National Freedom Research Articles

Anti-Colonial Thoughts Emerged in Bharathiyar's Works - A Perspective

The colonial system is one of the systems of government in the world. A "Colonial State" is a form of government developed in a non-European society that was directly subordinated to European colonial powers such as Britain, France, Holland, and Portugal. This model of government developed historically only after the sixteenth century. A colonial state is created through the means of conquering the people of a state or colony by treaty or force of arms; settling and building systems compatible with the social, political, and economic systems of the mother country; and ruling the foreign country under its authority under the sovereignty of the mother country. The colonial state represents the aspirations of the colonial state and not the aspirations of society. India, which is the superpower of South Asia, was once ruled by the colonial government and lost its autonomy. It evolved into an independent country in 1947 due to the desire for freedom of the Indian nation planted in the minds of the Indian people. Liberation from colonial rule was achieved through a moral and armed struggle by moderate and extremist activists. Mahakavi Subramania Bharathiyar was one of the prominent figures in the Indian freedom struggle against colonial rule. Bharathiyar yearned to breathe the air of freedom from childhood. He celebrated the Goddess of Freedom by putting an end to oppression and slavery. Through newspapers, songs and poetry, he inculcated anti-colonial ideas into people's minds. He made people participate in the Indian freedom struggle by inviting them to celebrate the achievement of freedom. He guided them to act bravely against the tyrannical rule of the colonial government and not to live like ordinary people. Due to Bharathiyar's activities, people started mobilising against the colonial government. It is a matter of pride that Bharathi also played a part in conjuring up the dream of an independent India and spreading anti-colonial ideas.

Social Consciousness and Women's Liberation in Bharathi's Works

Living in harmony with nature, human society has seen various types of advancements using nature. Since man began to live as an individual, he has upheld society due to his hard work. Also, when an individual comes into a society, he has certain values. Such values are changeable according to each society and period. In this way, Mahakavi Bharatiyar is notable among the poets who made the glory of the Tamil language known to the world. He is a social thinker. His record as a social thinker, freedom fighter, spiritual erudite, woman revolutionary, reformer, and so on is compelling. However, his approach and vision were far broader. Although he is understood in various dimensions like politics, spirituality, literature, and reformation, he also shines as a human being and a saint. Bharathiyar sang many songs for India's independence. He used the doctrine of “Religious Unity” for the freedom of India to unite the people in the freedom war. He removed the evils seen in old age and drew people to innovation. In this way, the aim here is to explore various platforms such as Bharathi's sense of national freedom, unity, and women's liberation through Bharathi's works.

Turkistonda milliy matbuot, adabiyot va adabiy til

Abstract. Any literary process operates the connection of existing social conditions, political system. The socio-political changes and historical conditions that occurred in Turkestan at the beginning of the XXth century at the end of the XIXth century had the stronger impact on literature than usual. The creators of this period vividly depicted the themes of national freedom, national identity, and enlightenment in their works. This article covers the issues of historical conditions, influence of socio – political factors, which played an important role in the development of the process of Uzbek literature – intensive literature of the beginning of the XXth century. The Manifesto adopted by the tsarist government in 1905 and its importance and essence are discussed based on the sources. Press and printing works in Turkestan were stopped. Important updates in Jadid literature, the method of artistic representation, literary relations, comments on the attitude to the national language have been reflected.

Role of Government in Supporting Entrepreneurship and MSME Development in India

The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector has emerged as one of the most vibrant and dynamic sectors of the Indian economy in the last 5 decades. MSMEs not only play an important role in providing large number of employment opportunities at lower capital cost as compared to large industries but also help in industrialization of rural and backward areas, thus reducing regional imbalances, assure a more equitable distribution of national income and wealth. Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) as ancillary units complement large industries and this sector contributes immensely to the socio-economic development of the country. Khadi is the glorious legacy of our National Freedom Movement and the Father of the Nation. Khadi and Village Industries (KVI) are the two national heritages of India. One of the most important aspects of KVI in the Indian economy is that it generates employment at very low per capita investment. The Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) in collaboration with the concerned Ministries/Departments, State Governments and other stakeholders by providing support to existing enterprises and encouraging new enterprises, will support the growth and development of the MSME sector including Khadi, Village Industries and Coir Industries. Along with the activities of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, the world market has also changed a lot. Today, for businesses to sustain, dynamism and entrepreneurship must continue to function to their full potential. We have seen in the past record of MSME development that, India has been able to achieve high growth of MSMEs in the country, with more emphasis on MSME Entrepreneurship Development programmed.

