National Herbarium Research Articles

A Review on Medicinal and Ethnomedicinal Uses, Biological Features, and Phytochemical Constituents of Sesbania sesban L. Merr., A Nitrogen-Fixing Plant Native to the Republic of Chad.

This study reports on a literature review of the leguminous tree Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr which is found in the N'djamena region, the Republic of Chad. The study focused on S. sesban's medicinal and ethnomedicinal uses, biological features, and phytochemical constituents to assist in future evaluations. A literature review was conducted using academic websites, such as Science Direct and Springer, online international plant databases, and data from national herbaria. S. sesban is a perennial shrub or tree that measures 3-4 m in height. This species is becoming rare in N'djamena but can be found in the rainy season, while in winter, it occurs mainly in ponds (called the Chadian dialect "Bouta") and on the shores of the Chari and Logone rivers. The local inhabitants in Chad use the species as medicine, livestock feed, and fuelwood and for improving soil fertility and repelling desert encroachment. Traditional healers use its leaves to treat breast cancer and edema. S. sesban is an essential species native to the Republic of Chad that needs conservation and valorization. Viewing its importance and rarity in N'djamena , a strategy for replanting the species in gardens, homes, and fields around N'djamena and other regions of Chad is recommended.

Flora of Rio de Janeiro: Protium Burm. f. (Burseraceae)

Abstract The current study aims to contribute to the knowledge the genus Protium occurring in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Collections deposited in national herbaria were examined and field collections were carried out, in addition to research in specialized literature and consultations in online international herbaria. Seven species were cataloged for the state of Rio de Janeiro. Descriptions, illustrations, comments, as well as information on phenology, ecology, conservation, and distribution maps for all species are presented.

Spatial patterns of congruence or mismatch between taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity and endemism of perennial flora along the aridity gradient of Chile.

Understanding the relationships between taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity and endemism across environmental gradients is essential for elucidating the eco-evolutionary mechanisms that shape local plant communities. A database was compiled from field surveys, national herbarium records, and virtual records of perennial plant specimens collected in the aridity gradient of northern Chile, between 18 and 32°S. A large-scale dated phylogeny of available perennial plants was used, and 11 functional traits were selected to construct a dendrogram using the Unweighted Pair-Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) method for the species present in our database. We calculated spatial patterns of a-diversity, including taxonomic (TD), functional (FD), and phylogenetic (PD) diversity, as well as weighted (WE), functional (FE), and phylogenetic (PE) endemism. We used multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) to identify spatial congruencies and discrepancies among these dimensions and to test different eco-evolutionary processes. The diversity indices TD, FD and PD showed similar geographic patterns (R2 > 0.93), with lower diversity observed in absolute desert regions. The pattern of weighted endemism (WE) showed a weak association with functional endemism (FE) and phylogenetic endemism (PE) (local R2 < 0.48). The regions with lower FD or PD than expected given the TD (i.e. FD<TD and PD<TD) are mainly located in desert areas, as well as in high Andean areas influenced by the Atacama Desert, suggesting communities with associated in situ speciation processes, as well as a limitation of morpho-functional trait diversity in response to extreme environmental conditions (environmental filter hypothesis). Similarly, where FE and PE values are higher than expected given the WE (i.e. FE>WE and PE>WE), they are found in arid, high Andean and transitional zones, at different altitudes, which would indicate a greater presence of phylogenetic lineages and species with morpho-functional traits related to extreme environmental conditions and transitional biomes (arid-semiarid). These spatial discrepancies suggest different eco-evolutionary drivers between the dimensions of diversity and endemism (taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic). Areas of high diversity and high endemism do not necessarily coincide, and both should be addressed by conservation efforts.

