National GHG Inventories Research Articles

10-year progress on Forest Carbon Research in Canada

In 2012 <i>A Blueprint for Forest Carbon Science in Canada:2012–2020</i> was published to guide policy and research and to support Canada’s obligations for climate change mitigation and adaptation, sustainable forest management, and international reporting. Over the past decade, the body of scientific research focused on forest carbon dynamics in Canada has significantly evolved, providing crucial insights into the intricate interplay between various forest ecosystems and the global carbon cycle. This comprehensive review synthesizes key findings from this period, highlighting improvements to Canada’s estimates of current forest greenhouse gas emissions and removals, the effects of global changes on Canada’s future forest carbon, and forest contributions to mitigate climate change. Collaborating with the forest carbon science community, we identified 426 peer-reviewed published articles on landscape-scale forest carbon research for Canada from 2012 to 2021. The review emphasizes anthropogenic influences and natural disturbances in contemporary GHG emissions and removals for managed forests in the national GHG inventory, highlights the existing dichotomy between management and research models, and stresses the need for integrating disturbance and climate effects for comprehensive GHG estimates. Despite significant progress in estimating and tracking forest carbon using modelled, remotely sensed and ground-based observations, challenges remain in reducing uncertainties, particularly regarding climate impacts on forest growth, decay, and disturbances. Furthermore, the review showcases recent advancements in climate change mitigation strategies and the use of a systems approach that includes forest ecosystem emissions and removals, wood product emissions and substitution benefits of avoided fossil emissions. Through comprehensive scenario analyses, the review underscores regional variations in assessing GHG reductions and notes a shift towards a more holistic approach that considers environmental, economic, and social values. By providing a nuanced understanding of the complexities underlying forest carbon dynamics in Canada, this review sets the stage for future research and policy initiatives aimed at fostering sustainable forest management practices and mitigating the impact of climate change on these vital ecosystems.

Do smallholders have a role to play in atmospheric greenhouse gas removal? Insights from western Kenya

Despite consensus by the international community on the need for setting targets for reducing emissions or enhancing removal of greenhouse gases, comprehensive strategies for enumerating smallholders’ roles are yet to be designed and tested. Moreover, although smallholders’ role as net greenhouse gas removers has been speculated, evidence of this fact is necessary. A survey of 380 smallholders involved in maize-farming system in four sub-counties of western Kenya representing heterogeneity in agro-ecological zones and postulated biomass cooking energy access and demand was undertaken. The objectives of the study included to i). determine the smallholders’ net role in GHGs’ removals; ii). assess the presence of differences in smallholders’ emission status for an identical system but in dissimilar agro-ecological zones iii). relate atmospheric GHG removers to households' socio-economic characteristics and iv). enumerate a cost-effective approach of estimating atmospheric greenhouse gases emissions and removal. Greenhouse gas emissions and removal activity data, default emission factors and outcomes of allometric equations based on existing secondary sources were incorporated into the primary database from the survey to derive smallholders’ roles as net GHG removers. Economic models were used to derived the drivers of GHG removal. Most smallholders were net CO2e removers with differences among them and the sampled sub-counties associated with intensity in adoption of the maize-agroforestry system and levels of biomass utilization. Net CO2e removers significantly (p < 0.05) reared more livestock, utilized more fertilizer at both planting and topdressing stages, reported higher maize yields and had planted more trees than those who were net dischargers. Factors influencing the probability (p < 0.05) of smallholder being a net carbon remover included household size, maize yield, land owned and adoption of energy saving cooking stoves. Emission mitigation practices reported were compatible with food security, agricultural commercialization and the welfare enhancing production operations. The approach adopted in enumerating greenhouse gases emission and removal could highly enhance developing countries reporting the National GHG's Inventories and pin-point intervention options.