Populist in form, nationalist in content? Law and Justice, nationalism and memory politics

ABSTRACT The article aims to analyse the mobilisation of a collective memory for political purposes by the Law and Justice party in Poland. PiS is often presented as a populist party, which came to power thanks to an anti-elite rhetoric and social programme. The party portrayed itself as a representative of socially excluded groups as well as a defender of ‘normal’ people against corrupted elites. At the same time, PiS mobilised its supporters by referring to a certain construction of the national past. We analyse the tension between populist rhetoric accompanying social reforms aimed at social inclusion and the practice of mobilising exclusive historical memory and strengthening exclusionary Polish national identity. In the selected examples of education reform, museum policy and the cult of the Cursed Soldiers, we demonstrate the traditional and nationalist approach of the party to history, which is reduced to heroic struggles for national freedom. In the image of the past evoked by PiS, the sharp division between ‘we, the simple people’ and ‘elites’ weakens; instead, the dichotomy between ‘us’ and ‘them’ is constructed in the national terms ‘Poles’ vs. ‘Others’.

Ljudska prava u islamskoj pravnoj nauci / Human Rights in Islamic Jurisprudence

In the diversity of their religious communities, Muslim cities of the Middle Ages, such as Istanbul, Jerusalem, Baghdad, Samarkand, Bukhara, and Cairo, looked like the modern New York, San Francisco, Berlin, Paris, and London. In contrast, European cities during the Middle Ages were quite homogeneous, usually encompassing one predominant Christian denomination. This continued more or less until the second half of the nineteenth century. Since then Western cities have clearly turned into cosmopolitan metropolitan centers housing diverse faith and ethnic groups. What made Muslim cities during the Middle Ages similar to modern cosmopolitan centers? I contend that it was because they operated under norms of Islamic jurisprudence regarding universal human rights, particularly freedom of religion. This finding is surprising given the lagging status of religious freedom in many Muslim-majority nations today, and it suggests that recovering that classical Islamic tradition could have enormous global significance.

The impact of economic freedom on COVID-19 pandemic control: the moderating role of equality

BackgroundThe absence of pharmaceutical interventions made it particularly difficult to mitigate the first outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The current study investigated how economic freedom and equality influenced the pandemic control process.MethodsIn Study 1, we assessed the effect of economic freedom and equality on COVID-19 pandemic control from nations worldwide. We collected the cumulative number of confirmed cases over time to perform logistic curve fitting and obtain the speed at which the first wave of the pandemic was controlled, and partial correlation analysis and representational similarity analysis (RSA) were performed to assess the similarity between economic freedom and the speed of pandemic control. In Study 2, an evolutionary game model in which economic freedom affects the speed of pandemic control through optimization of the allocation of available resources was developed. In Study 3, we used experimental manipulation to elucidate the psychological mechanism relating economic freedom and resource allocation.ResultsThe economic freedom of nation could be used to positively predict the speed of pandemic control and the related similarity pattern. Equality was found to moderate the correlation and representational similarity between economic freedom and the speed of pandemic control. The evolutionary game model revealed a mechanism whereby economic freedom influences the speed of pandemic control through high resource availability. Furthermore, cooperation was found to be a possible psychological mechanism explaining how economic freedom increases resource availability.ConclusionsEconomic freedom has a positive effect on the control of the COVID-19 pandemic only among highly egalitarian nations. New interventions are needed to help countries heighten economic freedom and equality as they continue to battle COVID-19 and other collective threats.

