ABSTRACT Historians have situated the Russo-Japanese War and the First World War within global and state-centric narratives of Japan's ascent from an agricultural and regional state into an industrialised and imperial challenger to the Western international order. However, this article argues that a historiographical shift from state to nonstate, war to transwar, and urban to rural delineates a competing intellectual current that dislodged these two wars from the history of progress. The forgotten farmer activist and thinker Horii Kintarō (or Horii Ryōho, 1887–1938) provides a lens through which to illuminate this nonstate current and to identify a strand of agrarian thought that this article terms ‘Pan-Farmerism’ – a glocal vision of rural politics grounded in everyday peasant life and humanity's connection to soil. Its non-nationalist and earthly conception of farmer democracy challenged the liberal and imperial democracy of Japan by rooting itself in self-sufficiency, grassroots cooperatives, and mutual aid, which Horii enacted in rural Akita Prefecture. Unlike other pan-isms, Pan-Farmerism as an idea transcended race, ethnicity, religious creed, and the East/West binary by envisioning a transnational solidarity grounded in farmers, rather than in state-oriented or Marxist internationalisms. A transwar nonstate approach thus unveils qualitatively new ideas obscured by extant global, international, and national history.

ABSTRACT Based on two different migratory contexts, this article examines the perception of racism among migrant newcomers from Latin American and Caribbean countries in the United States and Chile. Drawing on survey data from both countries, this study shows that migrants’ perceptions associate different forms of discrimination with migration status and skin color. In addition, the results show that educational attainment is significantly related to perceived racism. While in the United States, a high educational level decreases the perception of racism, in Chile, it increases it. We argue that this is due to the significant differences in the migration processes in both countries, highlighting a strong link between the perception of skin color-based discrimination and the socio-cultural aspects of life. We argue that perceptions of discrimination and racism vary according to migratory patterns, the national and migration histories of host countries, and their respective migration policy environments. These factors influence how host societies perceive and interact with LAC migrants and, ultimately, shape whether migrants interpret their experiences as instances of racial discrimination. This comparative study contributes to migration and racial studies by identifying the contextual factors that shape migrants’ perceptions of discrimination in a globalized world.

ABSTRACT This study investigates migrant adolescents’ integration experiences across six European countries, Belgium, Germany, Greece, Italy, Ireland, and Spain, drawing on survey data from 9,780 students aged 10–18 participating in the IMMERSE project. Using multivariate statistical analysis, the study examines school belonging, social support, language competence, intercultural friendships, and well-being, identifying four integration profiles: Competent but Isolated, Vulnerable Learners, Socially Connected, and Resilient Multiculturalists. The findings demonstrate that integration is not a linear process, but a dynamic interplay of individual agency and contextual opportunity structures shaped by national migration histories, policy environments, and school systems. Across all profiles, a deficit in school belonging emerges as a critical concern, underscoring the need for more inclusive school cultures, teacher training, and relational pedagogies. The findings highlight the importance of listening to adolescents’ voices and developing policies that respect their agency in shaping integration journeys.

The nation and nation-ness have occupied an eminent place in the historiography of the Habsburg Monarchy. In early scholarly works, imagined as a natural form of human community, the nation was blamed for the downfall of the monarchy. More recently, scholars have convincingly argued that nation-ness was not relevant in all situations and for all people. However, less attention has been given to the attempts at seeding an “Austrian” (imperial) national idea in the minds of the empire’s inhabitants. The 1850s saw important developments in this regard: leading Austrian statesmen and public intellectuals recognized the need for a proper “Austrian consciousness.” One of them was the secretary of state under the minister for education, Joseph Alexander von Helfert. His main concern was an Austrian national history that would set the ground for a proper Austrian national consciousness. In this article, I will explore the Helfertian concept of the Austrian nation, paying special attention to its multi-layered contexts and the historian’s major project, Österreichische Geschichte für das Volk, a popularizing synthesis of Austrian history that was to nurture Austrian patriotism, but ultimately failed to transmit a coherent image of the empire’s complex history.

