National Governance Systems Research Articles

LEGISLATIVE MECHANISMS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION OF CIVIL DEFENSE DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE

The article explores theoretical and practical issues of civil protection as an object of the public administration system in Ukraine regarding the use of the organizational and legal mechanism of public administration and administration. The categories and public relations in the field of emergency risk management are revealed, in particular, the theoretical achievements and views of scientists on the status and goals of the civil protection management system (mechanisms) in Ukraine are investigated The purpose of the article. The purpose of this paper is to interpret the categories of “organizational and legal mechanism”, “civil protection (CP)” and “public risk management” as separate management categories, the definition of which is related to the use of modern mechanisms and methods (tools) public administration in the country. Investigate the latest theoretical studies and positions of Ukrainian authors on the formation of organizational and legal mechanisms (legislation) in the field of CP in the context of reforming the entire national governance system, in particular in the security field. Scientific novelty. In work with the use of modern methods of knowledge, taking into account the latest achievements of the science of public administration, the theoretical issues of organizational and legal support of the functioning of the mechanisms of public administration and administration are investigated. The theoretical understanding of the content of the category “organizational and legal mechanism”, “civil protection” and “public risk management” is substantiated, namely, the necessity of updating and modernization of organizational and legal mechanisms of public administration and administration is substantiated. The article examines the directions of development of the CP Institute in Ukraine and theoretically proves that the modern purpose of the process of improving the efficiency of the CP is to reform and update the regulatory support of the decentralized management model of the CP in Ukraine. Conclusions. As a result, the scientific provisions on the improvement of the use of public management mechanisms in the field of CP are substantiated, which are still in the initial stage. It is established that in the present conditions the leading normative legal act in this sphere is the Code of Civil Protection, which regulates relations related to the protection of the population, territories, environment and property from emergencies, responding to them, functioning of the unified state system of civil protection. The Code eliminates contradictions and duplication of legislation, the separation of powers and functions of central and local executive bodies, economic entities, and defines in a single legislative act the basis of state policy in the field of civil protection, but today it needs to be changed and updated.

Research on the Construction of Annual Report System of Urban Libraries in China

The Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee clearly stated the modernization of the national governance system and the ability to govern. The library annual report system is a complete framework and mechanism for dealing with the interaction between the state, libraries, society and citizens. The important component is an important part of the modern state governance system. The Public Cultural Service Guarantee Law and the Public Library Law regulate the annual report. As one of the types of public cultural facilities, it is inevitable that public libraries establish an annual report system and improve the mechanism of library management and service. New situations and new problems encountered in systems, business processes, and improving service efficiency have a major role to play. The paper uses literature research, network research, questionnaires and other methods to investigate the current situation of the construction of the annual library system of urban libraries in various provinces and municipal libraries across the country. The Shenzhen Library and the Guangzhou Library have established an annual report system or norms, which are compiled in the annual report. In the process, there are problems such as imperfect system design, unattractive content structure, inconsistent data statistics, and timely timeliness. City libraries can propose strategies for improving system design, user experience, supervision and evaluation, and provide reference for the establishment of the annual public notice system and the preparation of annual reports for the new round of opportunities.

Strengthening National Platforms for Effective Use of Science and Technology for Disaster Risk Reduction

The Guiding Principles of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 state that “(a) Each State has the primary responsibility to prevent and reduce disaster risk, including through international, regional, subregional, transboundary and bilateral cooperation,” and “(b) Disaster risk reduction requires that responsibilities be shared by central Governments and relevant national authorities, sectors and stakeholders, as appropriate to their national circumstances and systems of governance.” The need for a multi-sectoral national mechanism for disaster reduction was recognized during the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) 1990–2000, and the responsibility was inherited to the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR). The United Nations General Assembly Resolution 56/195, which was adopted in December 2001, called upon Governments to establish national platforms or focal points for disaster reduction. At the Global Forum on Science and Technology for Disaster Resilience, held in Tokyo in November 2017, a plenary session focusing on National Platforms was organized and ways for the effective integration of the knowledge and expertise available within the national science and technology community in the national disaster risk reduction activities were discussed. This paper examines how the idea of national platform for disaster reduction evolved since the beginning of IDNDR. This paper further reviews and illustrates the previous discussions on National Platforms from 2005 to 2015 as well as existing guidelines on National Platforms. Based on the discussions carried out during the Forum, five recommendations adopted by the Forum are introduced.

