National Guards Research Articles

Taming Transylvania: Paramilitaries Building State and Peace after World War I

This text is a political analysis of the events surrounding the demise of the Austro–Hungarian administration in Transylvania and its replacement by the Romanian one at the end of World War I. It focuses on the months of November and December 1918. In particular, the text looks at the Romanian paramilitary groups called the National Guards. I argue that in Transylvania in November and December 1918, the National Guards played a pacifying and state-building role through their repressive and anti-Communist function. Unlike the paramilitary phenomenon in the rest of Europe, in Transylvania it was the very counter-revolutionary function of the paramilitary troops that produced constructive and constitutive effects. At the same time, unlike Romanian historiography, which almost unanimously has seen the role of these troops as only a positive one, I underline the repressive function of the National Guards, which made them act violently against any alternative political projects of that period in the region. The revolutionary state of the province in those days had to be calmed down for Transylvania’s autonomy to be ensured under the control of the local Romanian authorities. The Romanian elite’s state-building project needed security to gain legitimacy. To this end, this elite took control of the various paramilitary forces of the region and monopolized them under the National Guards umbrella. These groups were crucial in the repression against the republican movement and the perceived Bolshevik threat.

The Incidence of Long-Term Fatigue in Patients Who Achieved Remission From COVID-19 at King Abdulaziz Medical City.

Introduction Long-term fatigue is a common condition that involves both physical and psychiatric symptoms, and it affects multiple age groups and causes morbidity and disabling symptoms that range from mild to severe symptoms. Many patients are discharged following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection without proper follow-up and evaluation of long-term effects, resulting in the improper treatment of the long-term symptoms, which increases the burden on the patients and healthcare systems. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2. It results in a variety of symptoms, including fever, cough, respiratory distress, the loss of the sense of smell and taste, and long-term effects such as post-severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which is characterized by chronic fatigue, sleep disturbances, myalgia, weakness, and depression. The aim of this study is to assess the incidence of long-term fatigue in patients who achieved remission from COVID-19 at King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), National Guards Health Affairs, Riyadh. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional, non-probability convenience sampling study. All participants who were diagnosed with COVID-19 and achieved remission were approached in an outpatient department (OPD)setting and signed an informed consent form and were evaluated by standard questionnaires at clinics after remission from COVID-19 at King Abdulaziz Medical City in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A total of 343 subjects who fit the inclusion criteria of any patients who have been diagnosed with COVID-19 and achieved remission were included in the study. This study included patients from the National Guard Hospital, students, and staff members. The primary outcome variable was the incidence of long-term fatigue in patients who achieved remission from COVID-19 as measured by the Chalder fatigue scale (CFQ). The participants were approached in clinics and general OPDby one of the research teams. Results Based on the study design, 343 patients were selected from King Abdulaziz Medical City in Riyadh, the incidence of long-term fatigue in patients who achieved remission from COVID-19 was 55.7%, and the rest were normal (44.3%). The incidence of long-term fatigue was statistically significantly higher in femalesand those who had been diagnosed with COVID-19 and achieved remission for more than two months. Theage of the participants ranged from 18 to more than 45, with a predominance of females (60.6%). Regarding body mass index (BMI), 39.9% were overweight, and 29.2% were obese. Additionally, the incidence of patients with associated chronic disease was 27.4%; among these chronic diseases, hypertension was the most common one (18.1%), followed by diabetes (17%) and thyroid diseases (14.9%). Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the few studies that were carried out in Saudi Arabia that assess long-term fatigue post COVID-19 infection. In our study, we discovered that long-term fatigue was highly prevalent (55.7%). We found that among those participants, more than half of those who reported chronic fatigue had a COVID-19 diagnosis for longer than two months. Furthermore, females made up the majority of those who had long-term fatigue. We urge that additional longitudinal and standardized studies be carried out in order to thoroughly determine the severity of long-term fatigue in patients who obtained remission from COVID-19.

