National Geographic Magazine Research Articles

Translation Analysis of the Article in National Geographic Magazine Entitled “The End of Trash” by Robert Kunzig, 2020 Edition

This study aimed to identify the translation techniques and quality of the article "The End of Trash” from the 2020 edition of National Geographic Magazine. The data comprises sentences from three subchapters Food, Clothes, and Metal in both English and Indonesian. This research used a descriptive qualitative method to analyze data. The study identifies translation techniques based on Molina and Albir's (2002) theory and evaluates translation quality according to Nababan's (2012) framework. The analysis reveales 14 translation techniques, Established Equivalent (34.9%), Reduction (17.8%), Literal Translation (8.3%), Borrowing (6.9%), Amplification (6.6%), Discursive Creation (5.5%), Transposition (4.2%), Modulation (4.2%), Adaptation (3.1%), Calque (3%), Particularization (3%), Linguistic Compression (1%), Generalization and Linguistic Amplification at (0.6%). The quality assessment indicates a high level of accuracy, with 80.9% of the translations classified as accurate, 78.5% considered acceptable, and 80.1% readable. The study suggests that future research could explore other editions of National Geographic to provide a broader perspective on translation practices.

Popular science as inter-epistemic translation: a case study

ABSTRACT Responding to a challenge raised by Douglas Robinson in the conclusion of his book Translationality (2017: 200–202), the recently launched EPISTRAN project 1 uses concepts, methods and theories from Translation Studies to investigate the semiotic processes (verbal and nonverbal) involved in the transfer of information between different ‘epistemic systems’. This paper, produced under its auspices, analyses a popular science article from the National Geographic magazine as an instance of inter-epistemic translation. Taking as its source text a research article previously published in the scientific journal Child Psychology, it compares the two with a view to determining the strategies used by the author to re-package the research for a new readership. It concludes that these are no different, in essence, to those employed in conventional interlingual translation, and argues that consideration of the processes involved can shed light not only on the ‘operating norms’ at work in the production of popular science but also on the construction of (specialised and non-specialised) discourses more broadly.

Language Styles in Advertisement: National Geographic Cover Planet or Plastic?

Language has the power to influence people and their behavior in many instances, one of which is in the field of advertising. Magazine advertisements are not simply constructed but they are carefully made with many considerations. One of the considerations is that they have the intention to attract readers to buy any products advertised. Magazines in many instances employ more than one language style to produce a splendid advertisement. Magazines have their own way to manifest their ideas to promote a product. Language styles of advertising in magazines play an important role to attract the reader's attention. The purpose of this study is to identify the language styles of advertising employed in National Geographic Magazine and to explore how the delivery of meaning is set to the readers through the language styles of advertisement employed. This study utilizes qualitative descriptive methods and focuses on the theory of Pop. The data were taken from National Geographic Cover: Planet or Plastic? Issue. The results of this study showed that the advertisements in National Geographic Magazine used four language styles: morphological, syntactical, rhetorical, and slogan style. Among these four, the rhetoric style was the most used in this National Geographic Cover

Contributors

Contributors

Imaging and imagining Palestine: photography, modernity and the biblical lens, 1918–1948

What, one might ask, is the relevance of old photographs to international affairs, or indeed International Affairs? The short answer is that images, like words, have political and social contexts—and when the issue in question is Palestine, an image is seldom just an image. Focusing on the 30-year period of British rule, the contributors to this edited volume have drawn on a remarkably wide range of sources. Readers of the standard literature on Mandate Palestine may be familiar with the photographs of the American Colony in Jerusalem, which feature in two chapters. But they may not know how it used photography to drum up support for the girls' orphanage it ran in the aftermath of the First World War in conjunction with a Christian weekly in New York. Nor are they likely to be aware that the École biblique et archéologique, run by Dominicans in the city, built up a collection of 30,000 images (now in the process of digitization) which recorded their scholarly work while also reflecting the political turbulence that swirled around them. Or, to take a very different example, that in its massive photographic archive in Washington DC, National Geographic magazine has 3,000 black-and-white images—both published and unpublished—of Mandate Palestine. Its work, too, was animated by Christian sentiment: a constant theme of the book is what the authors call ‘biblification’, the insistence on seeing Palestine through a distorting biblical lens.