Exploring differences in FFCO2 emissions in the United States: comparison of the Vulcan data product and the EPA national GHG inventory

Quantitative assessment of greenhouse gas emissions is an essential step to plan, track, and verify emission reductions. Multiple approaches have been taken to quantify U.S. CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion (FFCO2), the primary driver of global climate change. A 2020 study analyzing atmospheric 14CO2 observations (a key check on bottom-up estimates) and multiple inventories found significant differences in the U.S. total FFCO2 emissions. The specific reasons for the differences were left for future work. Here, we take up this task and explore the differences between two widely used U.S. FFCO2 inventories, the Vulcan FFCO2 emissions data product and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) GHG inventory, developed using mostly independent data sources. Where possible, we isolate definitions and data sources to quantify/understand discrepancies. We find that the initial 2011 emissions difference (104 MtC yr−1; RD = 10.7%) can be reduced by aligning the two estimates to account for differing definitions of emission categories or system boundaries. Out of the remaining 90.6 MtC yr−1 gap (RD = 6.2%), we find that differences can be largely explained by data completeness, emission factors, and fuel heating values. The remaining difference, 45.4 MtC yr−1 (3.2%), is difficult to isolate due to limited EPA documentation and disaggregation of emissions by sector/fuel categories. Furthermore, the final net difference obscures countervailing gross differences (∼40 MtC yr−1) within individual sectors. Nevertheless, this comparison suggests the potential for a national estimation approach that can simultaneously satisfy reporting at the national/global scale and the local scale, maintaining internal consistency throughout and offering detailed decision support to a much wider array of stakeholders.

Status and opportunities for improvement in greenhouse gas emission inventories for the cattle production in Latin America and the Caribbean region: A perspective

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides the reference for national greenhouse gas emission (GHG) inventories towards standardized, accurate, measurable, and comparable National Inventory Reports (NIR). For compliance with the 1.5⁰C commitments under the Paris Agreement, most countries have made efforts to improve their inventory methods to tier 2 or 3. However, some relevant activities within Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) countries, such as enteric methane emissions and methane and nitrous oxide emissions from cattle manure management are still estimated using tier 1 methods, which leads to a high uncertainty due to the importance of livestock emissions in the national totals for these countries. In this context, reducing the uncertainty in GHG inventories would not only improve the accuracy of national reports but it would also provide solid baselines for national mitigation initiatives e.g., Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement, and accurate tools to venture into carbon bonds or payments for ecosystem services. The aim of this study was to review the status of national GHG inventories specifically for these three cattle emission categories in 11 LAC countries. We conducted a survey of GHG inventory experts in the 11 LAC countries, to identify the potential for improvement and the main barriers to achieving this. Despite some initiatives, there is still a large potential for reducing the uncertainty in LAC national GHG emission estimates, the barriers to or solutions can be categorized as technical, policy, and institutional issues. However, improving the GHG inventories of LAC countries, specifically for cattle emissions, is feasible in the medium term, as long as multilateral actions are considered, coherently linked under a comparable and verifiable methodology and including a commitment by countries to invest public funds in relevant research and innovations.

Estimating Settlement carbon stock and density using an inventory approach and quantifying their variation by land use and parcel size

A lack of very-high resolution land-cover data and in-situ carbon sampling in Settlement areas has limited the quantification of terrestrial carbon in Canadian Settlements and elsewhere. Without those data, it is difficult to quantify Settlement area terrestrial carbon for United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change reporting within the Land Use, Land Use Change, and Forestry sector. The presented research takes a step toward filling this gap by first classifying Settlement land cover at a very-high resolution (<=80 cm, 93% overall accuracy). Then, with those data, an inventory approach is used to estimate carbon stocks based on local data, standard rulesets from the IPCC, and practice-based assumptions. Guided by FAIR principles, our approach is operationalized and available in a Jupyter Notebook for distribution, use, and extension by others. Results found that the study Settlement comprised 30% tree cover and 18% turfgrass. When analyzed by parcel size, carbon densities varied little for parcels less than 1.6 ha (3.9–4.2 kg C m-2), but then increased with larger parcels up to 6.6 Gg C m-2 for parcels > 8.1 ha. Among different land uses, industrial, commercial, and transportation had the lowest carbon densities (2.4–2.8 kg C m-2), followed by high, medium, and low-density residential (3.6, 4.0, 8.9 kg C m-2, respectively) with low-density residential almost achieving carbon densities in protected and recreation areas (10.2 kg C m-2). Our results suggest that land use is a stronger driver of carbon-storage relative to parcel size, but their combination best represents the variation in carbon-storage in low-density residential land use. Currently, only carbon change in urban trees and deforestation around urban centres is reported in Canada’s National GHG Inventory Report. The present research quantifying carbon densities provides an analysis that could inform carbon change resulting from other land-use conversions and improve deforestation estimates by better defining the final state of a land-use change.

