National Genius Research Articles

REVIEWS

PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Gurman, A. S., & Kniskern, D. P. (Eds.). (1991). Handbook of family therapy (Vol. 2).PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Brock, G. W., & Barnard, C. P. (1992). Procedures in marriage and family therapy.PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Hooper, D., & Dryden, W. (Eds.). (1991). Couple therapy: A handbook.PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Collins, R. L., Leonard, K. E., & Searles, J. S. (Eds.). (1990). Alcohol and the family: Research and clinical perspectives.PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: de Shazer, S. (1991). Putting differences to work.PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Worden, M. (1991). Adolescents and their families: An introduction to assessments and interventions.PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Pillari, V. (1991). Scapegoating in families.PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Carlson, J., & Lewis, J. (1991). Family counseling: Strategies and issues.PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Simon, R. (1992). One on one: Conversations with the shapers of family therapy.PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Simon, R., Barrilleaux, C., Wylie, M. S., Markowitz, L. M. (Eds.). (1992). The evolving theraist: Ten years of the family therapy networker.SELF‐HELP BOOKS: Adams, C., & Fay, J. (1992). Helping your child recover from sexual abuse.SELF‐HELP BOOKS: Williamson, P. (1990). Good kids, bad behavior.SELF‐HELP BOOKS: Armstrong, T. (1991). Awakening your child's natural genius: Enhancing curiosity, creativity, and learning ability.SELF‐HELP BOOKS: Schulman, M. (1991). The passionate child: Bringing up an intelligent and creative child.SELF‐HELP BOOKS: Brown, S. (1991). Safe passage: Recovery for adult children of alcoholics.VIDEO REVIEWS: Anger Management for Parents. (1991). (A therapist and her puppet discuss and role‐play anger management in parent‐child relationships; accompanying Program Guide and Parent's Manual).VIDEO REVIEWS: Two years, eight months, and a few weeks. (1991). By Walter Kempler, The Kempler Institute, PO Box 1692, Costa Mesa, CA 92628.

Professional Books

Abstract THE ROLE OF THE TEACHER IN THE 21ST CENTURY: An Insider's View. Mary Renck Jalongo. Bloomington, IN: National Educational Service, 1991. 91 pp. $18.95 paper. Reviewed by Ann D. Hazard PLAYMAKING: An Integration of the Arts in Education. W. Thomas Sly, Joseph R. Brockett & Ronn D. Kistler. Creative Educational Systems. Riverside, CA: Dovehaven Press, 1991. 158 pp. $17.95. Reviewed by Barbara J. Bushey RAISING RESPONSIBLE KIDS: Preschool Through Teen Years. Karyn Feiden with a preface by Bill Cosby. New York: Family Living Series, Children's Television Workshop, 1991. 209 pp. $9.95. Reviewed by Sandra M. Stokes AWAKENING YOUR CHILD'S NATURAL GENIUS: Enhancing Curiosity, Creativity and Learning Ability. Thomas Armstrong. Los Angeles: Jeremy P. Tarcher, Inc., 1991. 268 pp. $12.95. Reviewed by Mary Ann Dzama GROWING UP WITH DIVORCE. Neil Kalter. New York: Free Press, 1990. 416 pp. $22.95 cloth, $12.95 paper. Reviewed by Melissa Allen PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATION AND PREPARATION FOR THE MIDDLE LEVEL: A Position Paper. National Middle School Association. Columbus, OH: National Middle School Association, 1991. 24 pp. $5.00. Reviewed by Robert L. Gilstrap

Daniel Defoe: His Life (review)

