASIS ANDROID

The rapid development of technology has significantly impacted various aspects of human life, including education and entertainment. One emerging trend is the utilization of technology to create engaging and interactive educational games. With technological advancements, educational games have become effective tools to teach various concepts and skills to the younger generation. However, in the era of globalization, the role of mythology in the lives of the younger generation has been overshadowed by foreign cultures' influence and technological advancements. By combining technology, elements of mythology, and educational aspects, a game based on Indonesian mythology becomes an innovative and attractive solution to ignite the interest and awareness of the younger generation towards their cultural heritage and national history. In this research will developed a technology-based educational game with a focus on Indonesian mythology using Unity, Adobe Illustrator and Visual Studio. The game was designed to present information about Indonesian mythology in an engaging and interactive manner, captivating the interest of the younger generation in learning and getting acquainted with their cultural heritage.

New Narratives and Old Myths: History Textbooks in Kazakhstan

Abstract This article focuses on the role of textbooks in the construction of national identity by analyzing state-approved versions of national identity and history in Kazakhstan. By doing so, this project seeks to highlight what understanding of identity prevails in the history textbooks of Kazakhstan, what narratives regarding the key historic events are promoted, particularly with respect to the Dzhungar wars, annexation of Kazakh Khanate by the Russian Empire, and the Soviet era. Finally, this article compares the main narratives in the textbooks published in Kazakh and Russian languages to illustrate differences and various understandings of identity in the two linguistic realms of Kazakhstan. The article argues that Kazakhstan’s textbooks combine new, independence-focused narratives with the old approaches and partial reproduction of the Soviet symbolic discourse.

Ecouri ale golgotei bisericii ortodoxe din regatul României în Episcopia Buzăului (1916-1918)

Between December 1916 and November 1918, approximately 66% of the territory of the Kingdom of Romania, including Bucharest, its capital, was under the domination of the Central Powers. This academic approach certifies the fact that the Orthodox Church in the Kingdom of Romania was not exempted from the major trials experienced, during that period, by the population and the other institutions of the state. It highlights some relevant aspects of the “Golgotha” suffered by some hierarchs, clerics, monks and believers, who lived through this unfortunate chapter in the national history. Those “crucified” by the terror practiced by the occupying enemy continued to believe in the resurrection of the Romanian nation. Strong echoes of the temptations, passions and hopes of this capital moment for our existential destiny were also fully felt in the Bishopric of Buzău, chosen as a case study.

Ethnonationalism and Ideology

Abstract The Japanese occupation of Malaysia during the Second World War has occupied a significant space in national history textbooks in Malaysia. The period has been associated with nationalist movements and independence from colonial rule. However, narratives of the Japanese occupation in school history textbooks have changed in terms of the importance given to the experiences of the three major ethnic groups in Malaysia (the Malay, Chinese, and Indian ethnic groups). This article presents an analysis of the Japanese occupation as portrayed in Malaysian national history textbooks from 1978 to 2020. It demonstrates a link between ideology and the state curriculum in Malaysia, which shows how cultural and ideological factors (namely, the political ideology of Malay dominance, or ketuanan Melayu) explain the changes made to the narratives in history textbooks.

Expanded National History and Korean Diaspora Literature : Focusing on Pachinko by Min Jin Lee

Expanded National History and Korean Diaspora Literature : Focusing on Pachinko by Min Jin Lee

Фундаментальная библиотека тюменского уездного училища и формирование гуманитарного образовательного ресурса в первой половине XIX в.

The article examines formation and development of the fundamental library of the Tyumen district school in the first half of the XIX century. From the author’s point of view, conclusion is that the process of accumulation of books in it was under strict control, but in a fragmented way and without regard to the status of the educational institution. The register of books on humanitarian orientation conveys the spirit of that time and testifies to the active interest in national history, pedagogy, Russian language and literature in the context of the theory of the official nationality. However, philosophical science was not officially recognized. The information field of the library was higher than the demands of the district school, and the mediation between the author of the book and the reader was carried out at a low level. Nevertheless, the appearance of the first secular library at an ed-ucational institution served as a significant factor in the dissemination of knowledge and the formation of civil society.

Missionary involvement with the Simele massacre in 1933: the end of American sympathy for the Assyrians

ABSTRACT The Simele massacre of 1933 in Iraq, in which over 600 Assyrian Christians lost their lives, is an important part of Assyrian national history and is one of the few well-known events in twentieth-century Iraqi history where Christians are involved. While there was a general outcry in Western Europe and the United States against the Iraqi government following the massacre, the American missionaries present locally of the United Mission in Mesopotamia/Iraq did not support the Assyrians following the massacre despite the generally humanitarian approach of their mission and their support for the Assyrian cause in the early years after the First World War. In this article, I argue that apparent apathy from the side of the missionaries was largely the result of a radical change in thinking about missionary involvement in political debates concerning the future of non-Muslim minorities in the Middle East.