Мотив свободи в інтертекстуальному вимірі української поезії: діалог поетів-«xатян» з Г. С. Сковородою

The article examines the motif of freedom in the poetry of the "Ukrainska Khata" journal in the intertextual space with "The Garden of Divine Songs" by H. S. Skovoroda. Having selected the poetic works published in the "Ukrainska Khata" journal, it was found that the motif of freedom appears in its polysemantic expression in the poetry of the following authors: Maksym Rylskyi, Pavlo Tychyna, Oleksandr Neprytskyi-Hranovskyi, M. Dontsiv, O. Nedolia, Yakiv Mamontov, Sydir Tverdokhlib, Mykola Voronnyi, Oleksandr Oles, Khrystyna Alchevska, Hryhorii Chuprynka, Mykola Filianskyi. The following thematic vectors of the intertextual motif of freedom in the "Khachyan" poetry were identified: individual freedom, freedom of creation, freedom of spirit, and the motif of a struggle for the freedom of the people. It was explained that the interweaving of motifs of freedom and nature in the works of "Khatyan" poets has a genetic relationship with the "Garden of Divine Songs". The intertextual parallels of artistic originality of the freedom motif in the poets of "Ukrainska Khata" and songs 2 and 14 of the collection of H.S. Skovoroda. In the artistic imagery of the «Khatyan" poets, as in Skovoroda's poetry, freedom is connected with highness and is included in the game of opposites. The combination of poetic works of different poets in the «Ukrainska Khata» journal allows you to read their works in an intertextual dialogue. For example, the elevated mood of Mykola Filianskyi's poetry is balanced by Maksym Rylskyi's poem. In such circumstances, a new dimension of freedom for a lyrical hero opens up: a poet who does not run away from people is aware of his responsibility for the people’l fate. The crowd may not understand the poet with his ideals of freedom, but there is no romantic conflict on the pages of the «Ukrainska Khata» journal. A poet’s image in the poems of the authors of the beginning of the 20th century is deeply socially involved. A poet believes that his word always serves the freedom ideal of Ukrainians: it returns the reader to the memory of the historical past, and calls for the fight for freedom in the present. Reading the poetic works of the journal in an intertextual dialogue (according to a conditional analogy to the unity of songs in Skovoroda's collection) made it possible to explain the unity of individual freedom and national freedom according to the principle of the unity of visible and invisible nature in Skovoroda's philosophy. The conducted research proves that the "Khatyan" poets followed the path of development marked out by Skovoroda, for them his work became a path to the truth. The motif of freedom as a signpost on this path guides the movement of Ukrainian poetry through the centuries. The experience of the poets of the "Ukrainska Khata" should not be forgotten, because just as the "Khatyans" drew from the tradition of Ukrainian poetry, modern art, thanks to the turn to the poetry of the beginning of the 20th century, has the opportunity to take a constructive path. It is possible to take a constructive path in the early twentieth century. The research presented in this article opens the horizon for further studies on the intertextual motif of freedom in modern poetry.

Raja Rao’s Kanthapura: A Journey to Decolonization

Kanthapura (1938) depicts the conflict between Indian villagers and the Indian British authorities. Here Raja Rao paints Moorthy as a bold follower of Gandhian ideology. As a freedom fighter he does not accept caste barriers at all. Here Bhatta, the money lender exploits the poor innocent villagers. Gandhi's plan to introduce Charkha succeeds and many villagers start earning their livelihood. Moorthy organizes the villagers for national cause and they follow Gandhian dictates. As a result the tax policy of British government gets a set back. Finally, Moorthy is arrested but not excommunicated. When he comes out of prison, he asks his followers to lead a life of 'action'. Much has got to be done for national freedom. This novel is remarkable for social realism, economic realism and political realism. There is a direct encounter between villagers of Kanthapura and the British imperial powers.