Blue carbon sinks in South Africa and the need for restoration to enhance carbon sequestration

Blue carbon ecosystems (mangroves, salt marshes, and seagrasses) contribute towards climate change mitigation because they are efficient at sequestering atmospheric CO2 into long-term total ecosystem carbon stocks. Destruction or disturbance therefore reduces sink capacity and leads to significant CO2 emissions. This study reports the first national estimates of: 1) total carbon storage, 2) CO2 emissions from anthropogenic activities, 3) the potential for restoration to enhance carbon sequestration for blue carbon ecosystems in South Africa. Mangrove ecosystems have the greatest carbon storage per unit area (253–534 Mg C ha−1), followed by salt marshes (100–199 Mg C ha−1) and seagrasses (45–144 Mg C ha−1). Salt marshes are the most extensive and contribute 67 % to the national carbon stock of 4000 Gg C. Since 1930, 6500 ha has been lost across all blue carbon ecosystems (26 % of the natural extent), equivalent to losing 1086 Gg C from the national carbon stock. Historic CO2 emissions were estimated at an average rate of 30,266 t CO2e yr−1. Despite losses, a total of 3998 ha could be restored to increase carbon sequestration and CO2 removals of 14,845 tCO2e.yr−1. Extractive activities have declined rapidly in recent decades, but abiotic pressures on estuarine ecosystems (flow modification, reduced water quality, and artificial breaching) have been increasing. There is an urgent need to quantify the potential impact of these pressures and include them in estuarine management and restoration plans. Blue carbon ecosystems cover a relatively small area in South Africa, but they are valued for their multiple ecosystem services that contribute towards climate change adaptation and biodiversity co-benefits. These ecosystems need to be included in national policies driving climate change response in the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land-Use (AFOLU) sector, such as incorporating them into the wetland subcategory of the national GHG inventory.

76. Comparison of enteric methane emission of lactating dairy cattle using Tier 3 methodology for the UK and the Netherlands national GHG inventories

76. Comparison of enteric methane emission of lactating dairy cattle using Tier 3 methodology for the UK and the Netherlands national GHG inventories

IMPACT OF LITTER TURNOVER ON CARBON CYCLING IN FORESTS WITH DRAINED AND NATURALLY WET NUTRIENT-RICH ORGANIC SOILS IN LATVIA

Litter production is a key parameter for estimation of forest soil carbon (C) stock. The aim of the study was to evaluate carbon stock in above and below-ground litter in forests with drained and naturally wet nutrient-rich organic soils in Latvia to improve National GHG inventory and to integrate data into AGM and EPIM models. To estimate C input with tree above-ground litter, sampling of litter was done in 46 research sites in Latvia. A modelling approach based on a literature review was used to estimate C input with tree below-ground litter and litter of ground vegetation. Our study highlights a connection between C input to soil with litter and stand characteristics – stand basal area, stand age and dominant tree species. There is a trend for C input from above- and below- ground litter to increase along with increasing stand basal area. In conifer stands the C input with ground vegetation increased with stand basal area, whereas for broadleaves the trend is reverse. There is still uncertainty regarding C input with below-ground litter and ground vegetation. In order to improve the modeling approach additional data and country-specific models are required.

Improved accuracy and reduced uncertainty in greenhouse gas inventories by refining the IPCC emission factor for direct N2 O emissions from nitrogen inputs to managed soils.