On Using Loan Words (National Geographic Magazine as an Example)

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Stylistics Analysis Of National Geographic Magazine’s Cover June Edition

This research presented the Stylistics analysis of National Geographic magazine’s cover June edition. The magazine was chosen because it is one of the magazine's newest issues by the time the researcher conducting this research. The Stylistic approach was employed to understand and reveal the magazine editor's purposes in using specific language and visual features. Considering this research analyzes visual feature; therefore, the theory of visual grammar was employed. To achieve the analysis's goal, the researcher analyzed the language features from three language levels and a feature from visual grammar. In the level of phonology, the features are assonance, alliteration, and consonance. In the level of graphology, the features are italicization, uppercase, and lowercase. In the level of typography, the features are font size and the position of the text. In the visual grammar, the feature is distance. The researcher found that the language and visual features are used in purposes. They were used to give some effects to the reader that can attract them to read the magazine. In conclusion, the stylistics was proven in revealing the editor’s purposes of using language and visual feature in the magazine cover. Keywords: stylistics, visual analysis, magazine cover

C&EN talks with Carelyn E. Campbell, coin alloy creator

Carelyn E. Campbell remembers learning about materials science from a National Geographic magazine article she read as a high school student in 1987. “The goal to be able to design materials for specific applications really drew my interest,” she says. As an undergraduate in materials science and engineering at Northwestern University, Campbell was drawn to metallurgy, which she likens to her hobby of baking: by taking different metals and mixing them in specific proportions, you can process them and create an alloy that has unique properties that are different from its individual elements. At the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Campbell develops new alloys, such as high-strength steels and high-performance superalloys for turbine blades. Last year, NIST awarded Campbell and a colleague, materials research engineer Mark Stoudt, a medal for their work on developing three patented coinage alloys for the US Mint, one of which is the lowest-cost

Textual Manipulation In National Geographic Indonesia April 2020 Issue

This study aims to answer problems that occurred as the implication of the application of strategies in translation. The first began with finding out types of translation strategies in journalistic articles. It is then followed by the analysis of how the faithfulness of the source language text was retained in the target language text. The last would be finding out the types of textual manipulation in the target language text. The object in this study is the National Geographic magazine April 2020 issue, both the English and Indonesian versions. A series of qualitative methods were employed in this study, with the library research technique used in collecting the data. This study also employed the referential method in analyzing the data and formal and informal methods in presenting the analyzed data. The result revealed that Chesterman’s translation strategies which were found in the magazine are syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic strategies. As in the case of the faithfulness of TL towards its SL in the National Geographic Indonesia April 2020 issue, it was found that the faithfulness was retained through the application of Chesterman’s syntactic strategies, as well as textual manipulation through the use of the syntactic strategies

Pink and blue in a yellow box: National Geographic’s special issue on gender identity

ABSTRACT National Geographic magazine’s January 2017 special issue focused on gender around the world, including the magazine’s first explicit discussion of gender identity and transgender lives. I argue that the issue enacts a colonizing rhetoric of new discovery to address gender identity, whereby the magazine obscures past and present understandings of gender identity from cultures around the globe to position itself (and the United States) as especially innovative and progressive. I name the phenomenon of talking about the present in ways that forecast a brighter tomorrow by deflecting other pasts and presents futurespective kainotēs.

Developed but close to nature: the image of Finland in the National Geographic Magazine from the 1900s to the 2010s

ABSTRACT The present article focuses on the image of Finland in the National Geographic Magazine between 1905 and 2013. The study contributes to the research on national images by answering the following questions: a) how are Finland and the Finns represented in the photojournalist articles in the magazine, b) how has the image of Finland changed over the decades, and c) what kind of cultural, social, and political meanings are conveyed through the image(s)? The research material consists of 37 English written articles including in total 250 photographs and other images. The results show four overlapping but still distinctive phases in the thematic transformation of the image: Finland as a part of the diverse Russian Empire, Finland as a progressive but traditional European nation, Finland as the opposite to the Soviet Union, and Finland as a country of wild nature. The findings are discussed in light of the previous national image research.