Symptoms and Risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Patients Attending Primary Health Care Clinics in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Background Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a breathing disorder that occurs while sleeping, characterized by periods of partial or complete airway collapse associated with a drop in oxygen saturation or arousal from sleep. OSA is associated with significant health consequences, including hypertension, obesity, coronary artery disease, metabolic dysfunction, cognitive decline, and cancer progression. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted at the four primary healthcare centers in the Ministry of National Guards Health Affairs (MNGHA) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The study included every adult 18- 65 years old. After informed consent was obtained, interviews were conducted using the Berlin questionnaire (BQ) to assess participants' prevalence and risk (OSA). SAS software version 9.4 was used to enter and analyze the data. Results A total of 400 primary care attendants were approached. The overall prevalence of high-risk apnea was 21%. There was a significant difference in the high risk of apnea between a BMI greater than 30 and a BMI lower than 30 (p< 0.0001). There was a significant difference in the high risk of apnea between hypertension and normal blood pressure (p< 0.0001). Conclusion The BQ assessed the predictive factors related to the development and prevalence of OSA and showed a predominance in those with a BMI over 30 Kg/m2 or with a previous diagnosis of hypertension with no significant related risk among gender and age factors.

Revoluce národní a sociální 1848/1849 Uhry v Rakousku, Slovensko v Uhrách: revoluce v revoluci

In 1848-49 most of continental Europe was affected by revolution, which in Central and Eastern Europe was connected with national movements of particular nations. While the Germans, Italians and Romanians demanded national unification in one nation-state, in Austrian Empire the situation was oposite: particular nations demanded collective national rights, territorial home-rule and far reaching political autonomy. Hungarians on one hand fought for their independence and full national self-determination against Vienna and wanted to separate from Austrian Empire, but simultaneously refused to grant collective national rights to particular nations living in Hungary. This brought the non-Magyars, e. g: the Serbs of Vojvodina, the Croats, the Romanians in Transylvania and also the Slovaks to oposition and finaly to revolt against the Hungarian revolution on the side of Vienna Court. The essay describes the split among Slovaks vis-à-vis the Hungarian revolution. Many Slovaks joined the Hungarian National Guards and fought against the Imperial Austrian Army, while others joined the Slovak legions fighting against these National Guards alongside Imperial Army.

The Relation between Atrial Fibrillation Cardioversion Success Rate with Vitamin D Level in Patients Underwent Elective Cardioversion in King Abdulaziz Cardiac Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guards, Riyadh Saudi Arabia.

To investigate the relation between serum Vitamin D (Vit-D) levels and the success rate of cardioversion for atrial fibrillation (AF). To examine the association between Vit-D level and successful cardioversion. This study also describes the general characteristics of patients with successful cardioversion. In this retrospective study, patients with AF who were treated using electrical cardioversion at King Abdulaziz Cardiovascular Center (KACC) between 2010 and 2021 were included. The information on demographic and clinical characteristics as well as outcome variables was collected. Of 100 patients who were admitted to KACC during the study period, 63% were females and 9% were diagnosed with Vit-D deficiency. Furthermore, 66% of patients had successful cardioversion. Moreover, no significant difference in Vit-D deficiency was observed between patients who had successful cardioversion and those with unsuccessful outcomes (P = 0.485). There is no association between serum Vit-D levels and the success rate of cardioversion in patients with AF. However, further studies are needed for more conclusive evidence.

The 75th Anniversary of the Nevada Air National Guard 1948-2023: Building a Total Force for National Security

Abstract: The year 2023 marks the 75th anniversary of the Nevada Air National Guard. When Congress created the United States Air Force in 1947, it also authorized the various states to establish Air National Guards. Nevada did so immediately in 1948. The Nevada Air Guard took its place alongside the newly reestablished Nevada State Militia under the command of the governor and subject to activation by the president whenever local or national emergencies threatened the peace and security of the United States. As a reserve force, the Nevada Air National Guard assumed a role in the Cold War with the Soviet Union, served in the Korean War, and responded to crises associated with the Vietnam War in the turbulent 1960s. After the downfall of the Soviet Union, it served in Kosovo in the 1990s amidst the violent breakup of the former Yugoslavia. During the 21st century members of the Nevada Air Guard have been called to Iraq and Afghanistan in the War on Terror. At home the Air Guard has assisted the U.S. Forest Service's efforts to fight wildfires in the face of climate change.

Assessment of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance and Reluctance Among Staff Working in Public Healthcare Settings of Saudi Arabia: A Multicenter Study.