REVIEWS 261 pity, and was regarded as an illustration of the ephemeral nature of man and his institutions. The Persian was seen as an example of the cruelty of human nature. Persia evoked the melancholy of ruins and of decline; and yet, the antiquity of its civilization nourished confidence in the permanence of the human spirit. Throughout the century, Frenchmen felt towards Persia a mixture of revulsion and attraction. It satisfied their taste for the fantastic and for the macabre, their need for an escape, their fascination with the unknown and the mysterious . They were mesmerized by Persian flowers, gardens, opium, and luxury items. The manifold attitudes towards Persia were the expression of the multiple facets of European sensitivity and imagination. The author makes it clear that the interpretation of oriental themes in literature must take into account the complexity, the confusion, and the rich texture of the Persian myth. The selected bibliography includes a useful chronological listing of travel literature for the period from 1558 to 1799. The main lesson one draws from Bonnerot's exploration into the vagaries of the collective imagination is the subjectivity with which civilizations confront each other at different periods of their development. The heroine of the book is Scheherazade, whose story, he observes, sings the glory of woman and proclaims the victory of knowledge over death: Dénonciation du crime et appel à la vie, l'histoire de Scheherazade est tout entière frémissante de vulnérabilité et tendue par une volonté inflexible. Dans sa longue lutte pour faire reculer les ténèbres, Scheherazade incarne l'esprit des Lumières où se mêlent courage et besoin d'appui, ingénuité et habileté, lucidité et détermination, (pp. 325-26) Pauline Kra Yeshiva University Paula R. Backscheider. Daniel Defoe: His Life. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989. xv + 671pp. US$29.95. A few days ago dy'd Mr. Daniel Defoe, sen. a person well known for his numerous and various writings. He had a great natural genius; and understood very well the trade and interest of this Kingdom ... he was in the interest of civil and religious liberty, in behalf of which he appeared on several remarkable occasions, (quoted on p. 530) Pinning Defoe down in a few words is not easy, but, towards the end of her biography, Paula Backscheider seems to agree with the emphasis of this obituary from the Grub Street Journal. Defoe was of course a man of many parts and many disguises, but he certainly had a great natural genius and his driving passions were the economic prosperity of his country, his religion, and his 262 EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY FICTION 2:3 conviction that every person was bom with inalienable rights. These are admirable qualities and it is clear that Backscheider admires her subject, giving him the benefit of the doubt on several occasions, such as in a well-balanced discussion of Defoe's ambiguous position during the propaganda war of the last years of Queen Anne (pp. 283-300), and generally in her assessment of Defoe's relations with his wife, a subject on which there is virtually no real evidence. Defoe is seriously criticized only for his habit of rushing into things with too little forethought and, above all, for his dishonesty in business. Defoe's complex business affairs are one area of his life which has benefited from the accumulation of new research in recent years, not least by Backscheider herself. This biography contains innumerable new bits and pieces of information on its subject, so much indeed that the author is able to eschew the wholesale looting of Defoe's works for supposed autobiographical information and insights which has been the characteristic of previous biographies. Only on a few occasions does one find unsupported attribution of emotions and thoughts to her subject, these normally being signalled by such words as "must have," "perhaps ," and "probably" (for example, pp. 6, 7, 20). One can only applaud this determination to base the biography on proper documentation, but it does inevitably mean that one gets very quickly to the 1690s with the subject in his thirties, since even new research has thrown very little light...