Film chronicle: This Is Cinerama dir. by Merian C. Cooper, and: The Motorcycle Diaries dir. by Walter Salles, and: Easy Rider dir. by Dennis Hopper, and: Two for the Road dir. by Stanley Donen, and: The Wages of Fear dir. by Henri-Georges Clouzot, and: Tracks dir. by John Curran, and: Finding Nemo dir. by Andrew Stanton, and: Finding Dory dir.

Reviewed by: Film chronicle: This Is Cinerama dir. by Merian C. Cooper, and: The Motorcycle Diaries dir. by Walter Salles, and: Easy Rider dir. by Dennis Hopper, and: Two for the Road dir. by Stanley Donen, and: The Wages of Fear dir. by Henri-Georges Clouzot, and: Tracks dir. by John Curran, and: Finding Nemo dir. by Andrew Stanton, and: Finding Dory dir. by Andrew Stanton, and: Baraka dir. by Ron Fricke Jefferson Hunter (bio) Film chronicle: This Is Cinerama, directed by Merian C. Cooper (streaming on Kanopy); The Motorcycle Diaries, directed by Walter Salles (streaming on Amazon, Google Play, and YouTube); Easy Rider, directed by Dennis Hopper (streaming on Amazon, Google Play, and YouTube); Two for the Road, directed by Stanley Donen (streaming on Apple TV, Amazon, Google Play, and YouTube); The Wages of Fear, directed by Henri-Georges Clouzot (streaming on Kanopy and the Criterion Channel); Tracks, directed by John Curran (streaming on Amazon, Google Play, and YouTube); Finding Nemo, directed by Andrew Stanton (streaming on Disney+, Apple TV, and Amazon); Finding Dory, directed by Andrew Stanton (streaming on Disney+, Apple TV, and Amazon); Baraka, directed by Ron Fricke (streaming on Amazon, Google Play, and YouTube). Many Saturday afternoons of my childhood were spent in the balcony of the Fox or the Paramount, watching the main feature and maybe a B-picture, but always trailers for coming attractions, a newsreel, and a cartoon or travelogue. The last would be a short subject about a far-off and scenic part of the world, photographed in color and featuring a commentary by Lowell Thomas or some other sonorous-voiced authority. Historically speaking, the travelogues of the 1950s derived from the illustrated-withlantern-slides lectures that nineteenth-century explorers delivered to audiences in provincial lyceums, and in turn they have led to the countless travel programs of 21st-century television—for example all of those nowadays broadcast on the Travel Channel. Ethnographic and touristic in equal measure, like articles in National Geographic magazine, travelogues catered to the interests of a middle-class American public that, in fact, had not yet done much traveling itself. The Fox or the Paramount revealed a larger world, and introduced all of us to the thrills and occasionally the perils of getting out into that world. Travelogues cannot easily be seen today, but their general style, combining breathless excitement with straightforward reporting, escapism with a geography lesson, and exoticism with the occasional touch of good old American humor, is well captured by This Is Cinerama, a full-length travel documentary released in 1952 and now available for streaming on Kanopy. It was co-produced and directed by the adventurer, aviator, and all-around cinema whiz-kid Merian C. Cooper, who, two decades earlier, had been the moving force behind King Kong—a film, it will be remembered, [End Page 610] that begins with the making of a travelogue. I saw This Is Cinerama a few years after its initial release and was suitably thrilled when the compere (inevitably, Lowell Thomas) introduced the new cinematic process. He had been giving a potted lecture on film history in a sequence shot in black-and-white and employing the standard 4:3 aspect ratio, but then he declaimed, "This is Cinerama!" and the image suddenly widened across the huge theater screen, turned from black-and-white to Technicolor, and started us off on the first of our travels, a ride on a New Jersey roller-coaster car crawling up high on its tracks, then vertiginously speeding down. The widescreen images of This Is Cinerama were produced by three cameras simultaneously shooting a scene from slightly different angles, then by three synchronized projectors casting the footage onto a huge curved screen. On a small screen at home you will see only a letterboxed simulacrum of the original effect, but in truth the technical achievement of the film is the least interesting thing about it (and Cinerama itself has long been superseded by other and less distorting widescreen processes). It is This Is Cinerama's take on travel that makes the film worth seeing. After that roller-coaster ride, a series of vignettes transports us to places the producers deemed...