Taxonomic insights into the genus Rosa L. from the National Herbarium of Uzbekistan Collection

Taxonomic insights into the genus Rosa L. from the National Herbarium of Uzbekistan Collection

The genus Artemisia (Asteraceae) in the historical collection of W.S.J.G. Besser (KW-BESS) at the National Herbarium of Ukraine (KW)

Our herbarium inventory revealed that the collection of specimens of the genus Artemisia (Asteraceae) in the memorial collection of W.S.J.G. Besser (KW-BESS) at the National Herbarium of Ukraine (KW) contains at least 1186 herbarium sheets. The collection of specimens of Artemisia is stored in folders Nos. 234–249 of the Besser herbarium. Each folder contains individual paper folders (here termed taxon covers). In total, there are 217 individual taxon folders. Our analysis of protologues and herbarium labels demonstrated that the KW-BESS collection contains types and/or other original specimens in 118 taxon folders, but much more actual types of species-rank and infraspecific names. Additional analysis of their possible type status is needed for specimens in 28 taxon folders. The KW-BESS collection contains authentic and historical specimens of such famous researchers and collectors of the 19th century as A. Bunge, L.K.A. Chamisso, A.P. de Candolle, D. Douglas, J.F.G. Eschscholtz, F.E.L. Fischer, J.É. Gay, A. Gray, J.D. Hooker, V.V. Jacquemont, G.S. Karelin and I.P. Kirilov, K.F. Ledebour, A.F. Marschall von Bieberstein, C.A. Meyer, T. Nuttall, J.D. Prescott, Ch. Steven, N.S. Turczaninow, N. Wallich, etc. We present and discuss here some examples of labels written by Besser and several other famous botanists. Our preliminary assessment of this globally important collection established the foundations for further nomenclatural and taxonomic studies of Artemisia, in particular, those based on historical specimens at KW.

Modelling the current and future distribution potential areas of Peperomia abyssinica Miq., and Helichrysum citrispinum Steud. ex A. Rich. in Ethiopia

BackgroundThe aim of this study is to investigate how climate change influences the distribution of economically and environmentally important species of P. abyssinica and H. citrispinum in Ethiopia. The species distribution modeling intends to forecast species' ecological niche ranges and habitat suitability by employing a variety of environmental parameters as predictors, which is vital for conservation planning and restoration success. Six representative concentration pathways (RCP 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 for the years 2050 and 2070) with the same resolution of 2.5 min that shows the emission scenarios were used for the prediction. To predict the current and future distributions of H. citrispinum and P. abyssinica 56 and 45 occurrence records from National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, GBIF, and available literatures were used respectively.ResultsThe MaxEnt model predicted habitat suitability for H. citrispinum species with an Area Under Curve (AUC) value of 0.961 ± 0.027, and 0.809 ± 0.045 for P. abyssinica, indicating excellent discriminatory ability or accuracy under the current climate scenario. The Future distribution of suitable habitat for both H. citrispinum and P. abyssinica plant species was accurately predicted with AUC values of 0.960 ± 0.017 and 0.780 ± 0.35, respectively under future climatic scenarios. The jackknife test result indicates that environmental variables such as topographic position index (92.5%), precipitation of the driest quarter (3%) and precipitation in the coldest quarter (1.8%) are associated with the distributions of H. citrispinum, while topographic position index (36.6%), precipitation of driest quarter (21.4%), precipitation of warmest quarter (16.2%) and precipitation seasonality (13.9%) were found to be limiting environmental variables for P. abyssinica under current and future climatic conditions in Ethiopia. The prediction map and interception calculation for both present and projected (in the 2050s and again in the 2070s) climate change scenarios indicate significant habitat loss, decreased, and fragmentation under all RCPs (2.6, 4.5, and 8.5) scenarios for P. abyssinica while habitat gain, and increasing for H. citrispinum in Ethiopia.ConclusionsTopographic position index (TPI) is the most impactful predictor variable on the distribution of the two species. Consequently, potentially habitable areas (with diverse aspects and slopes) are increasing for H. citrispinum while decreasing for P. abyssinica.

