National Food Supply Research Articles

Enhancing Drought Risk Assessment in the Punjab, Pakistan: A Copula-Based Modeling Approach for Future Projections

Abstract Drought is one of the most complicated and challenging natural hazards, which occurs nearly in every part of the world and poses recurring challenges to agriculture, food security, livestock, human health, and water management. Pakistan has a long history of drought; however, this study focuses on drought analysis and projection in the province of Punjab, Pakistan, as it provides around 60% of the country’s food product, significantly contributing to the national food supply and economy. This study utilized the previous 56 years (1962–2017) of climate data to calculate the reconnaissance drought index (RDI) and then extracted the drought variables of durations and severity for each meteorological station. The best-fit marginal probability distribution and copula models were chosen for the stations based on numerical as well as graphical evaluation. Lognormal and exponential probability distributions, as well as Gumbel, are selected as the best-fit probability distributions for both drought characteristics and bivariate copula model, respectively, for projections. From the projections, we can infer that the smaller return periods indicate high vulnerability while longer return periods with low vulnerability. The results suggest that Faisalabad, Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar, and Multan stations have the lowest return periods, indicating high vulnerability, and may experience drought more frequently in the future. Mianwali, Khanpur, Lahore, and Sialkot stations may have an intermediate vulnerability to drought events. The stations of Jhelum, Murree, and Sargodha have larger return periods, implying lower susceptibility to drought events in the future. The projected results provide insights for policymakers and stakeholders to optimize the risk of droughts on agriculture production, livestock, water management, human health, and food security in Punjab, Pakistan.

Heterogeneity analysis of food supply-demand patterns and land carbon loss under different dietary structures in China

China’s diets are undergoing a profound transformation, and carbon storage loss generated by dietary structure change is increasingly serious, accompanied by concerns about sustainable diets and food supply–demand conflicts. This paper designed a dual ‘material–environmental’ framework based on the dietary structure classification, around which we conducted the heterogeneity analysis of food supply–demand patterns and land carbon loss, and then tracked hotspot diets of trade-generated carbon loss through the multi-regional input–output (MRIO) model. The research found that 31 provinces could be classified into five clusters with obvious spatial agglomeration patterns, most of which still had a high proportion of staches, but also showed an evolutionary trend towards diversified compositions. Driven by dietary structure, the national food supply–demand match under the material accessibility dimension showed barely balanced overall, while in terms of environmental effects, ecosystems lost significant amounts of carbon stocks, with losses of 331 and 950 Tg11Tg refers to teragram, a weight unit, 1 Tg = 106 t = 1012 g of vegetation carbon and soil organic carbon, respectively, which together accounted for 14 percent of the total carbon stocks in the vegetation and topsoil carbon pools. The clusters to which Henan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Guangdong belong were tracked as hot dietary clusters exhibiting hotspots in inter-regional trade, contributing to carbon loss in external provinces through trade linkages. Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia were at a low level of supply–demand balance but played the role of a carbon storage loser, while Guangdong, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu not only possessed higher balance levels but also pulled more external carbon loss. China's food system should optimise internal cropping structures and monitor external land use conversion. It is equally important to track food consumption side rights and responsibilities.

Groundwater Balance Estimation and Quality For Irrigation In The Food Estate Area, Central Sumba Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Abstract Food estate in Central Sumba Regency is one of Indonesia’s Nasional Strategic Projects that aim to increase the national food supply. Groundwater has been the main water supply by residents around the food estate area in Central Sumba Regency. Groundwater exploitation in the research area uses dug wells, bore wells, and springs. They mostly use groundwater for domestic use and irrigation purposes. Aquifer depletion and declining groundwater levels can occur as groundwater is exploited too much due to the growing need for groundwater. Hence, determining the groundwater budget is required to ensure the basin’s sustainability. This study aims to determine groundwater quality for irrigation in the food estate and estimate the groundwater budget. Besides, water quality is also an important feature of groundwater, and it expresses how sufficient the water is for various needs, each having its requirements represented as water quality standards. Groundwater samples were taken from various areas in the research area, and groundwater’s physical-chemical properties, such as TDS, EC, temperature, and pH, were measured in the field and compared with Government Regulation no. 22, 2021, and FAO for irrigation water quality standards. The results show that the research area has a low to medium groundwater potential. The result of physical-chemical properties measurement are as follows TDS value is 183 mg/L on average, EC value is 366 μS/cm on average, the temperature value is 25.4°C on average, and pH value is 7.3 on average. It can be concluded that all of the samples met the standards.