ABSTRACT This article examines how subregional cooperation initiatives in Southeast Asia, celebrated for promoting ‘borderless’ economic integration, re‑scale and re‑narrate long‑standing projects of enclosure that deepen the marginalisation of maritime communities. Focusing on the Singapore–Johor–Riau (SIJORI) Growth Triangle and the Brunei–Indonesia–Malaysia–Philippines East ASEAN Growth Area (BIMP‑EAGA), it traces how regional growth zones build on colonial and national histories of surveillance, sedentarisation, and dispossession while reorganising them through cross‑border institutions and development rhetoric. Drawing on the concept of selective border permeability – where borders open to state elites and investors but tighten around communities such as the Orang Laut and Bajau Laut – the analysis shows how these initiatives extend uneven geographies of mobility into the sea. By bringing critical geopolitics into conversation with the original concept of blue agrarianisation, the article argues that subregional cooperation reimagines the sea as both a ‘borderless’ investment frontier and a landscape of intensified regulation. Juxtaposing SIJORI and BIMP‑EAGA, the study demonstrates how regional projects selectively open borders for capital while consolidating state authority, reproducing older forms of enclosure in new, regionally articulated ways.

This study examines the reenactment of two historical events that hold a pivotal place in the Republic of Türkiye's founding process through augmented reality technology. The scope of the research is limited to İzmir-focused content related to the Great Offensive, which took place between 26 August and 9 September 1922, and the proclamation of the Republic on 29 October 1923. The study is based on the results of a two-stage scientific research project titled Zafere Doğru 2023. Aiming to make an original contribution by relating the discipline of history to new technologies such as augmented reality, the project focuses, from a technical perspective, on an augmented reality-based application for camera-supported mobile devices. Developed for mobile devices running the Android operating system, the application has a sustainable potential for use due to its updatable content structure and adaptability to different contexts; its technical infrastructure has also been designed in a way that can be adapted to iOS-based systems. Within the scope of the project, 68 historical events were identified; materials such as documents, photographs, paintings, and illustrations were compiled from archives, and 2D animations and 3D augmented reality models were created for 58 of these events. Through its location-based structure, historical events that occurred within the boundaries of İzmir were reenacted using models superimposed on camera images and sound elements in selected scenes. In this respect, the project presents an innovative example of an application for the preservation and transmission of historical heritage through digital technologies. The academic and professional experiences gained during the project also contributed to updating relevant educational programs.

Sports has often been a focal point for symbols and narratives, acting as a common thread among citizens that can dynamically impact the creation and content of national identity, national history and narratives. This paper discusses and compares the national identity and narrative aspects of the Olympics Games hosted by Japan in 1964, South Korea in 1988 and China in 2008. In each of these instances the host country had recently experienced significant trauma and/or transformation: Japan arising from the defeat of World War II as a new democratic peaceful state, South Korea emerging from authoritarian rule to take its place as a new industrial democratic state and China as a rejuvenated peaceful world power. It argues that in each of these Olympic Games, state policymakers used the games as an opportunity to re-articulate their national identity and history. Japanese and Korean policymakers and Olympic Committee sought to identify with development democratic nations while the Chinese government narratives and symbols suggested that China would follow its own developmental path that would not necessarily resonate with the Western expectations or lead to liberal democracy and a full market economy.

National identity remains a widely debated topic among scholars and cultural heritage institutions, particularly in multi-ethic societies like Malaysia. Museums, as key cultural institutions, play a crucial role in shaping and communicating national identity through their permanent exhibitions. Specifically, it explores how these exhibitions communicate narratives of Malaysia’s ethnic diversity and the decisions involved in curating national history and heritage. Using a qualitative approach, this study draws on online interviews with nine experts in museum studies, communication, Malaysian history, and culture. The findings revealed three themes: (1) exhibitions function as a communication channel that shapes public understanding of national identity; (2) the representation of the dominant ethnic group is more pronounced in Muzium Negara, leading to concerns about inclusivity; and (3) the political influence plays a significant role in shaping national identity through museum narratives. It also offers a theoretical contribution by applying Social Representation Theory (SRT) to explain how national identity is constructed, institutionalised, and sometimes silenced through museum exhibitions in the Malaysian context. Future research should explore how visitors interpret and engage with these representations to further understand the museum’s role in shaping national identity.