A legal pluralism perspective on coastal fisheries governance in two Pacific Island countries

In most coastal communities throughout the South Pacific customary rights to regulate access to vital and scarce resources evolved a long time ago. In many places, these systems have formed the basis of community-based marine management efforts. At the same time, national (fisheries and environmental) legislation regulates various aspects regarding the marine realm. The result is a legal pluralist situation – a circumstance that can affect the governability of coastal fisheries. This study draws on data from Fiji and Solomon Islands to examine how the national marine governance frameworks and customary/community-based marine resource management interact. Fiji has a centralized government and customary governance structures are fairly well defined. Various mechanisms exist that link the national and customary systems. In Solomon Islands customary systems and national governance authority are more dispersed and the latter is partly delegated to provincial governments. Here, partner organizations that engage in local marine management can play a vital role in bridging local and (sub-) national levels. The analysis of the two countries reveals that legal pluralist patterns can play out and be addressed differently. A deeper understanding of the interactions between national and customary marine governance systems can help to design procedures or legal mechanisms which optimize relations across levels and systems, and thus contribute to improving governance outcomes.

The regulative lock-in: the challenge of establishing Sami fisheries governance in Norway

For almost 30 years, the Sami Parliament has worked to gain influence in the Norwegian fisheries governing system in order to secure Sami fisheries as the material basis of Sami culture. Due to developments in international law and their implementation in state law, the Sami Parliament has gained formal access to the country’s fisheries governance decision-making process. This paper addresses the challenges for a Sami fisheries approach to gain influence in the national governance system. A major issue relates to differences between the institutional design of the Norwegian system, with ecosystem health, profitability and individual welfare as main concerns, while important pillars formulated by the Sami Parliament are subsidiarity and collective rights. In this article, we discuss what might be the way forward for a Sami fisheries policy to expand within the Norwegian fisheries governance system.

EKSISTENSI GUBERNUR SEBAGAI WAKIL PEMERINTAH PUSAT DI DAERAH

In the Indonesian national government system is recognized the existence of local government, the region consists of provincial, district and municipal areas. The Provincial Region is headed by a Governor, a Regency area headed by a Regent and a City area headed by a Mayor. Based on Law Number 23 Year 2014 on Regional Government placed the Governor in 2 (two) functions, namely; As Head of Region and As Deputy of Central Government in Region. The governor as the representative of the central government in the regions gained the delegation of authority from the government to carry out central government affairs in the regions. As a representative of the central government in the region the governor carries out the absolute affairs and implements the concurrent governmental affairs which are the authority of the central government and conducts the guidance and supervision of the districts / municipalities in carrying out the concurrent affairs which are the authority of the district / city government. In the implementation of central government affairs in the region it is necessary to have central government representatives in the regions and vertical institutions. Prior to the issuance of Law Number 23 Year 2014 in relation to the Governor as the representative of the central government in the regions is regulated in Law Number 32 Year 2004 regarding regional government and followed up by Government Regulation No. 7 of 2008 on Deconcentration and Co-Administration. In Act No. 23 of 2014 on Regional Government it is stated that the representative of central government in the regions is only given to the Governor, while the Regent / Mayor does not get the authority as a representative of the central government in the region. In carrying out the guidance and supervision on the implementation of government affairs which is the authority of the district / city and the task of assistance by the district / city, the President is assisted by the Governor as the representative of the central government.

Research on Feasibility and Development Path of Ecological Poverty Alleviation of Yi Nationality in Luquan, Yunnan

Based on the field investigation of Yi and Miao of Luquan Autonomous County in Yunnan Province, this paper chose the ecological poverty alleviation as the angle of view, and analyzed the generation process of the poverty problem of the Yi Nationality. At present, many poverty alleviation problems faced by China are caused by the imbalance of economic development and the single mode of development in the process of social transformation. In particular, poverty alleviation in ethnic areas needs to incorporate local knowledge such as traditional ecological ethics, which is closely related to the management system of ethnic work affairs. The article regarded the precise poverty and ecological poverty as the value guidance, starting from the particularity of the ecological environment of Yunnan, strengthening exchanges and communication between the government and the Yi nationality compatriots, enhancing the cultural penetration and cultural influence, making it effectively used in multi governance work, in order to promote the national governance system and improve the poverty alleviation work.