Growth, Yield and Uptake of P Four Variety Soybeans on Biocomposted Coastal Lands

Soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) are a popular food commodity in Indonesia, but domestic production is still insufficient to meet the demand. To increase production, planting superior varieties on coastal land could be a viable solution. Despite the challenging biological, physical, and chemical conditions of coastal land, nutrients such as phosphorus (P) are crucial for enhancing production. Typically, the phosphorus content in the soil is lower than that of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K), and the ability of soybean plants to absorb phosphorus varies among varieties. This research aims to compare the growth, yield, and phosphorus uptake of four soybean varieties on biocomposted coastal land. The study was conducted using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with a single factor consisting of four soybean varieties: Wilis, Anjasmoro, Malika, and Detam 1. The results indicate that the Anjasmoro, Wilis, Detam 1, and Malika varieties exhibit similar responses in phosphorus absorption. However, the Anjasmoro and Wilis varieties demonstrate better adaptability compared to Malika and Detam 1, as evidenced by their superior growth and yield. This suggests that Anjasmoro and Wilis have a higher capability to adapt to the challenging conditions of coastal land. Therefore, these two varieties are recommended for cultivation in coastal areas to boost soybean productivity, ensuring the sustainability and stability of the national food supply.

Mandatory large-scale food fortification programmes can reduce the estimated prevalence of inadequate zinc intake by up to 50% globally

Large-scale food fortification (LSFF) can increase dietary micronutrient intake and improve micronutrient status. Here we used food balance sheet data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations to estimate current country-specific prevalences of inadequate zinc intake. We assessed the potential effects of improving existing LSFF programmes for cereal grains or implementing new programmes in 40 countries where zinc deficiency is a potential public health problem. Accounting for LSFF programmes as currently implemented, 15% of the global population (1.13 billion individuals) is estimated to have inadequate zinc intake. In countries where zinc deficiency is a potential public health problem, the implementation of high-quality mandatory LSFF programmes that include zinc as a fortificant would substantially increase the availability of zinc in the national food supply, reducing the estimated prevalence of inadequate zinc intake by up to 50% globally. Investments in strong LSFF programmes could have a substantial impact on population zinc status.

ORGANISATIONAL AND ECONOMIC SUPPORT FOR FOOD SECURITY IN THE CONTEXT OF EXTRAORDINARY CHALLENGES

The theoretical and methodological basis of the research presented in the scientific paper is based on the solution of the problem of the effective functioning of the market environment, agricultural market infrastructure in Ukraine, problems and prospects that Ukrainian agrarian modernity has today in the development of global food markets. An important block of issues is also the role of the state in building new mechanisms of restrictions and incentives, implementation of the whole set of regulatory policies during the war in the context of global political, economic, food and financial challenges. The purpose of the study is to improve scientific approaches and practical recommendations for solving the problem of ensuring the organisational and economic foundations of the functioning of the agrarian market in Ukraine under martial law. In order to achieve this goal, a wide range of research methods was used, the most important of which were the methods of generalisation and synthesis, scientific abstraction, analytical diagnostics, descriptive statistics. The methodical basis of the research were general and special methods, namely: system analysis - in order to comprehensively characterise the strategic potential of agricultural development; statistical analysis (method of standard deviation) of the dynamics of gross production by main types of agricultural products, generalisation and synthesis - in order to examine the legislative and regulatory bases in the direction of diagnosis of the potential of the agricultural sector to ensure the sustainability of national food security. The dialectical method of understanding socio-economic processes, the formal-logical method and the method of system analysis have been applied in order to better understand the processes of the country's food supply, the formation of food independence from imports, the identification of the regularities of the processes of food self-sufficiency, as well as to take into account the influence of macroeconomic factors on the improvement of the level of national food supply and food security. The main set of indicators and factors (conditions) of national food security and the set of indicators of national food security were formed to address important issues of food supply in accordance with the country's potential capabilities in the production, storage, processing of agricultural products to provide food for all categories of the population with appropriate levels of consumption, as well as food of adequate quality and safety. The study determines that the economic focus of regulatory measures on the food sector, on the protection of domestic consumers, will lead to the provision of agricultural producers with the necessary and optimal level of income, and will help to increase the competitiveness of the agricultural sector as a whole. It has been proved that solving the problem of improving the organisational and economic foundations of functioning of the agrarian market of Ukraine under martial law will generally contribute to ensuring the level of national food security, which will further give a powerful impetus to the State-building in Ukraine under martial law.