Introduction . The purpose of the article is to determine the role of euhemerism in the study and the construction of national history and mythology in the works of French scholars of the first half of the 18th century. The novelty of the study is determined by the lack of special works on this problem. The relevance of the research topic is due to the ever-increasing interest of modern Russian and foreign researchers in the history of euhemerism as one of the ways of rational interpretation of mythology. However, this area of research still has noticeable gaps and this article is partly intended to fill them. Methodology and sources . To study this problem, the article uses the method of historical and philosophical analysis, problem and classification approaches. The works by French intellectuals of the first half of the 18th century, who used euhemerism as a tool for constructing national history and mythology, were the main sources of the study. The article presents the main ideas of P.-Y. Pezron, J. Martin, A. Banier and S. Pelloutier Results and discussion . P.-Y. Pezron, using strict euhemerism, combined the Old Testament narrative, the names of various gods, national and pan-European history to create a speculative construct, which can be called “Celtic myth”. His theory was popular in intellectual circles throughout the 18th century. J. Martin and A. Banier reproduced it in their texts with some modifications. The concept of “natural religion” and original monotheism allowed the authors to link together the Old Testament narrative and national polytheism. They believed that the events described in the Scriptures were the true historical basis for many “pagan fables” and interpreted the emergence of the polytheistic cult euhemerically. S. Pelloutier, without diminishing the comprehensiveness of the “Celtic theory”, rejected the confessionally tinged euhemerism of P.-Y. Pezron. He stopped linking the origin of the Celts with the Old Testament narrative and used the euhemeristic interpretation of mythological plots only episodically. Conclusion . In the works by French scholars of the first half of the 18th century, euhemerism supported the confessional concept of the national past and served as an explanation for the emergence of “false” polytheistic gods.

ABSTRACT This article examines Samantha Harvey’s Orbital as a literary response to the ethical and temporal pressures of the Anthropocene, because the novel moves beyond the Cold War tradition that framed space as a site of conquest and mastery. Instead, it presents orbit as a condition defined by exposure, dependence, and shared vulnerability. The article argues that Orbital dismantles three central structures of modern political thought, which are territorial space, bodily autonomy, and linear historical time. Through the visual erasure of borders, Earth is presented as a continuous planetary system that exceeds the logic of the nation state. Inside the International Space Station, closed loop life support systems blur the distinction between waste and sustenance, and this condition reveals biological individuality as increasingly untenable. At the same time, the accelerated rhythm of orbital motion disrupts the twenty four hour day and weakens the progressive narrative on which national history depends. The novel ultimately proposes an ethic of planetary responsibility, because survival is shown to depend on recognizing shared atmospheres, shared waters, and shared temporalities, and within this framework citizenship is no longer grounded in territory but in ecological interdependence.

This descriptive-exploratory quantitative research analyzes the psychometric characteristics of the Indonesian National History test using the Rasch model. Involving 200 respondents from urban-rural transition areas, data were analyzed using Quest to test reliability and validity via Infit MNSQ criteria. Results show high reliability and consistent logical validity. However, Wright Map visualization reveals a significant gap: average person ability (1.47 logits) far exceeds item difficulty (0.00 logits). The presence of misfit items indicates unexpected response patterns due to differing educational backgrounds. Overall, the test material is categorized as easy, necessitating more challenging instruments to measure the spectrum of participant ability more proportionally and objectively.

This article is devoted to the analysis of the scientific and publicistic legacy of Hasan Oraltay, a prominent representative of the Kazakh diaspora, regarding the history of the Alash national liberation movement. The relevance of the study is determined by the necessity to introduce into scientific circulation alternative histo riographical sources that countered the distortion of national history under the Soviet totalitarian system and ideological censorship. The authors comprehensively examine Hasan Oraltay’s activities at Radio Azattyk (Munich) and his works published in Turkey and Europe within the context of the ideological confrontation of the Cold War era. The research methods employ comparative-historical, problem-chronological methods, and content analysis. This approach enabled the identification of fundamental contradictions between official Soviet historiography and the diaspora narrative presented by H. Oraltay. The results of the study reveal H. Oraltay’s specific contributions to Alash studies: relying on European archives (Helsinki, London), hede bunked the Soviet myth regarding the alleged hostility between the “Aiqap” magazine and the “Qazaq” newspaper, demonstrated the continuity between the Alash Orda government and the Turkestan (Kokand) Autonomy, and promoted the legacy of repressed intellectuals like Magzhan Zhumabayev internationally. Furthermore, the article highlights his role in integrating the Alash topic into Western academia through publications in the prestigious “Central Asian Survey” journal. The article concludes that Hasan Oraltay’s works serve not merely as historical records but as a significant mechanism for intellectual decolonization and the preservation of national memory. His research provides a crucial resource for modern Kazakhstani historiog raphy, facilitating an objective understanding of the 20th-century political struggle of the national intelligent sia and bridging the gaps created by Soviet-era historical amnesia.