Medicinal plants of the upper Aswa River catchment of northern Uganda - a cultural crossroads

BackgroundThis paper presents a comparative inventory of medicinal plant taxa and their uses by smallholder farming communities of four cultures in the Aswa River catchment of northern Uganda, situated in the eastern Sudanian savanna parkland ecotype of sub-Saharan Africa. The purpose of the study was to document the ethnobotanical use of medicinal plants by the Lango, Acholi, Teso (Atesot) and Ethur (jo Abwor), in an historical moment before civil conflict and mass displacement of the respondent communities disrupted the inter-generational transmission of traditional technical knowledge within the study area.MethodsFollowing community consultations in four districts of northern Uganda during 1999–2000, interviews were conducted with holders of specialist knowledge on plants used as medicine on basis of a plant specimen allocated a voucher number and identified by the national herbarium. Use reports reflecting specific medicinal applications were compiled in aggregate to obtain a Relative Importance Index ranking. The commonality of medicinal taxa cited between each cultural interface was assessed by the Jaccard Index of Similarity, and the similarity of specific medicinal usage by taxon using Rahman’s Similarity Index.ResultsThe data collected from 112 respondents comprise 280 medicinal use reports describing 263 applications for 62 medical conditions, citing 108 taxa from 44 botanical families of which Fabaceae comprised 20% of all use reports. No earlier mention could be found to corroborate 72 use reports (27% of the total), representing medicinal indications as yet undocumented, and potentially worthy of investigation. The RI values ranged between 15 and 94%, with 13 taxa having RI values above 50%. The JI ratios indicate the highest degree of similarity in the plant taxa used as medicine (21%) between the Lango and Teso cultures who share a common origin; however, Rahman’s Similarity Index indicates the highest similarity of specific medicinal usage by taxon between the Lango and Acholi, who share a common language group through cultural assimilation over time. ConclusionsAs a comparative study, the results imply that cultural exchange and assimilation may be a greater driver of inter-cultural similarity of ethnopharmacological use of a given taxon, as compared to shared historical origins.

Palynotaxonomy of species of Dendrophorbium (Asteraceae: Senecioneae) occurring in Brazil

This article presents a pollen study of 13 species of Dendrophorbium (Asteraceae: Senecioneae) occurring in Brazil. Dendrophorbium has species distributed in the South and Southeast regions of the Brazilian territory that were previously grouped in Senecio Myriocephalus sect. and later Dendrophorbium was elevated to the rank of genus, considering the section Myriocephalus as a synonym of Dendrophorbium. The aim of this study is to advance knowledge of the pollen characteristics of the genus and thus contribute to the taxonomy of the group. The botanical material was collected from specimens deposited in national herbaria. Floral buds were acetolysed for light microscopic analysis. Pollen sediments were mounted on slides with glycerinated gelatin and analyzed under a light microscope. Measurements were taken of the diameters and thickness of exine layers of pollen grains. Examination showed pollen grains to be monadic, isopolar, medium-sized, oblate-spheroidal to prolate-spheroidal, and 3-colporate. The endoaperture has median constriction in most species, except in D. pellucidinerve. The sexine is thicker than the nexine and echinate, with large perforations at the base of echinae. The exine is caveate. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the pollen grains of the 13 Dendrophorbium species are homogeneous and can be differentiated by aperture shape and dimensions and echinus characteristics.

Botanical Collection Patterns and Conservation Categories of the Most Traded Timber Species from the Ecuadorian Amazon: The Role of Protected Areas.

The Ecuadorian Amazon is home to a rich biodiversity of woody plant species. Nonetheless, their conservation remains difficult, as some areas remain poorly explored and lack georeferenced records. Therefore, the current study aims predominantly to analyze the collection patterns of timber species in the Amazon lowlands of Ecuador and to evaluate the conservation coverage of these species in protected areas. Furthermore, we try to determine the conservation category of the species according to the criteria of the IUCN Red List. We identified that one third of the timber species in the study area was concentrated in three provinces due to historical botanical expeditions. However, a worrying 22.0% of the species had less than five records of presence, and 29.9% had less than ten records, indicating a possible underestimation of their presence. In addition, almost half of the species evaluated were unprotected, exposing them to deforestation risks and threats. To improve knowledge and conservation of forest biodiversity in the Ecuadorian Amazon, it is recommended to perform new botanical samplings in little-explored areas and digitize data in national herbaria. It is critical to implement automated assessments of the conservation status of species with insufficient data. In addition, it is suggested to use species distribution models to identify optimal areas for forest restoration initiatives. Effective communication of results and collaboration between scientists, governments, and local communities are key to the protection and sustainable management of forest biodiversity in the Amazon region.