The multi-dimensional spatial network effect on grain production resilience: evidence from China’s provinces

ABSTRACT Enhancing grain production resilience is crucial for ensuring national food security and supply stability. This study explores the roles of different types of correlation networks in regional grain production resilience from a generalized spatial distance perspective. By using the panel data of 28 Chinese provinces from 2011 to 2021, we employ spatial autoregressive panel models with convex combinations of weight matrices and Bayesian model averaging for our empirical analysis. Our findings reveal that multi-dimensional spatial networks significantly influence provincial grain production resilience. Notably, industrial distances have the greatest impact, followed by cultural, ecological, and geographic distances. Additionally, we identify positive factors, such as the marketization of agricultural capital, financial development, and the supply of rural healthcare resources, alongside negative factors, such as urbanization, that significantly affect grain production resilience both within and across provinces connected by multi-dimensional spatial networks. The theoretical framework and empirical research presented in this study provide innovative perspectives for studying regional grain production resilience and valuable insights into the mechanisms for synergistic development among regions to enhance overall resilience.

Crop type classification and spatial mapping in River Nile and Northern State, Sudan, using Sentinel-2 satellite data and field observation

Maintaining productive farmland necessitates precise crop mapping and identification. While satellite remote sensing makes it possible to generate such maps, there are still issues to resolve, such as how to choose input data and the best classifier algorithm, especially in areas with scarce field data. Accurate assessments of the land used for farming are a crucial part of national food supply and production accounting in many African countries, and to this end, remote sensing tools are being increasingly put to use. The aim of this study was to assess the potentiality of Sentinel-2 to distinguish and discriminate crop species in the study area and constraints on accurately mapping cropping patterns in the winter season in River Nile and Northern State, Sudan. The research utilized Sentinel-2 Normalized Different Vegetation Index (NDVI) at 10 m resolution, unsupervised and supervised classification method with ground sample and accuracy assessment. The results of the study found that the signatures of grain sorghum, wheat, okra, Vicia faba, alfalfa, corn, haricot, onion, potato, tomato, lupine, tree cover, and garlic have clear distinctions, permitting an overall accuracy of 87.38%, with trees cover, onion, wheat, potato, garlic, alfalfa, tomato, lupine and Vicia faba achieving more than 87% accuracy. Major mislabeling problems occurred primarily in irrigated areas for grain sorghum, okra, corn, and haricot, in wooded areas comprised of small parcels of land. The research found that high-resolution temporal images combined with ground data had potential and utility for mapping cropland at the field scale in the winter.

Determination of suitable agricultural areas and current land use in Isparta Province, Türkiye, through a linear combination technique and geographic information systems

AbstractSustainable land use is vital for the increasing population’s food supply and global food security. The use of the soils in the world for agricultural purposes makes a significant contribution to both national and international food supply, while the remaining plays a crucial role in maintaining forested and semi-natural ecosystems. For this reason, it is important to determine suitable agricultural areas. Soils in the study area are used for agricultural areas at 27.49%, while 63.17% are designated for forest and semi-natural areas. This study’s aim is to locate suitable agricultural areas in the semiarid Isparta province using the linear combination technique (LCT), a multi-criteria analysis method that uses topographic data and national soil data. The weights of the parameters were determined using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The agricultural land suitability map generated by LCT was divided into five categories according to the land suitability classification determined by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). It has been determined that 39.52% of the study area is for highly suitable (S1), moderately suitable (S2), and marginally suitable (S3) classes in the map of suitable agricultural areas using LCT. It is determined that 3991.24 ha of land in the S1 class, which shows the highly suitable areas for agriculture in the study area, was used as artificial surfaces. The results showed that the misuse of suitable agricultural lands increased in the study area. It was determined that artificial areas are expanding into agricultural areas, according to the CLC 2018 database. It shows that soil survey and mapping studies should be carried out according to soil classification systems such as Soil Taxonomy 2022, Land Use/Land Cover Area Frame Survey (LUCAS), and World Reference Base (WRB) 2022, for the determination and use of suitable agricultural lands in Türkiye.