Sex and Philology: Sappho and the Rise of German Nationalism

AT THE BEGINNING OF his scholarly autobiography, J.J. Bachofen, the theoretician of mother right, proclaims, I was drawn to the study of law by philology.' Bachofen's placement of philology at the origin of his work parallels that of virtually all the influential intellectual systems to come out of nineteenthcentury Germany: in the beginning, there was philology. The study of language and of literature became the keystone of law and ethics, as well as of history and the history of art. Never has wider reaching importance been attributed to literary texts, especially to founding literary texts like Sappho's. And never has literary commentary appropriated for itself with such confidence the right to apply its conclusions to other domains, even to assume that textuality was at the center of all knowledge. The philological science, as it was defined by its founders in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, was an intellectual totality, a world unto itself that at the same time gave access to the essence of nations. In particular, philology was the tool German scholars would use to rehabilitate antiquity and reveal the Greeks as the standard for beauty, grandeur, and national genius. In the process, these scholars would guarantee for themselves a role as privileged interpreters of the essence of that genius. The dimensions of the mission philology assigned itself are evident in nineteenth-century German Sappho commentary, where the reader can expect arguments that lead well beyond Sappho's corpus, beginning with her sexuality and concluding with the foundations of Greek nationalism and the source of Greek artistic power.2 The founders of philology (notably the Schlegel brothers, August Wilhelm and Friedrich von Schlegel) were brought into contact with Sappho at the turn of the nineteenth century in the place Stendhal termed the Estates-General of European opinion, Germaine de Stad's salon in exile in Switzerland. There, intellectuals from all over Europe debated the political implications of the transition from revolutionary values to Napoleonic ideology, undoubtedly using the newly coined French vocabulary of nationalism.3 There also, because of Sta 's lifelong obsession with the original woman writer, the intellectual community was introduced to two fictions of Sappho that reflected contemporary political values.4 In the decade prior to the Revolution, French commentators had concocted a politically subversive Sappho, forced into exile after an unsuccessful

The Audit of War: The Illusion and Reality of Britain as a Great Nation.

second book in The Pride and the Fall sequence on power in the 20th century, this work places Britain's decline since World War II in a new perspective. Based on an analysis of unpublished government records, the text shows that Britain's wartime performance, far from marking a supreme achievement of national genius and effort, was in reality characterized by all the classic symptoms of the British disease. By the time they had taken down the bunting from the streets after V-E Day and turned from the war to the future, the British, in their dreams and illusions, and in their flinching from reality, had already written the scenario for Britain's post-war descent.

Pindar,O. 2.83–90

According to the traditional interpretation of these celebrated lines, Pindar is saying here that while the wise can understand his poetry by themselves, the mass of his listeners need interpreters if they are to do so; he then goes on to contrast inferior poets, who can sing only ineffectually and only what they have learned, with the poet of natural genius, who surpasses them as the eagle surpasses the crows; and finally he returns to the subject at hand, the praise of the victorious Theron of Acragas. Sandys' Loeb translation may be taken as a representative example:Full many a swift arrow have I beneath mine arm, within my quiver, many an arrow that is vocal to the wise; but for the crowd they need interpreters. The true poet is he who knoweth much by gift of nature, but they that have only learnt the lore of song, and are turbulent and intemperate of tongue, like a pair of crows, chatter in vain against the god—like bird of Zeus.Now, bend thy bow toward the mark! tell me, my soul, whom are we essaying to hit, while we now shoot forth our shafts of fame from the quiver of a friendly heart?Construed in this way, this passage has always been especially popular with scholars and with other readers — not surprisingly, for the former could find in it a justification for their activity as⋯ρμηνεῖς, while the latter could pride themselves on belonging to theσυνετοί.

Is there a relationship between illness and creativity? An analysis of the life and poetry of A. V. Koltsov.

Considerable interest has been shown in the relationship between illness and creativity. A study of life of A. V. Koltsov, a famous Russian poet of the nineteenth century, can make a valuable contribution to this subject because he was, to a most unusual extent, a self-made man. Unlike most "men of achievement", he did not come from an eminent family or a famous educational establishment. He was born in a small provincial town, on the fringe of the civilized world, and he spent less than eighteen months at school. If there is such a thing as "natural genius", Koltsov has a strong claim to be considered in this category. His life was also profoundly influenced by mental and physical disorders, and it is interesting to speculate on whether there may have been a connection between these and his great achievements.

Endre Ady’s Summons to National Regeneration in Hungary, 1900-1919

In 1896 Hungarians celebrated the one thousandth anniversary of their conquest of the Central European Plains. Intoxicated with the heady wine of nationalism, they seemed almost to believe that their millennium prefigured the thousand-year reign of Christ prophesied in the book of Revelation. Public officials loudly proclaimed Hungary to be the best of all possible worlds and extolled the virtues of patriotism in the most extravagant terms. Publicists eulogized the Hungarian national genius and lamented that all of Eastern Europe was not ruled by Magyars. The most enthusiastic patriots confidently predicted yet another thousand years of national glory.