From the Shadows to the Spotlight: Unveiling Nepal's hidden kingdom of mushrooms and lichens through digitization

The digitization of herbarium collections has brought forth a transformative journey, transitioning Nepal's hidden kingdom of mushrooms and lichens from the shadows into the spotlight. Through a collaborative work within the framework of Global Biodiversity Information Facility's Biodiversity Information Fund for Asia (GBIF-BIFA), involving the herbaria (KATH: Nepal's National Herbarium and Plant Laboratories and TUCH: Natural History Museum, Tribhuvan University, Nepal), and the research institute, Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies (GIIS), a successful unveiling of Nepal's mycological treasures has been achieved through digital means. A comprehensive digitization effort has resulted in the complete digitization of 3,971 mushroom specimens and 2,462 lichen specimens, illuminating a wealth of information for researchers, citizen scientists, and the general public. GBIF and the online database maintained by Nepal's National Herbarium and Plant Laboratories, Department of Plant Resources, serve as the gateway to this work (KATH 2021). Prior to this work, the specimens resided in the shadows, lacking the recognition they deserved. Through meticulous collection management, sorting, curation, and labeling, their secrets were unveiled, and their stories brought to our fingertips. These previously obscured specimens now possess registered individual catalogue numbers, allowing the quantification of Nepal's fungal wealth within the participating institutions. This project serves as a testament to the vital role of capturing available field-level data, preserving specimens, and harnessing the power of digitization to showcase Nepal's mycological and lichenological wonders to a global audience. Meanwhile, it has also emphasized the significance of sharing this knowledge and fostering appreciation for the overlooked world of mushrooms and lichens.

Ethnobotanical and Ethnopharmacological Survey of Herbal Products of Pharmaceutical Importance for Chronic Wound Management in Bankim District of Adamaoua Region of Cameroon

Introduction: In Cameroon, the identification of plants traditionally used to treat diseases remains a necessity. Inflammation from injury leading in some cases to chronic wounds like diabetic ulcer (for diabetic patients) is increasingly becoming a public health concern in Cameroon. As a low-income country, the population attempts to with alternative treatments through the use of herbal products. Cameroon has a rich biodiversity of herbal flora for exploitation of potential bioactive metabolites of pharmaceutical importance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify plants and recipes used by some traditional healers in Bankim, Adamaoua Region of Cameroon for the management of chronic wounds. Methodology: After obtaining various administrative and institutional authorizations, an ethnobotanical survey was conducted among the local traditional practitioners between the months of December 2020 to February 2021. The plant samples collected were identified and confirmed by experts of the National Herbarium of Cameroon at Yaoundé. Results: Thanks to the collaboration of 09 traditional healers, 30 plant species were identified and used in the preparation of 24 recipes. The families: Rubiaceae, followed by Caesalpiniaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae and Moraceae were the most represented. The species Musa paradisiaca, Ficus exasperata, Dacryodes edulis and Petersianthus macrocarpus were the most cited and were selected as plants of therapeutic interestVarious plant parts were used in the preparation of recipes. The bark (50%), followed by leaves (30%) were the most commonly used. Spraying (63%) and decoction (34%) were the two main ways of preparing the recipes. These preparations were mostly prescribed externally; poultice (40%), washing (27%), sprinkling (20%) and instillation (3%) were the most commonly used application techniques. Conclusion: These results constitute an indispensable database for the valorization of traditional medicines. Musa paradisiaca, Ficus exasperata, Dacryodes edulis and Citrullus lanatus were selected as plants of interest whose extracts should be the subject of phytochemical and pharmacological studies in order to justify their traditional use.

PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF SOME SPECIES OF CYPERACEAE BASED ON DNA INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACERS (ITS) IN IRAQ

Cyperaceae is the third-largest monocot family and has ecological and commercial significance worldwide. It is also a perfect model family for evolutionary research due to species diversity and the wide range of variations in lineage diversity. Using a nuclear region internal transcribed spacer (ITS), the current study attempted to identify the three species (Carex otrubae, Bolboschoenus fluviatilis, and Eleocharis palustris) and examine their relationships within the Cyperaceae family. In 2021, gathering of samples transpired from various locations along the Al-Hussainiya River in Iraq and the National Herbarium. According to the findings, the length of the fragments sequenced ranged between 750 and 1000 bp. Results also showed the sequence alignments between the two species (Carex otrubae and Bolboschoenus fluviatilis) have similarities and differences with those deposited in the Genome Bank. However, the Eleocharis palustris showed complete similarity in all regions of the nitrogenous base sequences with species deposited in the Genome Bank.

A Taxonomically-verified and Vouchered Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea

The Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea (CVPRG) is a specimen-based, expert-validated knowledge product, which provides a concise synthesis and overview of current knowledge on 3901 vascular plant species documented from Guinea (Conakry), West Africa, including their accepted names and synonyms, as well as their distribution and status within Guinea (indigenous or introduced, endemic or not). The CVPRG is generated automatically from the Guinea Collections Database and the Guinea Names Backbone Database, both developed and maintained at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in collaboration with the staff of the National Herbarium of Guinea. A total of 3505 indigenous vascular plant species are reported of which 3328 are flowering plants (angiosperms); this represents a 26% increase in known indigenous angiosperms since the last floristic overview. Intended as a reference for scientists documenting the diversity and distribution of the Guinea flora, the CVPRG will also inform those seeking to safeguard the rich plant diversity of Guinea and the societal, ecological and economic benefits accruing from these biological resources.

Trait-climate relationships within and among taxa using machine learning and herbarium specimens.

Continental-scale leaf trait studies can help explain how plants survive in different environments, but large datasets are costly to assemble at this scale. Automating the measurement of digitized herbarium collections could rapidly expand the data available to such studies. Here machine learning was used to identify and measure leaves from existing, digitised herbarium specimens. The process was developed, validated, and applied to analyses of relationships between leaf size and climate within and among species for two genera: Syzygium (Myrtaceae) and Ficus (Moraceae). Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models were used to detect and measure complete leaves in images. Predictions of a model trained with a set of 35 randomly selected images and a second model trained with 35 user selected images were compared using a set of 50 labelled validation images. The validated models were then applied to 1227 Syzygium and 2595 Ficus specimens digitised by the National Herbarium of New South Wales, Australia. Leaf area measurements were made for each genus and used to examine links between leaf size and climate. The user selected training method for Syzygium found more leaves (9347 vs 8423) using fewer training masks (218 vs 225), and found leaves with a greater range of sizes than the random image training method. Within each genus, leaf size was positively associated with temperature and rainfall, consistent with previous observations. However, within species, the associations between leaf size and environmental variables were weaker. CNNs detected and measured leaves with levels of accuracy useful for trait extraction and analysis and illustrate the potential for machine learning of herbarium specimens to massively increase global leaf trait datasets. Within species relationships were weak, suggesting population history and gene flow have a strong effect at this level. Herbarium specimens and machine learning could expand sampling of trait data within many species, offering new insights into trait evolution. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

(217) Proposal to amend Article 38.4 to allow binding decisions on whether a name was accepted by its author(s) in the original publication

(217) Proposal to amend Article 38.4 to allow binding decisions on whether a name was accepted by its author(s) in the original publication

(223–224) Proposals to remove redundancy in Recommendation 40A concerning indication of type