ОБРАЗ ЖІНКИ-БОРЦЯ В ПОЕЗІЇ ОЛЕНИ ТЕЛІГИ

The original vision of the role of women in the struggle for national freedom is presented by the work of Olena Teliha, a Ukrainian diaspora writer. The work of the author is closely related to the Prague school - a community of artists who emigrated to Europe in the first half of the 20th century. The writers of this literary circle in their artistic and journalistic texts nurtured the ideas of nationalism and emphasized the need to form an effective Ukrainian, a man of rank, capable of defending and building an independent state. The lyrical and journalistic works of Olena Teliha also actualize these problems. The author believed that a woman's mission in the struggle for state sovereignty is to become a friend, and moral support for male warriors, and, if necessary, also to take up arms. The writer's artistic work has a feminist sound, but the author's views on the role and place of women in society are not entirely consistent with the ideas of the philosophy of feminism. The article focuses on the analysis of Olena Teliha's poems «To Men», «Answer», «Evening Song», «Evening», «I will not forgive the hand that beat me...», and «Everything awaits: both despair and resentment». The study of these works from the standpoint of feminist criticism proved that their lyrical heroine is a gentle and affectionate woman who is a life-giving force for a man-warrior, and defender of the state. At the same time, she is a morally strong and strong-willed person, capable of taking up arms at critical times and courageously defending her land on par with her husband. The woman in the author's poetry is ready to forgive her chosen one and the world everything, except the humiliation of her human dignity. The harmony of the world in her lyrics is based on the idea of parity in the relationship between men and women. Olena Teliha's lyrical works testify that the author was a national-centric feminist. A woman, in the author's understanding, must remain gentle with her husband, and devoted to him, and when the latter has a mission to protect his state, she must become a friend and ally in the struggle.

Etnički i politički konstituensi nacionalnog identiteta

The collapse of the Soviet Union and the eastern socialist lager, and then the disintegration of Socialist Yugoslavia, which was followed by strong ethnic antagonisms, whose cruelest form was an armed struggle, of until then "fraternal" peoples, historically "close", "same", who "achieved full national freedom and equality" in the common state, and pushed the themes of nation and nationalism to the forefront of sociological theory and political practice. Basic theoretical and research approaches to the nation in sociology, developed especially in the West, "liberated" the field of social sciences in the countries of the former socialist East, Marxist and communist theories about the nation and the national question. Moreover, not even the renewed studies of "nation and nationalism" have fully introduced conceptual and theoretical coherence in their research field, on the contrary, the increased interest in the topics of nation and nationalism, which followed in the second half of the last century and at the beginning of this century, led to even greater "incomprehensibility" and the existing ambiguities in the conceptual and theoretical sense have not decreased. In this paper, we deal with the problems of the "new incomprehensibility", which some authors called "terminological jungle", "conceptual anarchy" when defining and demarcating the basic terms in the field of nation and nationalism and related terms. We tried to determine when a nation is created and what are the constitutive elements of a nation and national identity. The postulates of the primordialist and ethno-symbolist direction in the research of the nation and nationalism are dominant in the understanding of the nation in the post-Yugoslav area and as such have been confirmed in practice, which once again dealt a blow to the theory of the "end of nations" and pan-nationalism, which came to life only within the framework of scientific works.

Awakening of Women and Their Role in National Freedom Movement: In Special Reference to Raja Rao’s Kanthapura

The history of Indian struggle for independence is replete with stories of tremendous sacrifices made by the countrymen. Though the participation of women in freedom struggle was there since it’s beginning but it was sporadic, men played the role of protagonists for the major part of the movement and women only came to the forefront after Gandhi’s Ji initiation in the second and third decade of 20th century. These tradition-bound women fought with exemplary courage and commitment, side by side with their male counterparts, even so, many of them were left unsung. Raja Rao’s ‘ Kanthapura’ accounts the story of such brave Indian women using fictional characters. These women of village Kanthapura collectively represent the disadvantaged position of Indian women who were fighting a twin war, one at home with the patriarchal society trying to break away the shackles that limited their role to do household chores and the other with Britishers. The novel is told through a feminine point of view using the voice of Achakka, an old woman. Achakka traces the story of the immense changes that occurred in the life of these marginalised women of pre-independent India by Gandhian movement that was brought to their village by Moorthy, the hero of the novel. The novel articulates how Mass political movement like Non- Cooperation helped Indian women to cross the conventional boundaries to certain extent and in the manner the awakening of these women benefitted the Independent struggle in return. The characters of Rangamma and Ratna are presented as emerging new women who defy conventions and lead the war of independence. The present paper tries to explore the agonies suffered by hundreds of volunteer women, who following the Gandhian way chose the path of ahimsa to fight against the British raj. In order to voice against a foreign power these women came out of their well defined roles of goddess of the house and took on the role of Jhansi ki Rani, the fearless queen. The paper acknowledges the indelible sacrifices made by Indian women in India’s freedom struggle.