This article explores the possibility of integrating queer heritage into a permanent museum exhibition at the Maritime Centre Vellamo in Finland through the form of a rainbow trail. Informed by previous work on queering museums, exhibitions, and guided tours, the article evaluates the author’s intervention at Vellamo, beginning with its initiation, outlining the principles deployed to create the trail, analysing in detail the interpretative strategies used to write the leaflet, and examining visitor feedback collected by the museum. It aims to raise awareness of the possibilities offered by such museum activism for making the historical existence of queerness and queer heritage visible as part of national history, while leveraging the legitimacy afforded by the museum context.

ABSTRACT This article examines how the term ‘colonialism’ has been employed in the historiography of Lanna, a historical region in Northern Thailand. It traces the evolution of scholarly debates surrounding Siam’s incorporation of Lanna and analyses how the colonial lens has influenced interpretations of state domination and local resistance. Some scholars explicitly adopt colonialism as a critical lens to highlight asymmetrical power relations and cultural suppression. Some regard it as mere contextual background or a neutral temporal marker for economic branding. Others reject it altogether, instead emphasising the unevenness of modernisation and its socioeconomic consequences. Recent studies have increasingly used the colonial lens to critique Siamese policies, drawing parallels between Siam’s state-building strategies and European colonial practices. However, this article also highlights the potential pitfalls of replacing the teleology of nationalism or modernisation with that of colonialism by overemphasising Siam’s colonising agency, which risks obscuring the uneven, negotiated, and at times resistant engagement of Lanna actors with the Siamese state.

This article presents elements of the comparative research I am conducting as a visiting professor at the Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD) and presents collective contributions arising from the presentation that gives the text its title, delivered at the 33rd National History Symposium, held at UFMG in July 2025. We analyze works considered seminal for the development of historical writing and the memory of militants in revolutionary organizations who specifically survived "collaboration," which in turn was discussed as a form of repression and gender-based political violence applied through distinct strategies during the dictatorships of Chile (1973-90) and Argentina (1976-83). We discuss the development of this theme in the historical writing of both countries, considering the mobilization of gender as an analytical category in each case and linking the narratives to their historical moments of emergence. We hope to contribute to studies of the history and memory of dictatorships in the Southern Cone that avoid dichotomies and intertwine violence and resistance to understand ambiguities, contradictions of the recent past and their effects on the present from an ethical-political perspective of History.

ABSTRACT Introducing the novel concept of the ‘low-key hero’ and an approach based on uncovering a group’s ‘pantheon of heroes’, this paper contributes to a neglected aspect of the role of heroes in national identity. It examines the commemoration in South Korea of Kim Ch’ung-sŏn, a relatively unfamiliar historical figure. Against the backdrop of the progressive-conservative schism, I identify the country’s pantheon of heroes and analyse Kim’s memorialisation within its context. I argue that Kim is an atypical hero. His memorialisation – conceivably a byproduct of ‘authoritarian nostalgia’ – eliminates Japan as a ‘significant other’, contributing to the conservative historical narrative.