The Draftsmanship of Ernst Barlach

What might be called the German national genius has, through the centuries, found its appropriate outlets in drawing rather than in any other artistic media. Negatively, this view is expressed by Fedja Anzelevsky, curator of the Kupferstichkabinett in the State Museum of West Berlin, who wrote, “German art is more distinguished for its draftsmen than for its great painters.” In a more positive way, this opinion is argued by Peter Halm, director of the Staatliche Graphische Sammlung in Munich who observed that “graphic art played a more important role in Germany than in any other country,” quoting, with delight, the art historian Max Dvorak's dictum that “it would be just as futile to write a history of Greek thought that ignored Greek tragedy as it would be impossible to present a history of German art without devoting one of its most important chapters to German graphic art.” Germany, which has produced only two really outstanding painters—Gruenewald and Nolde—and no sculptors of top rank, can boast of s...

Josiah Royce by Vincent Buranelli

72 Western American Literature concerned with the quality of his civilization than Muir was with that of his — "Civil Disobedience,” “Slavery in Massachusetts,” or even “Walking” dem­ onstrate this in a flash— and perhaps comparing the men at all should be done very tentatively. At the least, statements like “He [Muir] was, in fact, more of a Transcendentalist than either of the great Concord writers to whom he owed so much. Both Emerson and Thoreau, in their writings, were willing to compromise their ideals to some extent. Muir almost never did.” ought to have very lengthy qualification. Nor do I understand why Mr. Smith is at such pains, in the preface and again in a footnote, to make unspecified and largely supercilious- critic­ isms of such inheritors of Muir as Jack Kerouac “and others,” but again, this is not a central point. And on the whole this is certainly not an injudicious book. In fact, in its careful progression (sticking to Muir) from literary problem and solution to the larger context of ideas, it is a really valuable study, an extremely clear general introduction, from a unique point of view, to an important American author. T h o m a s J. L y o n , Utah State University Josiah Royce. By Vincent Buranelli. (New York :Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1964. 174 pages, $3.50.) The life of Josiah Royce is a story of America. It records the idealistic vigor of the West and the cultural achievement of New England. It makes the American dream of fulfillment through self-reliance a reality. Impoverished, friendless, sickly, Royce was born in Grass Valley, Cali­ fornia, in 1855, and spent most of a dreary childhood in San Francisco. His father, Josiah, Sr., pursued a doomed vision of success, moved his small family overland from Rochester, New York, kept a store, sold fruit, and be­ tween occasional breakdowns, became a drummer. Every effort seemed to fail. But young Royce had the natural genius that would save him from his father’s destiny, and he had a mother who showed him how to shape genius into greatness. Sarah Royce was a rare person, capable of enduring a squalid life and of teaching her children how to prevail over it. She kept a school, and for a time, was Josiah’s only teacher. Curiosity and conscience were the two invaluable gifts that she gave to her son. Considering his handicaps— personal, financial, and cultural— Royce’s achievement seems incredible. His reputation for brilliance at the University of California, class of 1875, prompted businessmen of the Bay Area to finance his study of philosophy in Germany. In 1876, President Gilman brought Royce to John Hopkins where he took the Ph.D., in 1878, with a major in philosophy and minors in history and literature. Unwillingly he returned to Berkeley; for four years he taught English at the University, married, studied, wrote his first major articles, and becoming more dissatisfied with California, sought a position in the East. The oppor­ Reviews 73 tunity came in 1882 when Harvard invited Royce to fill William James’ posi­ tion for a year. Reappointed, he was, after three years, made an assistant professor of philosophy and destined to remain at Harvard until his death in 1916. The mass and scope of Royce’s writings are tremendous. He wrote with impressive skill on metaphysics, ethics, logic, science, history, literary critic­ ism, fiction, social criticism, psychology, and theology. A recent, but still incomplete bibliography lists 183 items, including 23 books. With his first major work, The Religious Aspests of Philosophy (1885), he astonished the philosophical world with a new argument for the existence of God. His second major work, published in 1886, was an absorbing, authoritative, and still important history of California from the Conquest in 1846 to the Second Vigilance Committee in San Francisco. A novel, The Feud of Oakfield Creek (1887), was his next book. Seldom read today though certainly readable, it is a most interesting example of California local color and thus invites comiiarisons with the works of Harte, Clemens, and Norris. But transcending mere ocal color, it becomes a novel of philosophical importance, suggestive of his favorite novelists, George Eliot and...