Digitization of Slide Film (35mm) – Transfer, Postproduction, Admissible Changes

One of the most widespread photography formats before digitization, both for professional and amateur use, was the slide film (35mm, Leica format). Due to its compact size, compared to medium and large formats, this equipment was preferred by all photo reporters, photographs of the wild nature (probably the best known was the ones of the National Geographic magazine) and of course for the general people, creating family photos. Slides were the common way of presenting, when images had to be shown at wide audience. They appeared also in art – in galleries and on stage. For that reason there is enormous material shot on this medium, transferred regularly in digital format. The digitization itself is constantly changing and sometimes the same image is digitized numerous times. In this material I will follow the basic ways of digitization and the changes that occur. Important problem of the digital transfer still remains the limit of admissible postproduction, which inevitably is modifying the initial image. Keywords: Photography, Slides, Digitization, 35mm

WORLD TOURISM DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Background. Tourism is one of the most affected sectors in global economy by the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. The introduction of hard sanitary constraints on visiting destinations has led to a sharp demand reduction for typical and related tourist services. In addition, these sanitary constraints identified negative trends in the development of domestic and international tourism in general. Significant restrictions on the functioning of the infrastructure of the tourist services market such as entertainment and recreation, public transport (including international traffic), hospitality and restaurants have affected the dyna­mics of performance of tourism entities and led to significant losses. Research on ways to restore the functioning of the tourism sector in the COVID-19 pandemic and after the remo­val of strict quarantine restrictions, as well as finding ways out of the systemic crisis, substantiation of mechanisms for regulating tourism in the new realities of the world com­munity are especially relevant. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The works of many domestic and foreign scientists are devoted to investigations of modern tourism development problems. Thus, it is worth to note the fundamental works of M. Boiko [1], M. Bosovska [2], N. Vedmid’ [3], O. Liubitseva [4], S. Melnychenko [5], G. Mykhailychenko [6] and others. However, the peculiarities of tourism development in the conditions of complex epide­miological situation in the world and in the context of the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in scientific papers have not yet been described in detail. The analytical conclusions of the official representations of the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the World Tourism& Travel Council (WTTC), the World Health Organization (WHO), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), as well as a number of journalistic mate­rials of the world news agencies CNN Travel, The Guardian, The New York Times, National Geographic magazine, and professional domestic periodicals deserve attention. The aim of the article is to analyze the consequences of the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on tourism development as well as to determine the main mechanisms for restoring of tourism sector functioning using different forecast scenarios. The specific objectives of the article are to analyze the dynamics of tourist flows before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, to systematize the consequences of the pandemic for tourism business, to determine the prospects for tourism development in the post-quarantine period as well as to highlight the different regulatory mechanisms to ensure the functioning of tourism enterprises in pandemic frames. Materials and methods. This investigation is based on analytical, statistical and fore­cast materials of UNWTO, WHO, OECD, WTTC. Literary, analytical, statistical, forecast­ting, comparative and geographical, modeling, and graphic methods have been used in the research. Results. The dynamics of tourism development indicators before and during the COVID-19 pandemic has been analyzed. The positive and negative effects of quarantine in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism are presented. The forecasts for the development of tourism after the end of the COVID-19 pandemic have been made. Regulatory mechanisms for ensuring the functioning of tourism enterprises in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic have been proposed. Conclusion. The difficult epidemiological situation in the world during the pandemic of acute respiratory disease COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has formed a tendency to reduce sharply the number of international tourist arrivals and revenues from international tourism, and identified the need to introduce unprecedented restrictions on the operation of travel and leisure, tourism and recreation, entertainment and recreation, public transport, hospitality and restaurants. As a result, the development of the world tourism indu­stry has slowed down significantly. Structural crises have begun to worsen due to the sharp decline in economic development and limited sources of income and employment indicators. Structural spatial changes of the tourist flow mainly in favor of domestic tourism are characterized by discreteness. In order to counteract the COVID-19 pandemic, international and domestic professional organizations have developed a number of recommendations for the organization of anti-epidemic measures in carrying out permitted activities, which include rules for receiving visitors and organizing the work of staff in offices, tourism, trade, catering establishments, etc. Adherence to medical and sanitary-epidemiological recommendations, self-discipline and self-organization, administration and education will accelerate recovery from systemic crisis the tourism industry, restore the functioning of tourism enterprises in the COVID-19 pandemic, prevent the spread of epidemiological diseases and infectious diseases among tourists and population, resumption of tourism on a qualitatively new service and information basis.