The Making of a New Medical Specialty: A Policy Analysis of the Development of Emergency Medicine in India.

Background: Medical specialization is an understudied, yet growing aspect of health systems in low- and middleincome countries (LMICs). In India, medical specialization is incrementally, yet significantly, modifying service delivery, workforce distribution, and financing. However, scarce evidence exists in India and other LMICs regarding how medical specialties evolve and are regulated, and how these processes might impact the health system. The trajectory of emergency medicine appears to encapsulate broader trends in medical specialization in India – international exchange and engagement, the formation of professional associations, and a lengthy regulatory process with the Medical Council of India. Using an analysis of political priority setting, our objective was to explore the emergence and recognition of emergency medicine as a medical specialty in India, from the early 1990s to 2015. Methods: We used a qualitative case study methodology, drawing on the Shiffman and Smith framework. We conducted 87 in-depth interviews, reviewing 122 documents, and observing six meetings and conferences. We used a modified version of the ‘Framework’ approach in our analysis. Results: Momentum around emergency medicine as a viable solution to weak systems of emergency care in India gained traction in the 1990s. Public and private sector stakeholders, often working through transnational professional medical associations, actively pursued recognition from Medical Council of India. Despite fragmentation within the network, stakeholders shared similar beliefs regarding the need for specialty recognition, and were ultimately achieved this objective. However, fragmentation in the network made coalescing around a broader policy agenda for emergency medicine challenging, eventually contributing to an uncertain long-term pathway. Finally, due to the complexities of the regulatory system, stakeholders promoted multiple forms of training programs, expanding the workforce of emergency physicians, but with limited coordination and standardization. Conclusion: The ideational centrality of postgraduate medical education, a challenging national governance system, and fragmentation within the transnational stakeholder network characterized the development of emergency medicine in India. As medical specialization continues to shape and influence health systems globally, research on the evolution of new medical specialties in LMICs can enhance our understanding of the connections between specialization, health systems, and equity.

On the Status and Function of Judicial Justice in Social Governance Innovation

Social governance innovation is a basic requirement of China's socialist construction, and an important guarantee that people can live and work in peace and enjoy long-term stability and order. Strengthening and innovating social governance has great significance for the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, and this is where judicial justice plays a unique role at the level of government, society, and the individual. That is, judicial justice is the key to transforming governmental functions; the guarantee of a new-type social construction; and the guide to upgrading autonomy at the grass-roots level. To achieve judicial justice, we must popularize the idea of the rule of law, improve judicial work style and innovate judicial institutions.

The relationship between shareholder protection through regulation and the demand for external auditor services

Auditing is one of the most obvious corporate governance mechanisms, and auditors play one of the most central gatekeeping roles in the corporate governance system. The auditing function has typically been examined as if it is essentially independent of the legal context in which it is applied. However, some studies emphasize that the auditor’s governance role is likely dependent on the national corporate governance system in which an auditor operates. One area that has received attention is how the legal environment, including the strength of shareholder protection regulations, affects the demand for auditing. However, entirely contradictory understandings of this relationship can be derived from the literature: that these two mechanisms act as substitutes and that they act as complements. A potential explanation for this discrepancy is that prior studies use static measures of regulations as proxies for shareholder protections and proxies for auditing service demand that have been criticized for being too rough. By using the Shareholder Protection Index developed by the Centre for Business Research at Cambridge and four measures capturing nuances of auditing service demand, this study makes a novel contribution to this line of research. By using data from two countries, the UK and Sweden, that belong to different legal traditions, the analysis also tests whether this aspect has any impact on the relationship between shareholder protections and auditor demand. The analysis shows that the demand for auditor services in general is positively correlated with the level of shareholder protection imposed by regulations, i.e., these two corporate governance mechanisms are compliments. There is no support for the argument that a country’s legal origin affects this relationship. The general interpretation is that the level of shareholder protections imposed by regulations will drive the demand for auditor services and that this is the case irrespective of a country’s legal origin. This study provides in-depth knowledge on the relationship between the legal environment and the demand for auditing, offers valuable information about the impact and consequences of legal reforms and is therefore especially valuable for policymakers and academics interested in this topic.