Toward a Revaluation of Goethe's Götz: the Protagonist

Götz . . . has always seemed to me . . . rather a tedious play for non-Germans, says Ronald Peacock (Goethe's Major Plays) Manchester, 1959, p. 12). This verdict strikes uncomfortably close to the apparent value set on the play among English and American readers, and it implies at most a mixed compliment to the Germans, who presumably like it better. In Peacock's view, “a great act of historical sympathy is needed.” To respond to such a need is surely more an act of loyal charity than of critical judgment—and a dubious tribute to the work itself. In sum, Peacock finds the play historically “determined” not only by its sixteenth-century background but by its eighteenth-century genesis: Götz the uncorrupted “natural genius,” an idealized antithesis, in Herder's spirit for example, to the prevailing social order.

D. H. Lawrence and Thomas Mann

D H. LAWRENCE and Thomas occupy similar positions in English and literature. They are either considered to be the greatest of contemporary authors, or at least ranked among the most important. It is difficult to conceive of a greater contrast-Mann with his complete control and his intellectual speculations, Lawrence with his natural genius and his prophetic intuitions. It is, therefore, interesting that Lawrence was among the first-if not the firstt-Englishman to point out the qualities of Thomas Mann. In the July 1913 edition of the London Blue Review Lawrence published an article entitled German Books: Thomas Mann devoted exclusively to the works of Mann. According to Claus W. Jonas' bibliography (Fifty Years of Tho-mas Studies, Minneapolis, 1955), only two articles concerned with had appeared earlier in English, and both were written by Germans.

Reflections on the History of the French and American Labor Movements

Jules Michelet remarked that the forms of association “must differ … among the different countries, according to the diversity of national genius.” and Denis W. Brogan once said (he is surely one who does not merit the reproach): “Because we have studied only France, we have not understood even France.” The second remark might apply to the United States, too. There has been talk of the value of comparative study of labor movements, but comparatively little application of comparative methods to labor history. A comparison of the history of association in labor unions in France and the United States may therefore throw a little more light on the “national genius” of each country as well as on die behavior of each labor movement.

The Soldier and the State. The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations.