STRENGTHENING NATIONALITY INSIGHT WITH GEO-LITERACY

<p><em>The nationality insight should be owned by all Indonesian citizens. This insight is identical with civics knowledge. Besides, not only by studying civics knowledge anyone can improve their nationality insight, but also from other knowledge, such as by learning geography science. Understanding the environment is one of the scopes in geography science. Understanding the environment can possibbly to increase the nationality insight. This research aims to applying geo-literacy as a study method, so the student can improve their ability to understand the earth. The subject of this research is the 4<sup>th</sup> semester student of Geography Education Department, Faculty of Social Science Universitas Negeri Manado. Analyzing data is based on the calculation of the percentage of results of filling out questionnaires by respondents. The questionnaires formed by the author from literature study from the syntax of geo-literacy method (from the National Geographic Magazine) combine with the indicator of nationalism in the document of nationality by Lembaga Administrasi Negara Republik Indonesia. By applying geo-literacy as a study method in geography education, the majority of students strongly agree that geo-literacy has the ability to strenghtening student’s knowledge to know the world (by applying geographical approach) and make the best decision for the environment. </em></p>

Elliptical Constructions of Advertisements Displayed on National Geographic MagazineElliptical constructions of advertisements displayed on National Geographic Magazine

Penguasaan tata bahasa menjadi kunci dalam komunikasi dua arah terlebih dalam penggunaan bahasa asing. Ellipsis adalah sub-topik dalam ilmu linguistik yang mempelajari cara berkomunikasi secara efektif. Ellipsis memungkinkan peleburan dan peluruhan kata dalam unit ujaran jika konteks kebahasaan telah tercapai. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi: (1) jenis konstruksi ellipsis pada iklan Majalah National Geographic dan (2) formulasi konstruksi ellipsis pada iklan Majalah National Geographic. Pendekatan kualitatif konten analisis digunakan dalam penelitian ini, dengan mengumpulkan iklan yang terdapat pada tiga edisi Majalah National Geographic bulan Januari sampai Maret 2018. Semua data diteliti dengan serangkaian tahapan: validasi ahli, identifikasi, klasifikasi data, serta analisis operasi ellipsis menggunakan konsep presuposisi. Temuan penelitian ini adalah ketiga jenis incohesive ellipsis yang dideteksi adalah structural, situational, dan textual ellipsis berjumlah masing-masing 21, 18, dan 6 data. Hal penentu temuan ini bergantung pada jenis teks, gaya block-style iklan yang dituntut untuk tampil menarik, ringkas, dan efektif dalam menyampaikan pesan kepada pembaca. Simpulan penelitian ini adalah sebuah gagasan bahwa ellipsis mewarnai konstruksi kalimat supaya secara ringkas dapat menyampaikan pesan yang diinginkan.