Most national GHG inventories estimating direct N2O emissions from managed soils rely on a default Tier 1 emission factor (EF1) amounting to 1% of nitrogen inputs. Recent research has, however, demonstrated the potential for refining the EF1 considering variables that are readily available at national scales. Building on existing reviews, we produced a large dataset (n = 848) enriched in dry and low latitude tropical climate observations as compared to former global efforts and disaggregated the EF1 according to most meaningful controlling factors. Using spatially explicit N fertilizer and manure inputs, we also investigated the implications of using the EF1 developed as part of this research and adopted by the 2019 IPCC refinement report. Our results demonstrated that climate is a major driver of emission, with an EF1 three times higher in wet climates (0.014, 95% CI 0.011–0.017) than in dry climates (0.005, 95% CI 0.000–0.011). Likewise, the form of the fertilizer markedly modulated the EF1 in wet climates, where the EF1 for synthetic and mixed forms (0.016, 95% CI 0.013–0.019) was also almost three times larger than the EF1 for organic forms (0.006; 95% CI 0.001–0.011). Other factors such as land cover and soil texture, C content, and pH were also important regulators of the EF1. The uncertainty associated with the disaggregated EF1 was considerably reduced as compared to the range in the 2006 IPCC guidelines. Compared to estimates from the 2006 IPCC EF1, emissions based on the 2019 IPCC EF1 range from 15% to 46% lower in countries dominated by dry climates to 7%–37% higher in countries with wet climates and high synthetic N fertilizer consumption. The adoption of the 2019 IPCC EF1 will allow parties to improve the accuracy of emissions’ inventories and to better target areas for implementing mitigation strategies.

A modeling approach to estimating N2O emission derived from loss of soil organic matter for the Japanese greenhouse gas inventory

ABSTRACT We designed a new approach for modeling the nitrous oxide (N2O) derived from nitrogen (N) mineralization associated with loss of soil organic matter (SOM) that meets the current IPCC guidelines (GL) because the method currently used in the National GHG Inventory Report (NIR) of Japan does not. Loss of soil carbon (C) was calculated by using the previously developed nationwide soil C calculation system for agricultural soils. We conducted a zero-C-input soil C modeling experiment, which is a one-year simulation without C input after a long-term ‘normal’ simulation with C input. Because no new organic matter was added to the system in the one-year simulation, we considered that C loss was equal to the C loss from SOM loss. Next, the amount of C loss was divided by the soil C/N ratio for each soil and agricultural land use type to calculate the amount of N mineralization. Finally, N mineralization quantity was converted to N2O emission by using an empirical model. Because the use of this empirical model cannot be justified for paddy fields, the use of IPCC default emission factor should be recommended instead of the empirical model-derived emission. We consider that these calculated N2O is derived from N mineralization associated with SOM loss. Our new approach, however, was not yet validated against field observation. The results are therefore only tentative and waiting for the field validation.

Global importance of methane emissions from drainage ditches and canals

Globally, there are millions of kilometres of drainage ditches which have the potential to emit the powerful greenhouse gas methane (CH4), but these emissions are not reported in budgets of inland waters or drained lands. Here, we synthesise data to show that ditches spanning a global latitudinal gradient and across different land uses emit large quantities of CH4 to the atmosphere. Area-specific emissions are comparable to those from lakes, streams, reservoirs, and wetlands. While it is generally assumed that drainage negates terrestrial CH4 emissions, we find that CH4 emissions from ditches can, on average, offset ∼10% of this reduction. Using global areas of drained land we show that ditches contribute 3.5 Tg CH4 yr−1 (0.6–10.5 Tg CH4 yr−1); equivalent to 0.2%–3% of global anthropogenic CH4 emissions. A positive relationship between CH4 emissions and temperature was found, and emissions were highest from eutrophic ditches. We advocate the inclusion of ditch emissions in national GHG inventories, as neglecting them can lead to incorrect conclusions concerning the impact of drainage-based land management on CH4 budgets.