Multi-level network governance of disaster risks: the case of the Metropolitan Region of the Aburra Valley (Medellin, Colombia)

Cities have increasingly been confronted with disasters, ranging from earthquakes and storms to floods and landslides. Traditional technocratic top-down approaches have proved inadequate to face disaster risks in urban agglomerations. Thus, expectations have risen that through multi-level governance, metropolitan regions could become more resilient by joining forces across scales and sectors, enabling them to implement adaptation strategies collectively. Under the leadership of the city of Medellin and integrated within the national risk governance system of Colombia, such a governance arrangement has been established in the Metropolitan Area of the Aburra Valley. Applying social network analysis, this paper analyses the institutional relationships within the multi-level risk governance network Red Riesgos. It demonstrates that the effectiveness of multi-level disaster risk governance networks depends primarily on the protagonist role of local governments and on their abilities to involve local communities and citizens and to interact constantly with higher-level authorities in the implementation process.

Assessment of Chinese Fiscal Transparency at Provincial Level in 2017

Fiscal transparency is not only the foundation of the establishment of modern budget system, but also an important way to realize the modernization of national governance system and governance capability. In order to further understand the status of provincial fiscal information disclosure in our country at present, we evaluate the provincial fiscal transparency in 2017 in China in three aspects of overall level, provincial differences and project diversities, and explore the existing problems and shortcomings of the work of provincial fiscal information disclosure. According to the evaluation results, provincial government fiscal transparency increases year by year, and the average score of 31 provinces has increased from 21.71 in 2009 to 48.26 in 2017 and has more than doubled over a short span of nine years, but the overall level of fiscal transparency at the provincial level is still low, and the proportion of disclosed fiscal information to total surveyed information is less than 50%; the provincial differences in fiscal transparency are still obvious, and the difference between the highest and lowest scores is 44.51 points, while fiscal transparency of a single province shows an unstable trend in different years. In evaluation of all the elements, the relatively high transparency scores are obtained by state-owned enterprise information transparency, general public budget transparency, followed by social insurance fund transparency, governmental fund budget transparency, department budget transparency and state-owned capital management budget transparency, and the lowest transparency scores belong to government assets and liabilities transparency and fiscal special account transparency. Among them, the average score of fiscal special account transparency is only 4.68. This paper argues that provincial government fiscal information disclosure in China has problems such as weak active public awareness, imperfect disclosure system, inadequate disclosure scope & strength, lower disclosure refinement degree, disunity of disclosure standard, disclosure with delay and time-lag disclosure carriers. So to further improve provincial fiscal transparency, firstly, we need to further refine the content of fiscal information disclosure in new budget law”, and revise the provisions in the secrecy law which are not conducive to fiscal information disclosure, in order to provide solid legal basis for fiscal information disclosure; secondly, we should introduce public participation mechanism, enhance public supervision mechanisms, and cancel public relevance” principle according to application, in order to make public fiscal information disclosure application not limited to their own production, life, scientific research and other special needs; finally, we should give full play to the supervision role of the media, academia and other sectors of society, and realize the co-governance of multiple subjects of local fiscal transparency.

The Effect of Cyberpower on Institutional Development in Norway.

Through analysis of empirical interview data this research undertakes to investigate the ways in which the growing phenomenon of cyberpower – defined as using cyberspace for advantage and influence – is impacting on institutional development in Norway. Exploring this governance challenge through the conceptual framework of complexity, difference and emergence opens space – political or otherwise – for discussion regarding why rapid developments arising from digitalization are transforming the way individuals, organizations, institutions and states behave, relate and make decisions. Cyberpower is creating an uncertain institutional landscape as a dependency vs. vulnerability paradox shapes values, rules and norms. Findings from this thematic analysis of qualitative data reflect this paradox, and suggest that organizations in Norway are in a survival-mode that is blocking collaboration. This occurs as national governance systems, human capacity and cyberpower effects lack synergy making for an uneasy arena where complexity, contestation and emerging challenges frame institutional development. To improve long-term prospects of governing cyberpower effects requires a cross-sectorial conflation of time and human resources. This means consciously taking steps to merge organizational and institutional boundaries through expressive innovative collaborations that foster a shared and holistic agenda. The emerging challenges cyberpower is presenting across multiple domains means further research is recommended to build a richer understanding of the term cyberpower from different perspectives. The investigation recommends investment in building the skills and capacities necessary for the co-creation of new models and strategies for managing the effects of cyberpower.