Recommendation 40A.1 of the Shenzhen Code (Turland & al. in Regnum Veg. 159. 2018) advises “The indication of the nomenclatural type should immediately follow the description or diagnosis and should include the Latin word ‘typus’ or ‘holotypus’.” However, we have found that in many protologues Rec. 40A.1 has not been followed, including those published in reputable taxonomic periodicals. For example: Campanula dersimensis Fırat & Yıldırım (in Willdenowia 52: 170. 2022), Chlorophytum delicatulum Osborne & al. (in Kew Bull. 77: 677. 2022), Croton nagaoi Tagane & al. (in Phytotaxa 570: 102. 2022), Eriolaena barnettiae Dorr (in Taxon 70: 109. 2020), Impatiens katjae Nob. Tanaka & J.J. Verm. (in Novon 30: 56. 2022) and Primula surculosa Y. Xu & G. Hao (in PhytoKeys 212: 30. 2022). In our opinion, it matters little where the type is cited. In these instances, the types have been cited just after the name of the new species and before the diagnosis, and the indication of the type has used the English word “holotype” instead of the Latin “holotypus”. Article 40.6 rules “For the name of a new taxon at the rank of genus or below published on or after 1 January 1990, indication of the type must include one of the words ‘typus’ or ‘holotypus’, or its abbreviation, or its equivalent in a modern language”, and Rec. 40A.4 advises “Details of the type specimen of the name of a new species or infraspecific taxon should be published in the Latin alphabet.” It therefore seems redundant, or at least archaic, to additionally recommend using the Latin word “typus” or “holotypus”, and we propose that Rec. 40A.1 be deleted from the Code. Simultaneously, we propose to amend Rec. 40A.4 to make it explicit that the “details of the type specimen”, which should be published in the Latin alphabet, include the words required by Art. 40.6. “ 40A.1. The indication of the nomenclatural type should immediately follow the description or diagnosis and should include the Latin word “typus” or “holotypus”.” “40A.4. Details of the type specimen of the name of a new species or infraspecific taxon, including the words required by Art. 40.6, should be published in the Latin alphabet.” We thank the Director, Botanical Survey of India (BSI), and Scientist “E” and Head of the Office, Central National Herbarium, BSI, for providing facilities. We also thank Dr. John H. Wiersema and Nicholas J. Turland for their guidance, constructive suggestions, and refinements.

A Comparison of some Anatomical properties of Suaeda Species (Amaranthaceae) in Anbar Governorate – Western Iraq

The current study aims to identify morphological and anatomical characteristics of the stems and leaves of some species of the genus Suaeda Belongs to (Amaranthaceae) grown in the western province of Anbar Governorate – Iraq. The period of collecting data started from 15-8-2020 to 15-9-2021. Seven species were collected: Suaeda egyptiaca, Suaeda altissima, Suaeda carnosissma, Suaeda fruticosa, Suaeda monoica, Suaeda vera, and Suaeda vermiculata. The collection practice was laid out at the flowering stage. After the laboratory samples are investigated based on the available sources of Iraqi, Saudi, Iranian, and Turkish flora and using the herbal specimens found in the Iraqi National Herbarium, the results of the current study show that there are differences in the size of pollen (polar and equatorial axes). In addition, all studied species are shown to be small to medium in size and were characterized by their spherical to oval shape. As for the anatomical results, they show the importance of the characteristics of stems and leaves and the possibility of using them in identifying the types of one species.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Presence of symptoms caused by parasitic species described in grapevine herbaria from Georgia, Spain and the United Kingdom

The present paper focuses on the presence of symptoms caused by parasitic species in samples of Eurasian grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) belonging to different herbaria from , and the . In the Spanish case herbaria were collected by Clemente at the beginning of the 19th century and preserved at the Royal Botanical Garden of Madrid. This material was used as the basis for the publication in 1807 of the famous book “Ensayo sobre las variedades de la vid común que vegetan en Andalucía” (Essay on the varieties of common grapevine that vegetate in ). The Georgian herbaria originated from three institutions: National Museum of Georgia, National Herbarium of Georgia and . The time period of the Georgian herbaria dates from mid-19th century. The herbaria came from Kew Royal Botanical Gardens and contain samples dated as of 1843. According to observations, in the Spanish herbarium, 98 samples out of 185 show erinea, symptoms caused by Colomerus vitis (Pagenstecher) (Acari, Eryophiidae), from a total of 185 samples there. Meanwhile in other herbaria its presence was detected in 3 samples, which also showed spots caused by powdery mildew, Erysiphe necator (Schweinitz). Symptoms caused by downy mildew, Plasmopara viticola Berl. &amp; De Toni, were only detected in one sample collected in . Results attest the frequent presence of this monophagous mite pest on Southern Spanish cultivars and wild exemplars for more than two centuries.