ObjectiveThe study aimed to evaluate the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination acceptance and reluctance among staff working in Saudi healthcare facilities.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted during April – May 2021, among healthcare workers in five public hospitals under the National Guards Health Association located in Alahsa, Dammam, Jeddah, Madinah, and Riyadh. The study used a questionnaire in English language, which was distributed through official email communication among healthcare staff currently working at study venues. The data was analyzed using IBM SPSS v23. An ethical approval was obtained.ResultsA total of 1,031 responses were recorded. Most of the staff had both doses of COVID-19 vaccine (89%). The mean score for vaccine acceptance on a scale of 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) was 3.55 ± 1.6. The mean score for vaccine reluctance on the same scale was 2.71 ± 1.05. Most participants mentioned safety (76.9%) and efficacy (56.3%) as vaccine concerns and believed that COVID-19 vaccine may not be effective because of changes in virus strain (55.5%). The variables of gender and nationality significantly affected vaccine acceptance, while age, gender, nationality, and profession significantly affected vaccine reluctance (p < 0.05).ConclusionMost healthcare staff were vaccinated, and a high acceptance for COVID-19 vaccination was reported. Several demographic factors affected the vaccine acceptance and reluctance.

The role of emergency medical services providers during mass gathering

Background: Mass gatherings are worldwide events, and the Hajj season is considered one of the significant mass gathering events that happen annually in Makkah city, Saudi Arabia. Medical preparation such as preparation for transportation, training, and medical staffing for mass gatherings at existing sites has been discussed. Aims: This study aimed to assess the role of emergency medical services (EMS) providers during Hajj Season 2019 and the preparedness of the EMS system through providers' perspectives. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional survey using a questionnaire has been conducted in Makkah during the Hajj season 2019, which took place in Mena valley and Arafat. Methods: Convenience sampling from two major institutions (the Saudi Red Crescent and the National Guards Hospital, EMS Department) was used. The inclusion criteria included emergency medical specialists and emergency medical technicians. Statistical Analysis Used: The data were analyzed using JMP. Data for continuous variables were presented as mean and standard deviation if normally distributed, otherwise median and interquartile range were used. Data for the categorical variables were presented as frequencies and percentages. Results: The majority of EMS providers were male in gender and almost half of them were emergency medical technicians with a diploma qualification. Most of them had specific training before Hajj such as basic life support. However, the majority reported the use of medications during transport and training are areas that require improvement. During Hajj, the majority of the EMS providers do ambulance decontamination. Busy shifts and lack of workforce were the main reasons for working more than 12 h per shift. Conclusions: This study offers important recommendations for improving the EMS system's preparedness during Hajj, which include more workforce coverage as well as improved providers' qualifications and level of training. Furthermore, this study provides a recommendation to change the scope of practice to treat and release in the majority of cases rather than unnecessarily transport to the hospital. This study urges the importance of collaboration between agencies to facilitate the EMS system.

452-P: Effect of Virtual Education on Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes during Fasting Ramadan

Managing patients with T1DM who fast Ramadan is challenging. The COVID-19 related strict imposed curfew in Saudi Arabia affected access to healthcare and made virtual education (VD) a necessity. Objective: To assess the impact of VD on glycemic control and self-management in T1DM during Ramadan fasting. Methods: Pre-post Ramadan survey at endocrine clinics of National Guards Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Patients were contacted by phone due to COVID 19 restrictions. The VD methods (video + booklet) were sent to patients via WhatsApp. HbA1c was measured before and after Ramadan. Results: 89 patients enrolled: 51.2% males, DM duration 13.8 ±7.7 years, age 24.4 ±8.1 years. &amp;gt; 90% stated that VD used was well done/acceptable, and 57% confirmed using it as reference. During Ramadan 88% complied with frequent SMBG, 72.6% reported breaking the fast at the recommended threshold of &amp;lt;70mg/dl, but only 22.6% broke fasting if &amp;gt;300 mg/dL. 61% followed the recommended insulin adjustments to basal and sahoor doses, and to adjustment of meal timings (delay of sahoor), and fluid intake. 43% complied with eating proteins at sahoor. Baseline HbA1c 8.46 ±1.85 and decreased to 8.32 ±1.47 after the intervention process (P=0.004). Conclusion: Diabetes virtual education was well received and improved glycemic control and self-care among patients with T1DM during Ramadan fasting. Disclosure G. S. Khogeer: None. R. Alamoudi: None. M. N. Alotibi: None.

488-P: Patient Perceptions toward the Role of the Diabetes Educator

Patient’s perception toward the role of the diabetes educator (DE) determine their reception and compliance of the training received. Objective: To understand how individuals with diabetes identify the DE role. Methods: Cross-sectional survey conducted in National Guards outpatient clinics in 3 major Saudi cities. Results: 411 patients: 58.2% T1DM, 34.6% T2DM, 3.6% GDM, 63.4% female, 46% Conclusions: Most patients appreciate the diabetes educator role in their management. DE should be supported and empowered. More research needed on impact on patient outcomes. Disclosure R. Alamoudi: None. M. A. Alawad: None. F. J. Alhaider: None. S. A. Khashwayn: None.