From Corporate Law to Corporate Governance

This essay is a contribution to the forthcoming Oxford University Press Handbook of Corporate Law and Governance edited by Jeffery Gordon and Georg Ringe. In the 1960s and 1970s, corporate law and finance scholars recognized that neither discipline was doing a very good job of explaining how corporations were really structured and performed. For legal scholars, Yale Law School professor and then Stanford Law School dean Bayless Manning confessed that corporate law has “nothing left but our great empty corporation statutes – towering skyscrapers of rusted girders, internally welded together and containing nothing but wind.” Michael Jensen and William Meckling made a similar comment with respect to finance. The theory of the firm was an “empty box” or a “black box” that provided no theory about “how the conflicting objectives of the individual participants are brought into equilibrium.” The result of Jensen and Meckling’s seminal reframing of corporate law in agency cost terms, and so into something far broader than disputes over statutory language, was that both Manning’s empty skyscrapers and Jensen and Meckling’s empty box began to be filled.The essay proceeds by tracking how corporate law became corporate governance – from legal rules standing alone to legal rules interacting with non-legal processes and institutions – through three somewhat idiosyncratically chosen but nonetheless related examples of how we have come to usefully complicate the inquiry into the structures that bear on corporate decision-making and performance. Part I frames the first level of complication in moving from law to governance by defining governance broadly as the company’s operating system, a braided framework encompassing legal and non-legal elements. Part II then adds a second level of complication by treating corporate governance dynamically: corporate governance becomes a path dependent outcome of the tools available when a national governance system begins taking shape, and the process by which elements are added to the governance system going forward – driven by what Paul Milgrom and John Roberts call “supermodularity.” That characteristic reads importantly on both the difficulty of corporate governance, as opposed to corporate law, reform and the non-intuitive pattern of the results of reform: significant reform leads to things getting worse before they get better. Part II then further complicates corporate governance by expanding it beyond the boundaries of the corporation, treating particular governance regimes as complementary to other social structures – for example, the labor market, the capital market and the political structure – that together define different varieties of capitalism. Next, Part III considers commonplace, but I will suggest misguided, efforts to take a different tack from Parts I and II: to simplify rather than complicate corporate governance analysis by recourse to now familiar single factor analytic models: stakeholder theory, team production, director primacy, and shareholder primacy. Part III suggests that these reductions are neither models nor particularly helpful; they neither bridge the contextual specificity of most corporate governance analysis nor address the necessary interaction in allocating responsibilities among shareholders, teams and directors. As well, these “models” are static rather than dynamic, a serious failing in an era in which the second derivative of change is positive in many business environments and Schumpeter seems to be getting the better of Burke. Part IV concludes by examining the importance of a corporate governance system’s capacity to respond to changes in the business environment: the greater the rate of change, the more important is a governance system’s capacity to adapt and the less important its ability to support long-term firm-specific investment.

The New-Type Think Tanks with Chinese Characteristics: Development and Challenges