Shakespeare and the New Palace of Westminster (1834–1927)

ABSTRACT This article explores how the art and architecture of the New Palace of Westminster (home to the UK’s Houses of Parliament) evoke a theatrical experience underpinned by ‘Shakespearean’ aesthetics. Over a series of artistic commissions from the 1840s to the 1920s, artists instrumentalised Shakespeare both explicitly and implicitly as part of the wider schemes within which they worked. Doing so, they visualised and even theatricalised the political and artistic aims of their commissioners and sought to project a unified sense of national history and contemporary aesthetic taste. The three case studies from within the Palace discussed here therefore offer a concentrated reception history of Shakespeare. This reading of the Palace’s visual arts thereby sharpens our understanding of Shakespeare’s developing roles in British national conception. It brings together print, theatrical, and art history with attention to architecture and design, as well as archival details, to offer an interdisciplinary analysis of Shakespeare’s role in constitutional expressions of British identity – not least during a major period of imperial activity and at the very seat of parliamentary power.

Fantasy interpretation model for historiography Fantasy novel plus AH subgenre

Taking into account the different goals of the AH and Fantasy novel plus AH subgenre writing, we can try and develop one definition of both. AH writing reconstructs the national or world history and the changed facts, conclusions draw our attention to specific facts, key moments of well-known stories that are invisible for us, since of everyday life’s obvious reality prevents us from analyzing processes, we turn on the automatic mode instead. While Fantasy novel plus AH subgenre writing is rather monumental work, because it turns to the world history or historiography model making. Fantasy novel plus AH subgenre works use the historyographical method, but they exist in unreal time dealing with well-known constructions of the action world history of civilization. For example, one of the first uchronic stories by George Richard Raymond Martin “The Hedge Knight” (Martin) uses the space of Middle Ages in Europe for fiction story modeling. Also, it is an abstract of the world of the latest “Game of Thrones” – the greatest fiction saga of the new age literature in the 2000s. There is no doubt that “A Song of Ice and Fire” is constructed based on the matrix of such myth as “The Elder Edda” and “The Lord of the Rings” by John R. R. Tolkien. Legendary fantasy writer J. R. R. Tolkien spent much of his life studying, translating, and teaching ancient tales of northern Europe at Oxford and drew on them for his own writing. These epic stories, with their wizards and knights, dragons and trolls, cursed rings and magic swords, are as fascinating today as they were thousands of years ago. Reading them brings us as close as we will ever get to the magical worlds of the Vikings and the origins of their twentieth-century counterpart: Tolkien’s Middle Earth gave G. R. R. Martin, according to his own confession, the idea of the fantasy world of Westeros. The article deals with the specifics of the Fantasy novel plus AH subgenre in comparison to the Alternate history itself. The aim of the study is to emphasize the main features of the Fantasy novel plus AH subgenre and its common and different characteristics. The study uses such a method as comparative, descriptive, analysis and statistics counting. The novelty of the current research is realized by the essence of the first-time study of the AH subgenres on the world literature sources. The sources of the study are novels written by G. R. R. Martin “A Song of Ice and Flame”, “Kaiser and the War” by Simon J. Ortiz and V. Neff “Queens Don’t Have Legs”. Conclusions. As well as “A Song of Ice and Flame” by G. R. R. Martin, V. Neff’s trilogy exhibits a gallery of kings, queens, dukes, wizards, captains, people. Some of them are real, some are prototypes of actual statesmen; some characters come from Greek myths, while some – from the author’s fantasy. Although the objective of the alternative history method in the both works is quite different, it plays a similar role in the plot construction. Alternative history builds the walls of fantasy world from the bricks of actual historical elements, making the novel interesting for readers and involving them as betrayers.

Formative Beginnings: A History of the AIAS

The American Institute of Architecture Students (AIAS) at the Illinois Institute of Technology has a long history dating back to its original charter as a Student Chapter of the American Institute of Architects (AIA) in 1953. My curiosity as a leader of the present day organization sparked a vast research effort that would transcend the legacy of IIT’s chapter and work to unearth a national history. Goals through the ongoing research are not only to unearth a history but also to discover the relation between supplemental experience and architectural education; working to define the importance of the integration of both into a holistic educational experience. The AIAS has served as the official voice of architecture students for 56 years and championed the message of empowering the student voice; influences of the organization are clearly seen in the evolution of architectural education but there lacks clear documentation. The production of a large-scale archeological hunt for information works to properly document the historical legacy of the AIAS and expand comprehensively the institutional memory of the organization for future members, leaders, and students of architecture.