415-P: Prevalence of Gastroparesis Symptoms in Diabetic Patients in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia, 2019

Gastroparesis is a well-established diabetes complication with conflicting data regarding its prevalence. Gastroparesis impacts quality of life, increases direct health-care costs and is associated with morbidity and mortality. Other possible consequences include erratic glycemic control, alteration in drug absorption and hypoglycemia. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of diabetic gastroparesis symptoms in T2DM patients attending PHC centers and to determine the associated factors Methods: A cross sectional study which included a representative sample of patients attending PHC centers of the Ministry of National Guards Health Affairs, Western Region-Saudi Arabia. Simple random sampling technique was adopted to select the study population. Patient interviewing technique was adopted to fill the Arabic version of GSCI. Information on demographics and personal characteristics, diabetes duration, type of treatment and other variables were obtained. Results: The study involved 365 participants, 66.3% were females, 52.9% aged 40-59 years and 31.8% with disease duration 10-20 years. A GCSI with a score of ≥ 1.9 was used to diagnose gastroparesis symptoms. Prevalence of gastroparesis symptoms was 7.9%. The most frequent symptoms were bloating (34.8%) then stomach fullness (26.6%) and the least frequent was vomiting (4.1%). The most frequently used agent was metformin (84.9%). 47.1% of participants had HbA1C between (7-9%) and 37.9% of them have gastroparesis symptoms (p 0.318). 69% of participants with gastroparesis symptoms were using metformin (p 0.012). 10.3% of participants with gastroparesis symptoms were not using any diabetes medications (p 0.037). 25% of participants with CHD had gastroparesis symptoms (p 0.001). Conclusion: Up to our knowledge, this is the 1st local multi-city and primary care-based study. The prevalence of gastroparesis symptoms was 7.9%. Gastroparesis symptoms were significantly associated with the use of metformin, CHD and participants not on any medication. Disclosure A. A. Bukhari: None. M. M. Alsayari: None.

Firearms and violence in Europe-A systematic review.

Higher availability of firearms has been connected to higher rates of interpersonal violence in previous studies. Yet, those studies have focused mainly on the United States, or used aggregated international data to study firearm violence. Whether those aggregated findings are applicable to understanding the phenomenon in continental Europe specifically remains unclear. The aim of this systematic review is to bring together all studies that exclusively use European data. Nine databases were searched, resulting in more than 1900 individual studies. These studies were assessed on relevance and eligibility for this study, based on their title, abstract and full text. Information on study characteristics, operationalizations of main concepts and study results were extracted from the six eligible studies. Four studies assessed the impact of firearm restrictive regulations on the rate of firearm homicides. Two other studies correlated rates of firearm availability and -violence. Results vary: some studies show a clear decline once availability of firearms is restricted, while others indicate a limited effect on only a very specific subgroup, such as female victims, or national guards with weapons at home. Moreover, studies used various operationalizations for firearm availability, thereby decreasing the comparability of findings. Empirical research exclusively using European data is still lacking. To increase comparability of future studies, methodological inconsistencies and regional gaps need to be overcome. Assessing how firearm availability can be measured with reliable and valid proxies across countries will be a crucial first step to improve future research on the link between firearms and firearm violence.

SOCIAL AND HUMANITARIAN STATE POLICY IN THE EDUCATIONAL SPHERE OF THE NATIONAL GUARD

It is substantiated that the problems of educating national guardsmen need, first of all, philosophical and sociological understanding. This does not diminish the role and significance of knowledge about education obtained by other sciences, but, on the contrary, emphasizes the need for an interdisciplinary approach. The results of the study not only supplement theoretical knowledge, but also provide some starting points through which sociological, pedagogical and socio-psychological studies of education are carried out. It has been established that the nature of education is a complex epistemological process, which is a natural movement of thought from a phenomenon to an essence. It is necessary to correctly find the goals and objectives, the role and place in the system of training national guards, to analyze the essence, content and structure of education. These and other specific sciences, making conclusions important for office practice, as a rule, do not investigate methodological problems, first of all, the essence, content, principles of education, the effectiveness and management of educational process, the relationship of behavior regulation factors.