The New-Type Think Tanks with Chinese Characteristics: Development and Challenges LI Haibin (bio) and QI Dongtao (bio) Think tanks are “public-policy research analysis and engagement organisations that generate policy-oriented research, analysis, and advice on domestic and international issues, thereby enabling policymakers and the public to make informed decisions about public policy”.1 Since the reform and opening up under Deng Xiaoping, China’s think tanks have developed significantly. They have incontestably played an important role in shaping the country’s social and economic reform programmes. However, Chinese think tanks still lack substantial “international reputation” (国际知名度 guoji zhimingdu) and also cannot meet the government’s and the public’s increasing needs for high-quality policy research and consultation. As is widely known, China has experienced rapid and dramatic changes in the economic, political and social arenas over the past few decades, and its gross domestic product growth has been significantly higher than that of any OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) area, including North America and the United Kingdom.2 With its rapid economic growth and large population of almost 1.4 billion (or about one-fifth of the world’s population in 2016), China has been facing myriads of governance challenges, which have therefore increased its demand for sound and innovative policy initiatives. According to the University of Pennsylvania’s 2014 Global Go to Think Tank Index, China was ranked among the top 10 countries with the highest capacity of think tanks due to its large population and market requirement. [End Page 3] In 2013, the Chinese central government announced an important document, the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Deepening the Reform of Several Major Issues” (hereinafter the “Decision”). One of the proposals in the Decision is to cultivate a new type of think tank which caters to China’s needs.3 President Xi Jinping has emphasised that “constructing new-type think tanks with Chinese characteristics is to develop scientific decision-making, democratic decision-making, China’s national governance, and modernisation, as well as strengthen China’s soft power”. The Decision proposed a road map for effective policy support for the scientific development of new-type think tanks, and hence precipitated a hot, nationwide campaign to establish think tanks. In recent years, different organisations, including the Party and government agencies, universities, research institutions and even various kinds of media, have set up think tanks, thereby resulting in a construction boom. Based on the 2015 Global Go to Think Tank Index Report, it is noteworthy that China has significantly outpaced other countries in the number of think tanks and was ranked second in the world behind the United States with 435 think tanks. INTERPRETING THE NEW-TYPE THINK TANKS WITH CHINESE CHARACTERISTICS The guidelines for a new type of think tank with Chinese characteristics have reflected the trend, connotation and function of the think tanks that were built in the context of China’s historical background and national conditions. To better understand the new-type think tanks with Chinese characteristics, the interpretation can be covered from three perspectives, namely “Chinese characteristics”, “new-type” and “think tank”. Chinese spirit, Chinese system, Chinese ways and Chinese styles are “Chinese characteristics” that think tanks should embody. “New-type” means being distinctly different from foreign think tanks and Chinese traditional think tanks in terms of ideology, organisational forms, operation mechanisms, management styles and system norms. In short, “new-type” think tanks should be innovative and modern. “Think tank” should thus be referred to as the “external brain” of Chinese leaders. As an important part of the national governance system, a think tank should be committed to public policy research and consultation, and also serve the public interest. As Xi highlighted during the announcement of the Decision, “building a new type of think tank with Chinese characteristics is an important and pressing mission. It should be targeted at promoting scientific and democratic decision-making, promoting [End Page 4] modernisation of the country’s governing system and ability, as well as strengthening China’s soft power”.4 At present, China has formed a radiating network of think tanks with the Party, government and military think tanks...

New forms of development: branding innovative ideas and bidding for foreign aid in the maternal and child health service in Nepal

BackgroundNepal has been receiving foreign aid since the early 1950s. Currently, the country’s health care system is heavily dependent on aid, even for the provision of basic health services to its people. Globally, the mechanism for the dispersal of foreign aid is becoming increasingly complex. Numerous stakeholders are involved at various levels: donors, intermediary organisations, project-implementing partners and the beneficiaries, engaging not only in Nepal but also globally. To illustrate how branding and bidding occurs, and to discuss how this process has become increasingly vital in securing foreign aid to run MCH activities in Nepal.MethodThis paper is based on a qualitative study. The data collection method includes Key Informant Interviews, the review of relevant policy documents and secondary data, and finally field observation visits to four maternal and child health (MCH) projects, currently funded by foreign aid. Through these methods we planned to gain a comprehensive understanding of the aid dispersing mechanism, and the aid-securing strategies, used by organisations seeking funds to provide MCH services in Nepal.ResultsStudy findings suggest that foreign aid for the provision of MCH services in Nepal is channeled increasingly to its beneficiaries, not through the Government system, but rather via various intermediary organisations, employing branding and bidding processes. These organisations adapt commercial models, seeking to justify their ‘cost-effectiveness’. They argue that they are ‘yielding good value for money’, with short-term target oriented projects. This ethos is evident throughout the aid dispersing chain. Organisations use innovative ideas and intervention packages, branded internationally and nationally, and employ the appropriate language of commerce in their bid to secure funds. The paper raises an important question as to whether the current mechanisms of channeling foreign aid in the MCH sector, via intermediary organisations, can actually be cost-effective, given the complex bureaucratic processes involved.ConclusionsThe study findings are very important, for Nepal’s development in particular, and for international development in general. The paper concludes by recommending strongly that foreign aid should concentrate on supporting and strengthening the national government system. Complex bureaucratic process must be minimised and streamlined in order to provide quality care to the beneficiaries.