The wound healing property of encapsulated silver nanoparticles made from aqueous extracts of Elaeis guineensis Jacq leaves

A wound can be defined as the disruption of the normal integrity of the body. the management of wounds usually ends up with scars that can cause functional harm and emotional and social distress. All these urge the need for new approaches for faster healing by anti-infective effect, moisturizing, stimulating the healing mechanisms, speeding up the wound closure and dropping scar formation, this paper aimed at evaluating the wound healing effect of cellulose nano encapsulated Elaeis guineensis silver nanoparticle. The plants were collected and formally identified at the national herbarium. After drying and grounding, the aqueous decoction was prepared. The phytochemical screening was performed on the crude extract. From the prepared extracts, the nanoparticle was prepared according to the previously described protocol. The prepared nanoparticles were encapsulated with cellulose. The cellule nanocapsules of Elaeis guineensis were tested for the in vitro anti-inflammatory effect using the heated BSA denaturation test. The acute dermal toxicity of the cellulose nano-encapsulated Elaeis guineesis silver nanoparticle was performed according to guideline 402 of the OEDC. The wound healing test was performed on rat dorsal open wounds using a series of doses of the prepared cellulose nano-encapsulated Elaeis guineesis silver nanoparticle (CNC-EgNP). The extract was revealed to contain alkaloids and polyphenols. Heterosids were not detected. The nanoparticle was successfully prepared, and nano encapsulated with cellulose was successfully done when referring to the absorption feature of the mixture. The results showed that CNC-EgNP protects the protein from heat-denaturation with up to 94.9% with 25µg/ml. Compared to diclofenac, used here as a reference, at 200 µg/ml, the CNC-EgNP seems more effective with 54,2% and 98,65% respectively. No sign of toxicity was observed from the toxicity testing. The CNC-EgNP 200mg/kg BW has the best effect as it annuls the wound after 13 days. CNC-EgNP 100 and 400 mg/kg BW and crude extracts had a statistically similar effect. All annul the wound on day 15. Up to that period, the trolamine, used here as a positive control, failed to bring to 0 the area of the wound. The results highlight the potential of the cellulose nanocapsule of Elaeis guineensis silver nanoparticle as an alternative for wound management.

Indian Virtual Herbarium: The country's largest digital herbarium and a new resource for botanists

TAXONVolume 72, Issue 1 p. 221-226 IAPT CONTENT Indian Virtual Herbarium: The country's largest digital herbarium and a new resource for botanists Kumar Avinash Bharati, Kumar Avinash Bharati Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, Howrah, 711 103 West Bengal, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorA.A. Mao, A.A. Mao Botanical Survey of India, CGO Complex, Salt Lake City, Kolkata, 700 064 West Bengal, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorAnand Kumar, Corresponding Author Anand Kumar anand_kum234@rediffmail.com Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, Howrah, 711 103 West Bengal, India Address for correspondence: Anand Kumar, anand_kum234@rediffmail.comSearch for more papers by this author Kumar Avinash Bharati, Kumar Avinash Bharati Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, Howrah, 711 103 West Bengal, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorA.A. Mao, A.A. Mao Botanical Survey of India, CGO Complex, Salt Lake City, Kolkata, 700 064 West Bengal, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorAnand Kumar, Corresponding Author Anand Kumar anand_kum234@rediffmail.com Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, Howrah, 711 103 West Bengal, India Address for correspondence: Anand Kumar, anand_kum234@rediffmail.comSearch for more papers by this author First published: 07 February 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12873 Plant Systematics World edited by Sandra Knapp & JunWen First published as part of this issue. See online for details. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume72, Issue1February 2023Pages 221-226 RelatedInformation