The current status and prospects of growing plant-based food products in the present conditions of the Ukrainian agricultural sector

The agricultural sector in Ukraine plays a key role in the national economy, providing high-quality and sustainable food supply for the population. However, even with favourable natural and climatic conditions and extensive land area, the industry faces numerous challenges, such as war, economic instability, and loss of control over land resources. The purpose of the study is to analyse the current state of growing plant-based food products in Ukraine to identify key challenges and opportunities. To achieve this goal, the gross harvest, yield, and acreage of the main agricultural crops, the share of agricultural value added in the gross domestic product in Ukraine, and the value of agricultural exports to the European Union for the period 2015-2022 were analysed. The results show that sales volumes in agriculture increased by 75.9%, indicating a positive development of the industry. However, this positive development is accompanied by an increase in product prices, which can lead to inflationary pressures. The instability of the agricultural sector is confirmed by a sharp increase in the share of value added in 2021 and a decline in 2022. However, an important positive aspect is a significant increase in the yield and value of exports, which indicates the successful influence of the Ukrainian agricultural sector on international markets. The study shows that despite the existing challenges, the agricultural sector has demonstrated flexibility and adaptability, especially in the context of changes in acreage and crop production volumes. Measures aimed at introducing modern technologies, stimulating innovation, improving the level of education and developing export opportunities can become a catalyst for the sustainable development of the agricultural sector. The results obtained are necessary for the development of specific measures and strategies aimed at improving the situation in the agricultural sector of Ukraine and ensuring its sustainable development

How the War in Ukraine Affects Food Security.

The war in Ukraine has caused severe disruption to national and worldwide food supplies. Ukraine is a major exporter of wheat, maize, and oilseeds, staples that are now suffering a war-triggered supply risk. This paper describes the background of the problem and illustrates current trends by outlining some of the measures that may be deployed to mitigate the conflict's impacts on achieving SDG 2 (Zero hunger), especially focusing on ending hunger, achieving food security, improving nutrition, and promoting sustainable agriculture. In order to understand the main research strands in the literature that are related to food security in the context of wars, the authors adopted a bibliometric literature review based on the co-occurrence of terms technique, conducted with 631 peer-reviewed documents extracted from the Scopus database. To complement the bibliometric assessment, ten case studies were selected to narrow down the food insecurity aspects caused by the war in Ukraine. The co-occurrence analysis indicated four different thematic clusters. In the next stage, an assessment of the current situation on how war affects food security was carried out for each one of the clusters, and the reasons and possible solutions to food security were identified. Policy recommendations and theoretical implications for food security in the conflict context in Ukraine were also addressed.

HARNESSING SUSTAINABLE NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY THROUGH INTEGRATED AGRO-TAKAFUL FRAMEWORK IN MALAYSIA

Agriculture is a crucial economic sector to generate income and supply food resources for a country. The agriculture sector contributes 7.1 per cent (RM101.5 billion) to Malaysia Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and provides 10.5 per cent (1,566.0 thousand) jobs in 2021. However, the agro-food agriculture sector is exposed to many risks due to disasters caused by climate change, diseases, and pest attacks. It is estimated that the loss suffered by the agro-food sector is around RM90.6 million due to the flood incidents that hit several states in recent years. This condition is quite concerning because it leads to the destruction of livestock and crops, which will have an impact on farmers' income. In the long run, this may have an impact on the assurance of national food security as well as the occurrence of poverty. Until now, there hasn't been a national takaful programme that safeguards the rice agro-food sector as the primary source of food supply in Malaysia. The takaful scheme is believed to have the potential to provide social security guarantees in the form of income protection for rice farmers and further ensure the national food supply. This study employs document analysis of article journals, internet sources and policy documents to understand the current state of Malaysia’s takaful business in addressing agriculture risks. It is also important to explore the understanding of the rice farmers in Malaysia on the agriculture takaful. The novelty of this study is to explore the potential of introducing a blended financing mechanism of Islamic social finance (ISF) on the existing takaful business structure to establish a viable agriculture takaful framework based on the principle of ta’awun (cooperation) that can secure farmers' income more sustainably as well as preserve the national food security.

How much of the Mexican agricultural supply is produced by small farms, and how?

The contribution of small farms to the global food supply is in debate due to lack of empirical evidence. In Mexico, small farms have been relatively important for national food supply due to an agrarian reform in the first half of the 20th century, but their role has been decreasing in the last decades. The aim of this study is to quantify how much small farms produce of the Mexican agricultural supply, and with which farming practices, using the 2019 National Agricultural Survey. The results show that small farms produce 19% of the national agricultural production with similar farming practices to those of medium and large farms. When considering imports and exports, small farms produce 15% of the national agricultural supply. The production of small farms consists mainly of cash crops (e.g. sugar cane, fruits & vegetables, animal products, fodder crops) and, to a lesser extent, staple crops such as maize and beans. The fact that small farms produce one fifth of the national production after decades of governmental support towards large farms suggests that they have resilient production systems. The results of this study support that stronger efforts should be made to enhance the role of small farms in achieving Mexican food sovereignty. This will not only have benefits in terms of food supply but may also have a wide range of social and environmental benefits.