Methane emission factors and carbon fluxes from enteric fermentation in cattle of Nepal Himalaya

This study presents a first estimate of the country-specific enteric methane (CH4) emission factors (EFs) and the net CH4 fluxes for the local and improved cattle breeds (LCB and ICB) in Nepal using the IPCC Tier 2 methodology. The country-specific herd structure, morphological and feed characteristics data of cattle were collected from the field survey. In LCB, adult males had the highest mean live body weights (BWs) ranging from 222 ± 42 kg in the Hill to 237 ± 36 kg in the Plain region, while for improved cattle, adult females had the highest BW of 334 ± 45 kg in the Hill to 308 ± 38 kg in the Plain regions. Weight gains of ICB were higher than the LCB. Local calves gained BWs of 97 ± 20 g day−1, while improved calves gained a weight of 202 ± 41 g day−1. The CH4 EFs ranged from 13 ± 3 to 46 ± 9 kg CH4 head−1 yr−1 for different age-groups of the LCB, while for the ICB, the EFs ranged from 14 ± 3 to 75 ± 15 kg CH4 head−1 yr−1. Overall, the EFs were 33 ± 7 and 46 ± 9 kg CH4 head−1 yr−1 for LCB and ICB, respectively. The estimated enteric EFs of cattle in the Hill and Plain regions were not statistically different (p > 0.05), but a significant difference existed between the breeds (LCB and ICB; p < 0.05). The net CH4 flux was 254 ± 51 Gg yr−1 from enteric fermentation in cattle of Nepal using the country-specific EFs, about 15% higher than using the default EFs (221 ± 66 Gg yr−1). We underline that the emission estimation, deploying the country-specific EFs, will be more accurate, contributing to reduce the uncertainties in the national GHG inventories and supporting the mitigation actions.

Comparative analysis of greenhouse gas emission inventory for Pakistan: Part I energy and industrial processes and product use

In order to further improve the accuracy and reliability and reduce uncertainties in the national GHG inventories for Pakistan, this study call for using 2006 IPCC Guidelines, to help to identify the national targets for GHG mitigation with respect to the nationally determined contributions (NDCs). GHG (CO2, CH4, and N2O) inventories for Pakistan have been developed by conducting a detailed sectoral assessment of IPCC source sectors, energy, industrial processes and product use (IPPU), agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU), and the waste sector. Further, sector wise comparative analysis of GHG inventories (1994–2017) based on the 2006 and 1996 IPCC Guidelines have also been presented. Results indicated an average relative difference of 4% in total GHG emissions (CO2 equivalent) from energy sector between 2006 and 1996 IPCC Guidelines. With 3.6% average annual growth rate based on 2006 IPCC Guidelines, CO2 from energy sector remained the most abundant GHG emitted, followed by CH4 and N2O. While the average absolute difference in emissions of CH4 and N2O from the energy sector is notable, the total estimated GHG emissions by 2006 IPCC Guidelines duplicate those by 1996 IPCC Guidelines. In the mineral industry with 2006 IPCC Guidelines, an average annual growth rate of 6.7% is observed, contributing 64% of total IPPU sector CO2 emissions. Nevertheless, the relative difference between the two Guidelines in overall IPPU sector emissions remained negligible. There might be a need for switching to 2006 IPCC Guidelines to consider more parameters such as additional source sectors and new default emission factors that fit into national circumstances.

Diffusive flux of CH4 and N2O from agricultural river networks: Regression tree and importance analysis

River networks in subtropical agricultural hilly region become an inconvenient greenhouse gas (GHG, methane and nitrous oxide) source because of the influence of human activities, which has caused large uncertainties for refinement of national GHG inventories and their global budget. Based on field monitoring experiments at high temporal resolution, we employed regression tree and importance analysis to identify quantitatively factors that influence the diffusive flux of GHGs to provide a scientific basis for reducing GHG emissions and controlling regional carbon and nitrogen losses. The results indicate that significant spatiotemporal variation of methane (CH4) nitrous oxide (N2O) diffusion occurs in all the four reaches (W1, W2, W3 and W4) of Tuojia river networks. Among them, W1 contributed lowest CH4 (22.55 μg C m−2 h−1) and N2O (5.00 μg N m−2 h−1) diffusive flux than the other three (P < 0.05), while W4 offered highest CH4 (166.15 μg C m−2 h−1) and N2O (30.47 μg N m−2 h−1) diffusive flux but with no statistically significant difference between W2 and W3 due to homogeneous extraneous nutrition loading into the two reaches. W4 also contributed largest cumulative flux of CH4 (14.55 kg C ha−1 yr−1) and N2O (2.69 kg N ha−1 yr−1) in Tuojia River networks (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the regression tree and importance analysis indicate that, in the anaerobic environment, dissolved oxygen saturation controlled the production and diffusion for both CH4 and N2O. The findings of this investigation highlighted that decision support tools provide an effective pathway to enhance the GHG mitigation technology research in agroecosystems and simultaneously shed light on the global campaign on refinement of national GHG inventories as well as regional nutrient management.