Postcolonial vision of Yaroslav Pavlyuk’s novel “The Garden of Drunk Cherries”

The relevance of the article lies in the study of the problem of the lost generation in modern Ukrainian literature, which remains insufficiently studied in literary criticism. The subject of the research is Yaroslav Pavlyuk’s postmodern novel “The Garden of Drunk Cherries”, to which the methods of postcolonial theory are applied. In the analysis, a literary character with a bifurcated consciousness stands out. This is the type of person in whom the traditional Ukrainian self-consciousness is combined with the Soviet one. The main result of the study is to identify the specifics of Ukrainian national identity in the Soviet Union, which was hidden and not exposed to the public, and Soviet identity became a social mask that people wore so as not to differ from generally accepted social standards. The novelty of the results of the study helps to reveal the social mask, which in Soviet-era Ukraine was the Russian language, which people had to use at the official level. The dramatic conflict between the novel main character, who is the author’s alter ego, and the librarian Oresta, is accompanied by letters from the artist Borys Zhdanyuk and famous directors Andriy Tarkovsky and Sergiy Parajanov, whose emotions and thoughts reveal the real picture of the absence of individual and national freedom in the USSR. Using the examples of people of art, it is shown how the Soviet system destroyed dissent and traumatized creative personalities. The bifurcation of the creative personality in Soviet-era Ukraine often led vulnerable people to their degradation. Censorship, control of dissent, the imposition of socialist realism in art, and the threat of arrest have forced writers, artists, and directors to adapt to the system or become dissidents. The novel depicts characters who do not accept the official ideology, trying to save their private world from state interference. The results of the study have the prospect for further analysis of the work of individual writers and generations who have become a lost force and have not used the creative potential inherent in them.

SOCİAL AND POLİTİCAL (THE OTHERS) EXCLUSİONS WİTHİN THE POST-YUGOSLAV ETHNONATİONAL İNSTİTUTİONALİZATİON İN BOSNİA AND HERZEGOVİNA

The paper analyzes the concepts, causes, and normative solutions of social and political exclusions in Bosnia and Herzegovina within post-Yugoslavia's ethnonationalism paradigm and the Dayton Constitution. War, post-war neoliberalism produced economic destitution and social exclusions. Along with the clerical, ethnonationalism showed diligence as the primary determinant of patriotism, advocating the ideology of exclusion. The radicalization of certain groups became acceptable, as they would stand for homogenous countries. Lack of efficient form with a professional and robust government capable of making autonomous reforms in the economy and social spheres influences phenomena. B&H's imposed ethnopolitical concept of "constituent peoples" rigidly removes the civic order, the citizen ideal, rights, and freedoms, decreasing political collectivism. The Dayton patterned ethnic-religious exclusivism and the unconstitutional "hybrid" identities. By ethnoreligious criteria, three groups of citizens are given the right to make decisions, generating political representation issues for the "Others." Although they do not represent a homogeneous group, they have the right to recognize their human rights. With a revised notion (national minorities, non-nationals, Bosnians), "Others" would be given the right to be represented in all state institutions, thus eliminating discrimination. Participation in the state's formation would reduce their unconstitutionality - decision-making process. The true expression of national freedom lies in the richness of human nature instead of the violent rigidity of ethnonationalism reserve. Overcoming sociopolitical exclusions and the economic necessity by systemic institutional transformation and EU political integration is demanding. "Two schools under one roof" model negates emancipation's educational process proclaiming systemic exclusion and ethnoreligious discrimination, amplifying security stalemate. Social status and stigma of trafficking-exploitation victims in sociolegal frameworks have substantial victimization dynamics consequences. More critical insight should be recognized as feminist theoretically significant to studying the phenomenon.