Yield of Several Local Upland Rice Lines

Climate change brought on by global warming affects agricultural production, notably rice crops, and results in harsh weather. Because it is becoming harder to utilize the area of paddy fields, one effort that can be made to boost the national food supply is by improving and expanding the upland rice farming area. This study aimed to analyze and ascertain the upland rice lines in the area's production potential. The study was carried out on agricultural land in Tamarenja Village (Kalama backwoods), Central Sulawesi Province, about 200 meters above sea level, with latitudes of 00o26'51.5" South Latitude and 119o49'50.6" East Longitude. They began in August 2022 and continued through February 2023. Fifteen strains or varieties of upland rice were used in the study's Randomized Block Design (RBD), which was repeated three times to create 45 trial plots. These strains or varieties included Untad I, Untad II, Untad III, Untad V, Uva Buya, Kalendeng, Pulu Tau Leru, Jahara, Buncaili, Delima, Dongan, Konta Island, Tako, and Situ Bagendit. Plant height, leaf length, tiller number, productive tiller number, panicle length, number of grains/panicles, harvest age, the weight of 1000 grains, and production were among the variables recorded. The findings demonstrated that the Tako, Dongan, Pulu Tau Leru, Uva Buya, and Kalendeng strains produced better yields compared to the control variety.

Response of seed production of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) on different dosages of compound NPK fertilizer and rice straw mulch

Peanut is an important protein source of agricultural commodity in Indonesia because it has high economic value and plays a strategic role in national food supply. In recent years, peanut production across the country has been declining, so it needs to be improved through various efforts such as intensification, land expansion, and per-land increase.The research was conducted from October 2021 to February 2022 at IP2TP Genteng Banyuwangi, used Factorial Randomized Block Design. The first factor was compound NPK fertilizer dosages, i.e. 200; 300 and 400 kg/ha. The second factor was rice straw mulch dosages, i.e. 0; 3 and 6 ton/ha. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Compound NPK fertilizer dosages didn’t affect all observation variables. On the other hand, the dose of rice straw mulch had a highly significant effect on plant height at 15 DAP (M2 = 8.99 cm) and 30 DAP (M2 = 22.35 cm). The interaction of compound NPK fertilizers and rice straw mulching doses was associated with branch number 15 DAP (D2M2 = 2.10), pod dry weight per plot (D2M2 = 1.80 kg), and seed production per hectare (D2M2 = 2.48 tons) demonstrated to have a significant impact.

Blockchain Technology Model Towards Smart Agriculture: A Proposed Model

The objective of this study is to examine the challenges created by blockchain technology to the agriculture stakeholders. Besides that, it is also noteworthy to understand that two important theories underlie the integration towards achieving the objectives of developing the blockchain technology for smart agriculture are the Grounded Theory and will conceptualise the Technology-Organisation-Environment (TOE) Theory. This study employs a qualitative approach because it can extract the complex description of the blockchain technology towards smart agriculture that involves various agriculture sector stakeholders. Semi-structured in-depth interviews will be conducted in six states: Perlis, Kedah, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang and Sarawak as part of the research to get a more in-depth understanding of the profiles and better understanding on the challenges created by blockchain technology to the agriculture stakeholders. Drawing on the high value of smart agriculture principles, this study reconciles a comprehensive blockchain technology model and draw connections with the challenges faced by various stakeholders. This study expands knowledge on blockchain technology in supporting smart agriculture by looking into the blockchain technology attributes in terms of traceability, visibility, security and accessibility, as well as the challenges created by blockchain technology to the agriculture stakeholders. This study output will boost the modernisation process in the agriculture sector, managing the demand and supply of national food and agriculture supply. The underlying trend of agricultural research is discovered to be primarily embedded in scientific investigations from technologies’ perspectives. Researching in smart agriculture is crucial but remains scanty due to the challenges facing at the different levels in the supply chain. As such, the novelty fits within this research model are unavailable to the researchers’ best knowledge.