Analysis of Differences in the Value of the AUDIT-K According to the Sociological Variables the Population of Neuropsychiatry Hospital Visitor

Using the AUDIT-K (Korean versions of alcohol use disorders identification test), it was able to select a large number of potential danger drinkers who routinely live. There were no statistically significant differences in age, religion, marital status, occupation, family history of alcohol drinking, age at onset of alcohol use, smoking, and BMI (body mass index). However, only education and drinking periods were statistically significant. These results are consistent with the previous study, which suggests that alcohol consumption is higher among men who are educated. The level of education also suggests that there is a need to look at the differences depending on what you learned and how. Alcohol consumption by education also shows different results. Also, drinking at a young age will lead to a longer drinking period, which is consistent with previous studies on the age at onset of drinking. In this study, drinking period was the most important factor of alcohol use disorder and it is considered that measures and education of national government system which can delay drinking age as much as possible is needed as a method to shorten drinking period.

Africapitalism and Corporate Governance

Corporate governance is contextual (Adegbite and Nakajima, 2011), and context matters to Africapitalism (Amaeshi and Idemudia, 2015). The existence of different national institutions means that increased global competition, as well as the integration of financial markets, will not express themselves in the same ways in different national governance systems. As different systems of capitalism typically produce different responses to similar pressures, a one-size-fits-all approach to the firm’s governance is unattractive (Aguilera and Jackson, 2003). Following this position, the Africapitalist corporate governance model articulated in this chapter presents itself as an important structure for conceptualising, understanding and committing to the private sector’s participation in Africa’s socio-economic development. Therefore, defining and articulating the principles of this Africapitalist corporate governance model represents the main objective and contribution of this chapter. Drawing insights from Africa’s leading economies (South Africa and Nigeria), our discussions facilitate the emergence of a workable, practical and useful corporate governance model, which in turn promotes the Africapitalism project.

Research on the Participation Mechanism of Social Rescue Organizations

In order to study the participation mechanism of social rescue organizations, this article chooses the social rescue organization which is more mature in China—Rescue Team of Ramunion in Zhejiang Province as a typical case. We use three methods, such as offline survey, software analysis and theoretical analysis to investigate the participation mechanism of social rescue organizations in disaster prevention, disaster reduction and disaster relief system. Then we analyzed the successful experiences and mechanism advantages of Rescue Team of Ramunion. We constructed a conceptual model of social rescue organization participation governance based on grounded theory. Finally, on the basis of summing up the conclusions of the study, we put forward countermeasures and suggestions to improve the participation mechanism of social rescue organizations. All of these countermeasures can provide policy reference for promoting the innovation of the theory and practice of emergency management with Chinese characteristics and promoting the modernization of the national governance system.

A multilevel governance framework for regulation of nanomedicine in India

AbstractNanomedicine is a novel and challenging field in terms of its governance. It is gradually emerging that the existing regulatory regimes may not be able to accommodate the requirements of nanomedicine without amendments or supportive measures. Further, its multidisciplinary essence poses challenges and indicates a need for an adaptive regulatory framework for governance as well as promotion of innovation system. The best strategy to govern nanomedicine remains highly debatable across the globe. Although, major challenges posed by nanomedicine are universal, some of them are specific to each country, hence, making a jurisdiction-based framework essential to address unique needs of a nation. In India, a clear framework for the regulation of nanomedicine is lacking, as this governance gap has been realized through various studies. Keeping this in view, the authors propose a multi-level national governance system for regulation of nanomedicine in India based on four principles. The hierarchical governance model proposed involves regulatory space, policy regime, sites of governance and lifecycle of nanomedicine. The proposed system is inclusive of its various stakeholders. The system can play a significant role in sustainable growth of nanomedicine in India.