SUN-431 Case Finding Versus Routine Screening of Thyroid Dysfunction in Pregnancy

Background:Thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy is associated several adverse outcomes. This has triggered a debate about whether universal screening should be implemented. Despite recommendations against universal screening, the clinical practice of many caregivers may differ. We aimed to assess the sensitivity of using targeted high-risk case finding for diagnosing thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy compared to routine screening in pregnant Saudi women, and to evaluate if gestational diabetes (GDM) specifically affected the risk.Methods:A cross-sectional study in two hospitals under the Ministry of National Guards Health affairs of Saudi Arabia; King Abdulaziz Hospital, Al-Ahsa, and Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal Hospital, Dammam. Pregnant ladies attending the Family medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Endocrinology clinics in both hospitals were assessed by the caring physician based on a check list for risk stratification for thyroid dysfunction as per the 2012 Endocrine society clinical practice guidelines for management of thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy. Presence of one risk factor defined high risk. All patients had a routine serum TSH measured as universal screening is commonly practiced in both institutions, the physician doing the risk stratification was not aware of the TSH result. Sensitivity and specificity for the case finding approach was calculated using and abnormal TSH value as the gold standard for presence of thyroid dysfunction. The institutions lab reference TSH 0.35 – 4.94 mIU/L was used as cutoff.Results:1571 pregnant women were included in the study; mean age 29.3± 6.2 years, 396 (23.5%) were primigravida. The mean TSH value was 1.898 ± 1.459 mlU/L. 1178 (75%) pregnant women had an indication for screening based on presence of at least one risk factor, of which 95 (8.1%) tested abnormal for TSH. 393 women had no risk factors, of which 379 (96.4%) had normal TSH, (Chi square 9.3, p-value 0.002). [Sensitivity 87.2%, (95%CI 79.4% – 92.8%), Specificity 25.9%, (95%CI 23.7% – 28.3%)]. Total abnormal TSH values was 109 (6.9%), 43 were abnormal high (i.e. hypothyroid); of which 40 screened positive by case finding approach [Sensitivity 93.02%, (95%CI 80.9% – 98.5%), Specificity 25.52%, (95%CI 23.4% – 27.8%)]. Moreover, 178 (11.3%) women screened positive for GDM at some stage in pregnancy out of which only 5 (2.8%) had an abnormal TSH value, while of the 1393 pregnant women who screened negative for GDM 1289 (92.5%) had a normal TSH value, (Chi square 5.3, p-value 0.02). [Sensitivity 4.6%, (95%CI 1.5% – 10.4%), Specificity 88.2%, (95%CI 86.4% – 89.8%)].Conclusion:Targeted high-risk case finding predicts thyroid dysfunction in pregnant Saudi women with high sensitivity supporting its utility in screening our pregnant population. Gestational diabetes is highly prevalent in Saudi women, but does not increase risk of thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy.

THE READING PERCEPTION OF MEDICAL STAFF ABOUT THE USE OF PREHOSPITAL ULTRASOUND

This study was a focus on the use of pre-hospital ultrasound in Saudi Arabia. Generally, ultrasound is used in a high frequency by health care providers in different countries within hospitals or pre-hospital. The main point of using the ultrasound was to reduce the time of diagnosis at the hospital and decrease the rate of mortality and morbidity. The study was a cross-sectional study and was used to assess the perception of medical staff about the use of pre-hospital ultrasound. This survey study had 130 participants, and 80 of them were agreed to involve in this study. It was conducted in King Abdulaziz Hospital of National Guards, Al Ahsa and College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdul Aziz University for Health Sciences, Al Ahsa Campus, Saudi Arabia. ATLAST ti 8 was used for systematic literature review and SPSS v23 obviously for data analysis. This was a new and novel study as the Pre-hospital ultrasound was not used before in the pre-hospital. On the other hand, the findings showed that the participants displayed a high level of interest in improving their knowledge and skills of using ultrasound during its application in the pre-hospital setting. It was also recommended to have more research in future on the subject. Article visualizations:

SUN-160 Insulin Glargine Time of Injection during Fasting Ramadan in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes

Introduction: Fasting Ramadan carries high risk for patients with T1DM. Current IDF-DAR guidelines suggest to change basal insulin timing from bedtime to early evening. However, there is paucity of studies to guide physicians toward evidence based management decisions. Objective: To compare glucose profiles in patients with T1DM while taking basal insulin Glargine at 7 pm (after Maghreb) versus 12 midnight (bed time) during Ramadan. The primary outcome being rates of hypoglycemia. Methods: 30 patients with T1DM planning on fasting Ramadan were recruited from the Diabetes clinic at Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal Hospital National Guards Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Glucose data collected using self-monitoring via the Abbott Freestyle Libre © 14-day device. Patients were instructed to continue taking their insulin glargine at bedtime for two weeks of Ramadan then to change timing to 7pm for the other two weeks of Ramadan in a treatment timing cross-over design. Results: Out of the 30 patients recruited 19 completed both phases of the study. Total number of sensor data captured was 79.84 for the 7pm timing vs. 72.82 for the 12am timing, and the total daily scans recorded were 9.79 vs. 8.18 respectively. The percentage of time spent within target (70-180mg/dl) for the 7pm timing vs. the 12 am timing respectively was 24.53% vs. 21.24%, above target 63.31% vs. 65.76%, and below target 12.16% vs. 13%. The average blood glucose for the 7pm timing vs. for the 12 am timing was 193.63 mg/dl vs 198.59 mg/dl and the HbA1c for the two weeks as calculated by Abbott Libre software was 8.24 vs 8.34% (p more than 0.05 for all values). Average number of hypoglycemic episodes (<70mg/dl) was 9.3 during the 7pm timing vs. 8.1 during the 12 am timing (p=0.05), and average duration spent in hypoglycemia was 128.3 minutes vs. 125.8 minutes (p=0.89). Conclusion: In patients with T1DM who fast Ramadan there is no advantage of changing basal insulin Glargine timing to earlier evening hours in regards to difference in rates of hypoglycemia. Larger randomized trials are needed to answer this question.

Should a Military Base Be Established in TRNC?

Should a Military Base Be Established in TRNC?

Defending Ukraine at the Rear of the Armed Conflict in Donbas: Wartime Vigilantism in Odesa (2014–2018)

This article analyzes the phenomenon of vigilantism in Odesa, at the rear of the war in Donbas and in the context of a radical redeployment of the Ukrainian state and a redistribution of violence between state and nonstate actors. This analysis is threefold. The first part provides a sociological account of vigilante groups and their members’ social backgrounds. It argues that vigilantism in Odesa has attracted people from four social backgrounds (businessmen, former combatants or security officers, far-right activists, and young people), relies on force-based actions, and implies an intense socialization of vigilantes’ bodies into the use of weapons and combat sports. The second part presents the three social roles of vigilantes—as national community guards, patrolling agents, and justice makers—and explores their associated practices. It shows that an apparently disinterested promotion of public good by vigilantes (security, order, justice) sometimes turns out to be for the benefit of private interests. The third part explores the complex relationship—fluctuating from numerous exchanges of services to a direct confrontation—between vigilante groups and local political and economic elites. Finally, this article argues that the ongoing war has increased the value of vigilantes’ paramilitary resources and has provided them with a large measure of social recognition as a necessary and acceptable response to the armed conflict and its hybrid threats. However, this does not exclude public controversies around vigilantism and questions concerning the challenges it represents for the Ukrainian state. This article draws on anthropological approaches to vigilantism, as well as the sociology of violence and crisis situations (political crises, revolutions, intrastate wars); it relies on a combination of primary ethnographic research and secondary materials. Article in English DOI: 10.25285/2078-1938-2019-11-3-71-104

Discipline, its Structure and Typology from Military Troops of The National Guards of the Russian Federation

Discipline, its Structure and Typology from Military Troops of The National Guards of the Russian Federation

From a multi-ethnic empire to a national state: the contribution of Romanian officers in the Habsburg army to the creation of Greater Romania as presented by Transylvanian journalists

Greater Romania was created at the end of World War I as a result of both top-down and bottom-up processes that involved all social layers from Transylvania and the Old Kingdom. The present study focuses on a particular category of actors that took part in the Great Union of 1 December 1918, namely Romanian officers from the Austrian army, and on a specific set of sources, i.e. Transylvanian periodicals issued around this date. In order to answer a number of research questions centered on Romanian officers’ contribution to the historical act that took place in Alba Iulia, I used articles that appeared throughout 1918 in four Transylvanian periodicals, namely Biserica și Școala, Drapelul, Transilvania and Unirea. The study’s chief aim is to provide a clear picture of the manner in which Romanian officers from the Austrian army were depicted by the press shortly before and after Transylvania’s union with Romania was proclaimed, as well as of the nature of their participation in the events: as delegates of the National Guards or as agents whose goal was to ensure order during the meeting.