Introduction: National Security and Civil-Military Relations PART I MILITARY INSTITUTIONS AND THE STATE: THEORETICAL AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES 1. Officership as a Profession Professionalism and the Military The Concept of Profession The Military Profession 2. The Rise of the Military Profession in Western Society A New Social Type Mercenary and Aristocratic Officership Eighteenth-Century Aristocratic Institutions Preprofessional Meals: The Military Craft and the Natural Genius The Origins of Professionalism The Emergence of Professional Institutions, 1800-1875 European Professionalism: General Upton's Summary, 1875 Formulation of the Professional Ethic: The Autonomy and Sub-Ordination of War In Clausewitz's Vom Kriege 3. The Military Mind: Conservative Realism of the Professional Military Ethic The Meaning of the Military Mind The Professional Military Ethic 4. Power, Professionalism, and Ideology: Civil-Military Relations In Theory The Varieties of Civilian Control The Two Levels of Civil-Military Relations The Equilibrium of Objective Civilian Control The Patterns of Civil-Military Relations 5. Germany and Japan: Civil-Military Relations In Practice The German and Japanese Patterns Germany: The Tragedy of Professional Militarism Japan: The Continuity of Political Militarism PART II MILITARY POWER IN AMERICA: THE HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE, 1789-1940 6. The Ideological Constant: The Liberal Society Versus Military Professionalism The Historical Constants of American Civil-Military Relations The Prevalence of Liberalism in the United States The Liberal Approach to Military Affairs The Military Hero in Liberal Politics 7. The Structural Constant: The Conservative Constitution Versus Civilian Control The Constitutional Absence of Objective Civilian Control The Framers and Civilian Control The Militia Clauses and Military Federalism: The Empire Within an Empire The Separation of Powers: Dual Control Over the National Forces The Commander in Chief Clause: The Political-Military Hierarchy Civilian Control and Constitutional Government 8. The Roots of the American Military Tradition Before the Civil War The Three Strands of American Militarism The Failure of Federalism: Hamilton's Abortive Professionalism Technicism Popularism Professionalism 9. The Creation of the American Military Profession The Dominance of Business Pacifism: Industrialism Versus Militarism Years of Isolation: The Dark and the Bright The Creative Core: Sherman, Upton, Luce The Institutions of Professionalism The Making of the American Military Mind 10. The Failure of the Neo-Hamiltonian Compromise, 1890-1920 The Nature of Neo-Hamiltonianism Mahan And Wood: The Tragedy of the Military Publicist The Abortive Identification With Society, 1918-1925 11. The Constancy of Interwar Civil-Military Relations Business-Reform Hostility and Military Professionalism Reform Liberalism: The Pragmatic Usages of Militarism Military Institutions The American Military Ethic, 1920-1941 PART III THE CRISIS OF AMERICAN CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS, 1940-1955 12. World War II: The Alchemy of Power Civil-Military Relations in Total War Military Authority and Influence in Grand Strategy The Military Adjustment to Wartime Power Civil-Military Relations in Economic Mobilization The Fruits of Harmony and Acrimony 13. Civil-Military Relations in the Postwar Decade The Alternatives of Civil-Military Relations Postwar Perspectives on Civil-Military Relations Military Influence in American Society 14. The Political Roles of the Joint Chiefs Political Roles: Substantive and Advocatory The Joint Chiefs in the Truman Administration The Korean War: the Generals, the Troops, and the Public The Joint Chiefs in the First Two Years of the Eisenhower Administration Conclusion 15. The Separation of Powers and Cold War Defense The Impact of the Separation of Powers The Separation of Powers Versus the Separation of Functions The Separation of Powers Versus Military Professionalism The Separation of Powers Versus Strategic Monism 16. Departmental Structure of Civil-Military Relations The Organization Problems of the Postwar Decade The Joint Chiefs of Staff: Legal Form and Political Reality The Comptroller: Superego of the Department of Defense The Role of the Secretary The Needs of the Office 17. Toward a New Equilibrium The Requisite For Security Changes in the Ideological Environment Conservatism and Security The Worth of the Military Ideal Notes Index

Twelfth Night and Shakespearian Comedy

HEN Dr. Johnson stated, his Preface to his edition of Shakespeare's plays, that these jlays were not in the rigorous and critical sense either tragedies or comedies, but compositions of a distinct kind, freely and casually mingling both forms, he confirmed the opinion of many lesser critics who had either praised or blamed Shakespeare for being less scrupulous this regard than Sophocles or Aristophanes. Dr. Johnson, however, not only applauded this refusal to patrol the frontiers of tragedy and comedy; he went on to affirm that Shakespeare's natural genius was for comedy:

A Universal Problem

FROM what we read in Scope , the British magazine for industry, the festival in London is featuring science prominently. Commenting on the justification for the inclusion of the exhibition of science in a review of industrial aspects of the festival, Scope states: Of all the resources to which Britain owed the industrial supremacy she enjoyed in the nineteenth century, only one remains unimpaired today. We cannot make good our lost advantages in respect of power, raw materials, and other factors of economic strength unless we make the best use of the national genius for research and discovery. The need for close collaboration between science and industry is now fully recognized by the leaders of both. Never before has the gap between fundamental research and the application of its results to industrial purposes been bridged at so many points. But the general public is only vaguely aware of what is going on. Largely because ...