In the Mood for Kimono: Hayashi Mariko and the Weaving of Japanese Fashion into Popular Fiction

The field of postwar Japanese and international fiction has seen an expanding corpus of texts revolving around kimono. Many works, while tapping into the intricacies of sartorial traditions, contain actualized narratives of young girls and women experiencing or remembering kimono in prewar, postwar, and contemporary Japan. In these stories, the kimono—ever persisting, at times resisting—helps the protagonist to discover self-confidence and agency as they deal with loss, social expectations, family, and national history. This article focuses on Hayashi Mariko’s short story collection Stories about Kimono (Kimono o meguru monogatari, 1997) and her more recent novel The Imperial Visit to Ohara: The Story of an Obi-Making Family (Ohara gokō: Obi ni ikita kazoku no monogatari, 2014b). These two narratives work within all of these parameters and illustrate how authors can write consistently about the multiple meanings within kimono. Through analyzing how Hayashi describes kimono outfits and their implications, this article also explores how, as a literary device, the kimono connects with the concept of reality effect; emphasizes the power of the feminine gaze in Japanese literature; and reveals how the limits between fiction and reality can be broken down. When inspired by the specific mode of dress that is kimono, writers can prompt new inspirations for women to create their own stories with it, discarding the cliché of ‘yamato nadeshiko’ (lit: Japanese pink carnations, used to evoke Japanese demure, feminine beauty) to explore darker and/or more embodied experiences.

Rethinking nationalistic history in China: Towards a multicultural Chinese identity

In China, the central government enjoys paramount authority in (re)writing national history, and its interpretation is promoted through various channels to shape people's national identity. Over the past two decades, the Chinese government has promoted a nationalistic history to promote a Han‐dominant Chinese identity. This nationalistic approach to Chinese history stands in contrast to China's multicultural society and the government's affirmation of multicultural aims as the core values and future goals of the nation. It was expected that the government would rethink and revise nationalistic history to recognize diverse groups and accommodate their needs in the Xi Jinping era. However, this paper shows that the current government continues to emphasize a version of national history that encourages a nationalistic sentiment and discourse. This approach to Chinese history risks strengthening xenophobic sentiments and behaviour in China, and could become coercive for Chinese people who hold different interpretations or expect a more comprehensive interpretation of national history. I argue that a critical multicultural approach can help develop a more inclusive and balanced national history and identity in China.

Conceptualizing Successful School Leadership in Norway: Political and Cultural Practices

Throughout the last two decades, successful school leadership has been subject to extensive research in Norway and comparisons across countries as part of the International Successful School Principals Project (ISSPP). This paper identifies and discusses how and why Norwegian research on the relationship between school leadership positions and governance regimes comes into play when defining terms such as “success” and “effectiveness”. A critical literature review establishes analysis and discussion as the basis for an improved understanding of the notion of success in ISSPP research in the Norwegian education policy context. The findings show that success is consistently attached to a collaborative, political, and democratic perspective, as well as trust, power, and the definition of quality in education. Furthermore, ISSPP studies of cases in the Norwegian context have contributed to the educational leadership field by positioning school leadership within a combination of local, national, and global political and cultural environments. The differences and similarities between countries that do not share a common cultural heritage or language must be considered. In particular, there is a need to discuss the relationship between national history and policy and the conceptualization of successful school leadership.

Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia

The goal of this dissertation is to expose the impact that educational reforms have had from an administrative and academic perspective, thus permeating the idea of education quality at the different educational levels. The analysis begins by providing a general description, and then, it delves into examples from several Latin American countries. In doing so, a convenient path is paved in which all possible routes regarding public policies in education and politics could be discussed in the study. Within research lies the direction and relationship that globalization has had on educational reforms in Latin America, commencing with a state-of-the-art vision and backed up by documentary evidence. Latin America’s educational reforms are directly and proportionally related to the regional and national history of each country. Therefore, we seek to derive an interpretation based on political and economic influences since education is not independent, and its reforms are not innate from its dynamics. In general terms, educational reforms are considered no autonomous in their essence, as they rarely originate from educators and pedagogues. On the contrary, they are proposed by politicians, economists, and professionals from other areas distant to pedagogy. They are left at the mercy of economic resources, which have little to no interest in the progress and the advancement of education, in accordance with educators and those in the process of formation. The aim is to provide advancements in the hermeneutic logic of educational policies and their subsequent reforms. This is due to the interests of several people who have included reforms and policies in their governmental plans. Their objective to offer unwarranted coverage at any price is a nefarious issue that places the actors of education at a disadvantage within a cost-benefit relationship. In the search for coverage and tuition fees, the quality and relevance of education in the general and particular framework are usually neglected.

Indonesian secondary history literacy skills level: case study of public and private high schools in Sukoharjo Regency, Central Java

This study aims to understand the historical literacy level of tenth-grade high school students before the implementation of the Kurikulum Merdeka. The research questions posed were: (1) what is the historical literacy level of Tenth Grade Senior High School students? Furthermore, (2) What are the factors behind the history literacy level of Tenth Grade High School students? The research subjects were Tenth Grade students and teachers from 19 high schools in Sukoharjo Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The method used is an online historical literacy test for students using multiple-choice questions. Focus Group Discussions with teachers are used to understand the factors behind students' historical literacy competence. The test results show that the historical literacy level of high school students is deficient, so they will experience many difficulties in participating in learning using the Kurikulum Merdeka. The reason is that teachers and textbooks thoroughly explain historical material, so the student's task is just memorizing it. Another factor is the influence of Orientalists that narrates national history about foreign activities in Indonesia. All factors made Indonesian history becomes a rote lesson that could be more interesting and challenging for students.