The Syntactic Strategies and Equivalence of English Non Finite Verbs Which Translated into Indonesian with Reference to National Geographic Magazine

In dealing with problems while translating, translators need to apply translation strategies. It involves finding equivalents which are similar in meaning. The aims of this study are investigating and analyzing the syntactic strategies and equivalents of English non finite verbs which are translated into Indonesian.
 This study employed descriptive qualitative method. The data are 130 complex sentences taken from two feature articles in National Geographic Magazines pulished in English and Indonesian on December 2018. The result of study shows that the syntactic strategies found are loan calque, transposition, phrase structure change, clause structure change, unit shift. and sentence structure change. In addition, formal equivalences are mostly found in translation, in comparison with the dynamic equivalences. It can be concluded that the syntactic strategy is applied by the translators to get natural translated text in TL by selecting linguistic equivalences without changing the meaning. The formal equivalence is used when translators maintain the message by focusing on form and content. While dynamic equivalence is applied when the translator does not maintain the form and content but focus more on sense of translation by using natural equivalence which is closest in meaning and shows similar concept in TL.

More than Meets the Eye: A Multimodal Approach to Science-Popularizing Discourse and Representation of the ‘Other’ in a Selection of National Geographic Feature Articles

National Geographic Magazine (NGM) is an American cultural icon renowned for the dissemination of geographic knowledge, the exhilaration of cultural explorations, the popularization of science discourse, and the cultivation of visual imaginaries. Among popular science magazines, its distinctive force in the popular imagination squarely lies in the manipulation and division of labor among individualized and sensationalized textual and visual signifiers. While NGM is said to reproduce familiar iconic visual systems, representations of the ‘Other’ seem to constitute a unique configuration through which latent geopolitical ideologies impinge on the feature article multimodal ensemble. Extending past scholarship on National Geographic Othered representations, science-popularizing discourse, and multimodality, while mobilizing multiple tools drawn from several theories, this research proposes a genre-based multimodal framework to the analysis of feature articles as dialectically connected to the collective, the historical, and the generic dimensions of the cultural practices therein. As a point of departure, the paper examines two feature articles retrieved from the online version of NGM, particularly from the Reach for the Stars content hub the magazine created for UAE space endeavors in partnership with the Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre (MBRSC), home to the UAE’s National Space Programme. Specifically, the study scrutinizes the representations of Arab space scientists (the Other) in manners that tie closely to the geopolitical culture of the US (the Self). Findings showcase that despite the magazine’s metaphor a window on the world, the multimodal ensembles of science-popularizing discourse in NGM emerge as complex cultural processes fashioned in response to the ever-changing US geopolitical ideologies.

Honoring the Unflinchingly Positive Chérif Keïta, the Mande World's Extraordinary Ambassador