A global analysis of potential self-sufficiency and diversity displays diverse supply risks

International trade plays a fundamental role in today's globalized food system, however, trade-related disruptions to national food supply have become increasingly prevalent. Although national food self-sufficiency and the resilience of domestic food production are both increasingly discussed, they are rarely investigated in tandem. This hinders our understanding of the diversity of risks to national food supply. In this article we investigate the contribution of production to these risks, through the compilation of a comprehensive national production dataset and a multi-indicator assessment of self-sufficiency and diversity. Our results show that most of the world (127 countries and territories, 87% of the global population) achieves high levels of potential self-sufficiency (≥6 nutrients fulfilled), however only 33% of the world population (41 countries) are fully self-sufficient. Of countries with high levels of self-sufficiency, fruit and vegetable production (a proxy for many micronutrients) is the most common “missing” sufficiency. 66 countries (6% of population) have a low degree of self-sufficiency, highlighting potential vulnerability to trade-related disruptions. The relationship between sufficiency and diversity is not homogeneous, highlighting that some production systems are reliant on very few products.

Exploring U.S. Food System Workers' Intentions to Work While Ill during the Early COVID-19 Pandemic: A National Survey.

With "stay at home" orders in effect during early COVID-19, many United States (U.S.) food system workers attended in-person work to maintain national food supply chain operations. Anecdotally, many encountered barriers to staying home despite symptomatic COVID-19 illness. We conducted a national, cross-sectional, online survey between 31 July and 2 October 2020 among 2535 respondents. Using multivariable regression and free-text analyses, we investigated factors associated with workers' intentions to attend work while ill (i.e., presenteeism intentions) during the early COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, 8.8% of respondents intended to attend work with COVID-19 disease symptoms. Almost half (41.1%) reported low or very low household food security. Workers reporting a higher workplace safety climate score were half as likely to report presenteeism intentions (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.37, 0.75) relative to those reporting lower scores. Workers reporting low (aOR 2.06, 95% CI 1.35, 3.13) or very low (aOR 2.31, 95% CI 1.50, 3.13) household food security levels had twice the odds of reporting presenteeism intentions relative to those reporting high/marginal food security. Workplace culture and safety climate could enable employees to feel like they can take leave when sick during a pandemic, which is critical to maintaining individual and workplace health. We stress the need for strategies which address vulnerabilities and empower food workers to make health-protective decisions.

Assessment of agricultural lands as the basis of Ukraine’s food supply

ABSTRACT A methodology is presented for calculating optimal values of the natural, ecological and economic elements of Ukraine’s food system, these being the basis for agrarian enterprises. Criteria for the efficiency of the use of agricultural land according to the interaction of these elements are formulated, and the regional structure of the national food supply determined. Regions are clustered according to their level of food self-sufficiency, and agricultural enterprises are grouped according to the areas of land under agricultural crops in their farming system.

International legal cooperation of countries in ensuring the human rights to adequate food

This article discusses issues concerning international legal regulation of coopera-tion of states in resolving the problems related to ensuring the human rights to ad-equate food and food security in general, including in the context of a pandemic that has had a significant impact on the development of the world's economy. The work studies: the development of international legal regulation of partnership in the field of food security, the goals and authority of Food and Agriculture Organi-zation (FAO), the conditions of the food market and the world's economy. The study examines the right of everyone to access safe and healthy food, in accord-ance with the right to for adequate food and the basic right of everyone to be free from hunger. It is noted that the world food security system covers: the creation of national food supplies coordinated on the international level; provision of food aid to countries in need, organization of an early warning system on food shortage; an increase of the share of developing countries in international trade of agriculture products. One of the factors of the establishment of intranational food security is food sup-port to developing states. The article considers various principles like roman princi-ples of sustainable global food security; a comprehensive approach to food securi-ty; strategic coordinative cooperation; the principle of supporting national, region-al and international programs; close interaction with international organizations and principle of maintaining of assumed financial obligations. It is noted that the lack of positive results in a process of resolving issues concern-ing food supply requires improvement of the effectiveness of multilateral man-agement system dealing with ensuring world's food security, through the unifica-tion and coordination of efforts of states, international organizations, and other interested parties at local and global levels. A similar policy is proposed to be considered in complex with global and regional issues, including negotiations on the creation of a fair international trade regime, which will positively affect the strengthening of national food security potential of developing countries and improve the effectiveness of international food assis-tance programs. Such policy is proposed to be reflected and specified in agriculture doctrines of national and regional levels.