Composition, Quoracy and Cost of Specialist Skin Cancer Multidisciplinary Team Meetings in the United Kingdom

Multidisciplinary team (MDT) meetings are an integral component of skin cancer service provision, enabling the implementation of evidence-based decisions and standardised patient outcomes. We sought to evaluate the composition, quoracy and cost of Specialist Skin Cancer Multidisciplinary Teams (SSMDTs) in the United Kingdom (UK) to establish the functionality and financial impact of these meetings. Cross-sectional design with a national freedom of information request made to 65 NHS trusts in the UK hosting an SSMDT. Detailed information with regard to attendance frequency and core membership from attendance registers was requested. Quoracy was measured against the 2006 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Cancer Services standard 'Improving outcomes for people with skin tumours including melanoma'. We costed the SSMDT utilising the running time, core membership salaries derived from national pay scales and overhead values provided by trusts. Out of 58 respondents (89% response rate), only 15 SSMDTs (26%) were quorate by membership. Forty SSMDTs (69%) were quorate by meeting frequency. The main reasons for membership noncompliance was lack of clinical oncology presence. There was a large variation in the cost per patient (µ=£132.68, range: £31.67-£313.10). There was no geographical variation in quoracy or cost between England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

Singing of Deportees and Political Prisoners: Aspect of Liminality

The number of socially charged songs appearing during the period of prewar and postwar deportations, and political imprisonments seems truly amazing. Singing and song composition in exile or imprisonment is difficult to conceive, since the harsh reality seems incompatible with singing. This article aims at elucidating the peculiar ritual character of singing in the exile while employing the concept of liminality introduced and elaborated by anthropologists (Victor Turner and Arnold van Gennep before him). This concept could at least partly explain this rise in creativity among the deportees and political prisoners. Although there are numerous testimonies of the exile conditions suppressing the incentives to sing, opposite situations seem also having been frequent enough: singing helped people to settle somehow in the foreign and harsh environment.In the second chapter, the concept of liminality and communitas by Victor Turner is introduced in more detail. Similarly, the author maintains that songs were meant to “ritually” recreate those things that had been destroyed under the curse of deportation. The third chapter presents a discussion of the songs by the deportees and political prisoners. These songs are characterized by clear notion of the singers’ martyrdom. Motives of victimization, self-sacrifice and offering of sufferings are directly related to this notion. These sacrifices are deemed meaningful – they are believed to serve the cause of the national freedom; belief in the soul’s immortality and superiority is also strong. Motive of promising oneself or promising one’s heart to Lithuania is voiced. Sometimes striving for freedom is depicted as looking forward to the fulfilment of love. Impressive metaphors of deportation, such as travel, wandering, or hiding in the deep well could be pointed out. Often enough the deportee or political prisoner reflects upon his / her non-existence. Along with such motives, various testimonies regarding the particular value ascribed to these songs and the special effect they allegedly had on the listeners, etc. are also quoted in the article.The author of the article aspires to analyze the legacy of deportation, on the one part, as a text, and on the other part, as a rise in creativity resulting from communal and individual attitude. Therefore, material of this interdisciplinary study includes both the songs of deportees and political prisoners and the testimonies by the singers reflecting upon their own perception and understanding of their singing. On the one hand, these songs considerably differ from the traditional folksong poetic; on the other hand, their melodies are close to the new style of folksongs, thus their uniqueness should be primarily attributed to their origins. Therefore, it seems expedient to use a broader context of singing under the harsh conditions of exile or imprisonment, which considerably substantiates the value of these songs.Deportation is fraught with most painful losses shrouded with “in-between” existence – thus, a model liminal situation. Moreover, singing in exile helps to purify the very existence of the person finding himself or herself in this state of liminality, and thus can be reasonably considered a special attitude of the deportee. The individual as a whole is existentially incorporated into the symbolically adorned ritual process of solving the problems of life and death, which stands out in the songs of deportees and political prisoners. The community celebrations and gatherings helped to enhance the identity of the deportees finding themselves in the state of liminality. While singing, although generally a rare thing in the course of both celebrations and everyday routine, provided an important expression of vitality and spiritual freedom.