Honoring the Unflinchingly Positive Chérif Keïta, the Mande World's Extraordinary Ambassador1 William G. Moseley (bio) KEYWORDS Griot, Mali, Mande studies, mogoya, South Africa MOTS-CLÉS Griot, Mali, études mandé, mogoya, Afrique du Sud I am grateful for this important opportunity to reflect on the career and contributions of Chérif Keïta, whom I think of as a teacher, mentor, friend, connector, and consummate storyteller. A caveat to my comments is that I never had a formal classroom experience with Chérif. What I am part of is a surprisingly large Carleton College mafia that found its way to Mali (and neighboring West African countries) and had connections with Chérif before, during, and/or after their stays there. In this essay, I reflect on how I came to know Chérif and how he has been influential at different points in my life journey. I was a student at Carleton College, where I was a history major, from 1983 to 1987. Fellow essayist Joseph Hellweg was there at the same time, and while we knew a lot of the same people, we scarcely ever crossed paths. I also took French classes to fulfill the college's language requirement (but not with Chérif, sadly). Truth be told, I was not a very good French student. What saved me was studying abroad in France, specifically in Pau in the southwestern part of France (a program that Chérif would later direct). I learned three important things about myself while in Pau. First, I figured out that I really enjoyed learning languages in context (which was a huge shift for someone [End Page 193] who struggled learning French in the classroom). Second, I started to become interested in Africa during this time, because I lived with a French host family that had connections to Morocco. Third, it was eye opening for me to live outside of the United States and to see the world from a different geographic perspective. This stoked an almost insatiable desire to leave the U.S. again. I returned to Carleton to take some African history courses, most notably with David Owusu-Ansah (now at James Madison University), who was visiting faculty and taught courses on Islam and West Africa. Chérif would arrive on the Carleton College campus in the fall of 1985, during my junior year. We would not cross paths that year, because I was no longer taking courses in the French department. In fact, I would not meet him until the spring of my senior year (the spring of 1987) after I had been accepted into the Peace Corps in Mali. I knew a bit about Mali from David Owusu-Ansah, for example about the eleventh-through sixteeth-century history of the Mali, Ghana, and Songhay Empires, but I knew almost nothing about Mali in the contemporary period. My friends told me about this new French Professor from Mali named Chérif Keïta, indicating that I had to meet him. I was good friends with another Carleton student, Doug TenEyck, who had also been accepted into the Peace Corps in Mali. We both arranged to meet with Chérif. I was the student manager of the French house my senior year which, for those of you who know Carleton, was in Watson House next to the Watson dorm. I distinctly remember sitting on the front steps of the Watson house porch on a relatively warm spring day chatting with Chérif, who had generously agreed to come over and talk with us. While being aware of Mali's storied history, the little I knew about 1980s contemporary Mali was not very positive. My impression was that this was a drought-stricken land wrestling with extreme poverty and hunger. In fact, in the wake of the mid 1980s drought, National Geographic magazine would come out with a cover story that year entitled "Africa's Sahel: The Stricken Land" (Ellis 1987). Meeting Chérif for the first time was like meeting a force of nature. He was so engaged, energetic, and positive. He also immediately began to complicate my narrative about contemporary Mali. Yes, the Sahelian drought was real...

Метафора в науково-популярному медіадискурсі (на матеріалі ресурсів National Geographic)

The article deals with the analysis of conceptual metaphors in media discourse on the basis of English popular science texts. The material for the research includes texts from National Geographic resources (2016–2020), namely, from the National Geographic Magazine and Nat Geo Wild TV channel covering articles on history, environment, natural science, animal life and geography. The aim of the survey is to define the types of conceptual metaphors (after A. Chudinov) and to determine the dominant tendencies of their functioning. To achieve the aim, we used the conceptual analysis when determining conceptual models and their classification according to the types. Despite a somewhat indeterminate status of the popular science genre and its place in the structure of media or scientific discourse, scholars agree that such texts are characterized by a simplified presentation of scientific notions that should be easily understood by the audience which does not have the respective scientific background, as well as by the use of stylistic devices to make the text more expressive. In the survey, we have defined that all four types of metaphorical models are used in popular science media texts: anthropomorphous, nature-morphous, sociomorphous and artefact metaphors. Sociomorphous and artefact metaphors have been used most widely. By using sociomorphous metaphors, the authors of popular science texts compare natural phenomena with social relations between people. Namely, the behavior of animals or the functioning of plants is compared with military, sports or professional activity of people. The most prominent type was that of the artefact metaphors. By using such metaphors, authors draw parallels between how the animal world operates or how natural phenomena happen, and how more familiar artificial objects function. The most dominant in this group was the metaphor with the source domain “machine”, which is mapped on such spheres as “natural phenomenon”, “member of the animal world” etc. In addition to this source domain, artefact metaphors also included such concepts as clothes, building, food products. A relatively insignificant number of anthropomorphous and nature-morphous metaphors could be explained by the fact that in order to conceptualize natural phenomena, authors tend to use domains from noncontiguous spheres. The results of the article contribute to better understanding of how popular science texts function. Further research in this direction could be done in the examination of other lingual cognitive features of such texts, namely in researching how conceptual metonymies function here, as well as survey of other stylistically expressive means in these texts.