Land use, land-use change and their effect on greenhouse gas emissions and removals from Greek forests

The role of LULUCF activities has been already recognised for the climate change mitigation. Mitigation can be achieved by increasing GHG removals from the atmosphere (e.g., afforestation) and/or decreasing emissions (e.g., reducing deforestation). This paper deals with the current status of GHG balance in Greek forests, and the effect land use and land-use changes had during last decades. Data from the 1st NFI, a great number of forest-management plans, and on land-use changes in Greek forests were used. Special emphasis was laid on the evaluation of the methods applied, the data utilisation in the national GHG inventory, while specific gaps were identified. Forest land acts as a net carbon sink during the studied period; its capacity increased from approximately −1.1 Mt CO2eq in 1990 to −2.1 Mt CO2eq in 2016, mainly due to forest management practices. Net emissions from deforestation amounted to 0.5 Mt CO2eq in the period 2008-2016.

Addressing GHG emissions from land transport in a developing country

The number of motor vehicles in Malaysia is growing at a significant rate, from around 15 million in 2005 to around 25 million in 2014. Based on the National GHG Inventory as reported to UNFCC, as a whole the transport sector has consistently remained the second largest GHG emitting sector in the country, accounting for 20% of the country’s total GHG emissions in 2014 of which about 18% comes from road transportation. In this paper, a possible approach in addressing the GHG emissions from the land transport sector is presented. The avoid-shift-improve strategy is employed to determine the possible measures to deal with mitigating the GHG emissions. Computation of GHG emissions for 2014 revealed that car is the vehicle with the biggest contribution, due to its large numbers and also VKT. Motorcycles, on the other hand, have relatively lower GHG contribution despite its huge numbers, while goods vehicle have significant GHG contribution despite its small number of vehicles. Public transport (both rail and bus) can significantly reduce GHG emission for each passenger-kilometer compared to other alternatives. Opting for smaller vehicle can also reduce GHG emissions. Another potential solution towards lower GHG emission is adoption of electric mobility and alternative fuel.

Lessons learned for future transparency capacity building under the Paris Agreement: A review of greenhouse gas inventory capacity building projects in Viet Nam and Cambodia

Abstract Capacity building support by means of international development projects for developing countries to prepare national reporting under the Paris Agreement has taken on increasing importance. Given that support for capacity building has been provided for more than two decades, the aim of our research is to assess past trends in capacity building support for national GHG inventories, and to discuss major lessons learned for this kind of support in the future. We reviewed project documentation of GHG inventory capacity building projects for the last 20 years in Viet Nam and Cambodia. These two countries each represent unique patterns in GHG inventory capacity development in Asia. We analyzed both the financial scale and activities of these projects and identified the following key lessons: (1) capacity building support was accelerated after biennial update reports became an additional submission requirement; (2) more capacity building support tended to be provided to Viet Nam, a country with higher existing capacity, than to Cambodia, a country with greater needs; (3) Viet Nam had more access to institutional capacity building support; and (4) there were relatively limited experiences of capacity building approaches for the country in more need. Our suggested way forward includes setting up a simple but common monitoring system at the global level, and advancing evaluation research at the project level so as to achieve more effective capacity building support.

Impact of modelling choices on setting the reference levels for the EU forest carbon sinks: how do different assumptions affect the country-specific forest reference levels?