Stri – Dharma: The Mouth Organ of Women Liberation Movement in Colonial Tamilnadu, 1916 – 1936

Stri Dharma, a widely known paper was started in India in 1915 by British feminist, Margaret Cousins, an Irish suffragist. Cousins would be active in the Indian women's movement, and Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy, who would later go on to serve as the editor of the magazine and the first woman legislator in British India. In 1918, feminists living in Madras, India established Stri Dharma in connection with the WIA. This anti-colonial, pro-nationalist journal asked women to take up the cause of female reform and national freedom. Stri Dharma as a political advocacy publication that attempted to create and sustain a community of women activists, simultaneously involved in the international and indigenous feminist and Indian nationalist movements. As the quarterly journal of the WIA, it intended, according to the editor to act as the voice, the ear and the eye of their members. Editors made a special effort to reach Stri Dharma's indigenous language audience. During the 1930's Stri Dharma increasingly addressed nationalist themes. Feminist claims began to fuse with Gandhi's growing nationalist movement linking together freedom for women with the progress of the Indian Nation. In its editorial columns Stri Dharma focused on issues of women and supported women's welfare.

The evolution of the United States Climate Change Policies and missed leadership opportunities

The main objective of this work lies in exposing the evolution and the main features of the US climate policies expressed in its national, subnational, and foreign dimensions that are naturally interwoven. Thus, we assert some of the main features of traditional political approach to climate change include: an emphasis on costs and the impact of measures to address climate change in the American economy and its economic growth; the questioning of climate science as insufficient to justify the costs of the action; the questioning of the differentiation between developed and developing countries as a valid argument for the US to take the lead in international climate action; the resistance to assume mitigation commitments that collide with the principle of national sovereignty and fundamental freedoms inherited from the founding fathers and the related tension between the role of States and free market value.
 We also recognize that political ideology and partisanship continue to play a key role in climate change polices in the US. While political and economic denialism has not been able to immobilize subnational governmental and non-governmental climate initiatives, it has undermined the opportunity and the responsibility of the US to sustain leadership as international projection.
 This contribution follows a qualitative approach based on the analysis of climate change policies at different scales. It is based mainly on documentary and qualitative data analysis.

Perpetuation of Taras Shevchenko's memory in the Ukrainian national movement of the Dnieper region at the beginning of the XX century

The relevance of this topic is seen in the fact that its study provides an opportunity to deepen the understanding of the underdeveloped problem of perpetuating the historical memory of Taras Shevchenko – a symbol of the Ukrainian nation's struggle for social and national freedom as an important factor in opposing the imperial regime. Tsarism by methods of ideological, gendarmerie-police, censorship pressure in every way prevented the activation of conscious Ukrainians in the early twentieth century. The aim of the study is to study the perpetuation of the memory of Taras Shevchenko in the Ukrainian national movement of the Dnieper region in the early twentieth century. The results of the article are that based on the study of archival and published documents, journalistic materials of the press and memoirs, various methods of legal and illegal activity of the Ukrainian national movement in preserving the historical memory of Taras Shevchenko were reconstructed. It is emphasized that the progressive public widely celebrated the 40th anniversary of Kobzar's death in the press. In the early twentieth century Ukrainian activists raised the issue of erecting a monument to Shevchenko, continued the tradition of visiting the tomb of the Ukrainian poet, tried to perpetuate his memory in toponymy, participated in Shevchenko's memorial services, resorted to illegal gatherings in honor of Kobzar, mentioned him during meetings and communication in among the intelligentsia. The originality and scientific novelty of the article in the production and development of insufficiently researched plot on historical Shevchenko studies, actualization and conceptualization of various concrete-historical material. Conclusions were made on various forms and methods of struggle to preserve the memory of Taras Shevchenko, which contributed to the establishment of national consciousness among Ukrainians, strengthened the political tendency in the Ukrainian national movement.

Issues of Ethnic Benefits in Ho Chi Minh

Ho Chi Minh is the eminent political leader of the nation and the Communist Party of Vietnam, one of the major politicians in the world. Ho Chi Minh's ideology on national interests is the viewpoints expressed deeply in Party building, formation and state construction of the people, by the people, for the people. From a historical point of view, the article uses historical methods and qualitative analysis to clarify the issue of national interests - Ho Chi Minh's core political ideology expressed through the work of Duong Kach Menh. The article argues that the national interest in Ho Chi Minh's thought is a creative philosophy, philosophy, thought of action, meeting the aspiration of independence and freedom of the entire nation, in accordance with the context. Specific aspects of the Vietnamese revolution and inherited and applied by the Communist Party of Vietnam in the current country development policy.