From Max Weber The Analysis of Political Behaviour

MAX WEBER was no believer in mystical doctrines of national genius, but he did believe that given societies had their own way of noticing, defining, and solving problems. There was, for example, a British way of approaching physics that differed from the Continental way. This truth is admirably illustrated by these two important new volumes in the International Library of Sociology. It is not a simple contrast between the German academic temperament and training and the American. Max Weber was, in many ways, anima naturaliter Americana. But as a German professor and a German citizen deeply and justly concerned for the present and future of his country, he was bound to deal with different problems than those which rightly concern and interest Prof. Lasswell ; and if the publication of these books had no other justification, it would have this, that the two books illustrate this difference of approach and of method. From Max Weber Essays in Sociology, translated, edited and with an Introduction by H. H. Gerth C. Wright Mills. (International Library of Sociology and Social Reconstruction.) Pp. xi + 490. (London: Kegan Paul and Co., Ltd., 1947.) 21s. net. The Analysis of Political Behaviour An Empirical Approach. By Harold D. Lasswell. (International Library of Sociology and Social Reconstruction.) Pp. ix + 309. (London : Kegan Paul and Co., Ltd., 1948.) 21s. net.

Foundations of American Conservatism

To the student of comparative political theory, few things are more fascinating than the contrast not only between different ages but also between different countries in one and the same age. The greatest advances in the collective thinking of Western humanity have been made coöperatively by men of every nation; and in every age all unite to give to that age its own distinctive character; yet each people contributes something of its own national genius to the spirit of the age. He, then, who would understand a country and the pattern of its people's thinking does well to inquire in what way it has deviated from the thinking of other nations in particular epochs.Whoever looks at early nineteenth-century America must be struck by its aloofness from many of the main currents of Western thinking. In the great Revolution of the eighteenth century, it had not been thus. The Lockean and Blackstonean tradition of the right of Englishmen to protect their property through representative organs; Rousseau's concept of equal natural rights of every individual and the right of the sovereign people in convention to reconstitute society according to its general will; Montesquieu's advocacy of checks and balances as safeguards of liberty; Quesnay's physiocratic cult of land as the natural source of wealth and power; Adam Smith's analysis of the relationship between national policy and private commerce; deism in religion; and associationism in psychology—these were among the many trends in the Age of Reason that came to a focus in the revolt of the thirteen colonies and the establishment of the United States.

Foundations of American Conservatism

To the student of comparative political theory, few things are more fascinating than the contrast not only between different ages but also between different countries in one and the same age. The greatest advances in the collective thinking of Western humanity have been made coöperatively by men of every nation; and in every age all unite to give to that age its own distinctive character; yet each people contributes something of its own national genius to the spirit of the age. He, then, who would understand a country and the pattern of its people's thinking does well to inquire in what way it has deviated from the thinking of other nations in particular epochs.Whoever looks at early nineteenth-century America must be struck by its aloofness from many of the main currents of Western thinking. In the great Revolution of the eighteenth century, it had not been thus. The Lockean and Blackstonean tradition of the right of Englishmen to protect their property through representative organs; Rousseau's concept of equal natural rights of every individual and the right of the sovereign people in convention to reconstitute society according to its general will; Montesquieu's advocacy of checks and balances as safeguards of liberty; Quesnay's physiocratic cult of land as the natural source of wealth and power; Adam Smith's analysis of the relationship between national policy and private commerce; deism in religion; and associationism in psychology—these were among the many trends in the Age of Reason that came to a focus in the revolt of the thirteen colonies and the establishment of the United States.

Mr. R. C. Mossman

THE death of Robert Cockburn Mossman at Buenos Aires on July 19 removes a natural genius whose scientific instincts found their full expression without the help of a formal scientific training.