BackgroundIn 2018, the European Union (EU) adopted Regulation 2018/841, which sets the accounting rules for the land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector for the period 2021–2030. This regulation is part of the EU’s commitments to comply with the Paris Agreement. According to the new regulation, emissions and removals for managed forest land are to be accounted against a projected forest reference level (FRL) that is estimated by each EU Member State based on the continuation of forest management practices of the reference period 2000–2009. The aim of this study is to assess how different modelling assumptions possible under the regulation may influence the FRL estimates. Applying the interlinked G4M and WoodCarbonMonitor modelling frameworks, we estimate potential FRLs for each individual EU Member State following a set of conceptual scenarios, each reflecting different modelling assumptions that are consistent with the regulation and the technical guidance document published by the European Commission.ResultsThe simulations of the conceptual scenarios show that differences in the underlying modelling assumptions may have a large impact on the projected FRL. Depending on the assumptions taken, the projected annual carbon sink on managed forest land in the EU varies from −319 MtCO2 to −397 MtCO2 during the first compliance period (2021–2025) and from −296 MtCO2 to −376 MtCO2 during the second compliance period (i.e. 2026–2030). These estimates can be compared with the 2017 national GHG inventories which estimated that the forest carbon sink for managed forest land was −373 MtCO2 in 2015. On an aggregated EU level, the assumptions related to climate change and the allocation of forest management practices have the largest impacts on the FRL estimates. On the other hand, assumptions concerning the starting year of the projection, stratification of managed forest land, and timing of individual management activities are found to have relatively small impacts on the FRL estimates.ConclusionsWe provide a first assessment of the level of uncertainty associated with the different assumptions discussed in the technical guidance document and the LULUCF regulation, and the impact of these assumptions on the country-specific FRL. The results highlight the importance of transparent documentation by the EU Member States on how their FRL has been calculated, and on the underlying assumptions.

COMPOSITION AND CARBON STOCKS IN TALAGA KULON FOREST, MAJALENGKA DISTRICT, WEST JAVA PROVINCE, INDONESIA

The community forest in addition to the role for supplying wood and non-wood forest products industry, also play a role for carbon sinks, wich is stores into tree biomass. The species, diameter, and height are the most important properties of tress that are affecting the availability of tree biomass and carbon stock. The role of forests in carbon sinks have been gives a lot of benefits in reducing greenhouse effect which is caused global warming and climate change that also give affect to economy and environmental consequences. As the result, government of Indonesia has committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions that clauses contained in Regulations of President of The Republic of Indonesia Number 71/2011 on the Implementation of National GHG Inventory. This research took a place at the civilian forest of Talaga Kulon, Majalengka District. Describe the aims of research The methods that are used in this research to find the dominance and the Important Value Index (IVI) value is analysis of vegetation. Mean while for finding biomass calculate I used allometric equations. The result of this research showed that the species of Mahogany, Sengon, Teak, Tisuk and any African/Mences type are the one that have the highest dominance and IVI value. While the amount of Carbon stocks of Civilian Forest of Talaga Kulon Village is 43,55 tons C/ha which composed for pole-stage tree is 9,33 tons/ha and 34,22 tons/ha for sawtimber stage tree.

Coastal wetland management as a contribution to the US National Greenhouse Gas Inventory.

The IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement provided new guidance for countries on inclusion of wetlands in their National GHG Inventories. The United States has responded by including managed coastal wetlands for the first time in its 2017 GHG Inventory report along with an updated time series in the most recent 2018 submission and plans to update the time series on an annual basis as part of its yearly submission to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The United States followed IPCC Good Practice Guidance when reporting sources and sinks associated with managed coastal wetlands. Here we show that intact vegetated coastal wetlands are a net sink for GHGs. Despite robust regulation that has protected substantial stocks of carbon, the United States continues to lose coastal wetlands to development and the largest loss of wetlands to open water occurs around the Mississippi Delta due mostly to upstream changes in hydrology and sediment delivery, and oil and gas extraction. These processes create GHG emissions. By applying comprehensive Inventory reporting, scientists in the United States have identified opportunities for reducing GHG emissions through restoration of coastal wetlands that also provide many important societal co-benefits.