Abstract. The article is devoted to the study of the personal archives of prominent representatives of 20th century Azerbaijani culture Uzeyir Hajibeyli and Zulfugar Hajibeyov, preserved at the Institute of Manuscripts named after Muhammad Fuzuli of ANAS, from the point of view of historiography. Thus, the archival documents reflecting the professional and public activities of the Hajibeyovs are an important source for studying both our national musical history and cultural heritage, as well as the history of socio-political thought in Azerbaijan in the first half of the 20th century. The materials in the personal archival funds of both brothers (biographical documents, materials collected before the writing of historical musical works, initial versions of publicist articles expressing attitudes to the socio-political events of the modern era, personal letters and official correspondence on historically important topics) allow for a comprehensive study of the cultural and social processes of the period to which they belong. The extremely rich nature of the archives of U. Hajibeyli and Z. Hajibeyov in terms of document and information has created a broad factual base for research. The main goal of the research is to once again review the composition of these archives, determine the scientific value of historical documents, and show their importance for our science of source studies and historiography. The principle of initial description, systematization and analysis of materials in the funds was taken as the basis in the research process conducted at the intersection of archival and source studies. The first generalization of the personal archives of the Hajibeyov brothers in a single analytical framework, the systematization of the document-information resource in the funds in a specific thematic aspect can be considered a scientific novelty of the research. The article reveals that the personal archives of the Hajibeyovs can make a significant contribution not only to the study of the national cultural heritage, but also to the study of the history of Azerbaijan, the cultural and social processes taking place in our country, and the social life of the 20th century as a whole.

The article examines the views of the prominent historiographer Nikolay Yakovlevich Danilevsky, which are particularly topical for modern Russia and carry the character of genuine prophecies coming true before our eyes. They are useful for study — both to affirm correct directions in foreign and domestic policy, and to avoid false political hopes and orientations. Nikolay Danilevsky was the first to make a serious attempt to envision Russia's future; he presented to the public a fundamental historiographical controversy against Chaadaev's notorious "Philosophical Letter". Essentially, these two names mark the chronologically earliest attempts to deeply comprehend Russia's destiny in the present and future, as well as its role and place in the world (if, of course, one does not consider naive eschatology in the spirit of clerical concepts like "Moscow — Third Rome" or equally naive debates between Slavophiles and Westernizers, etc.). The material of the article will be beneficial as additional reading in such courses as "Philosophy," "National History," and "History and Theory of Culture".

A national transfusion history sharing service, such as the alloantibody exchange, should provide standardized data. However, red cell antigen profiles frequently exist as unstructured text. To reduce human curation and improve scalability, we evaluated whether large language models (LLMs) could standardize free-text antigen profiles. Using an academic center's antigen profiles, we compared open-weight LLMs run locally and commercial LLM accessed via the internet. Outputs were constrained to a prespecified format ("schema-guided decoding") and retries were allowed ("error-aware retries"). The primary outcome was an exact match of the antigen profile; secondary outcomes included antigen-level agreement, categorized error types, and processing cost. Differences were tested with Cochran's Q and pairwise McNemar tests with Holm correction. Of 908 deidentified red cell antigen profiles, a total of 10,547 antigens with 88 distinct antigens were noted. Performance differed significantly across LLMs (Cochran's Q = 3014.6, df = 10, p < 0.001). Commercial LLMs outperformed open source LLMs. Open-source models with a higher number of parameters outperformed smaller models. The top LLM matched 92.5% of the antigen profiles; antigen-level agreement reached 99.4%. Estimated API costs for commercial LLM were modest for the studied workload. Commercial LLMs can standardize unstructured antigen profiles with high accuracy when paired with schema-guided decoding and error-aware retries. The high accuracy shown by the LLMs suggests they would offer significant scalability while reducing manual curation for a national transfusion history sharing service like the alloantibody exchange. They represent a foundational technology for enabling such a service.

Abstract: This essay explores the role of family stories as a means of resilience, identity, and historical understanding through an Indigenous lens. Employing autoethnography, Booth situates personal narratives within broader contexts of US and Native histories, emphasizing the power of storytelling to sustain individuals and communities across generations. Family accounts—from poverty in Kentucky to Native Hawaiian migration, Canadian residential schools, and US Indian boarding schools—reveal complex experiences of trauma, faith, adaptation, and perseverance. These "story arrows," borrowing Keith Basso's metaphor, continue to guide lives by embedding lessons of fortitude and hope. The essay argues that history is made by people living ordinary yet meaningful lives and that remembering, sharing, and gathering around stories remains essential for survival and connection today.