National Energy Supply Research Articles

Energy Policy on National Defense: Oil and Gas Exploration in the Sebatik Island Region

Oil and gas exploration on Sebatik Island is important for Indonesia's energy policy and national defense. Oil and gas potential in the region can increase national energy supply and reduce dependence on energy imports. In addition, Sebatik Island's strategic location on the border strengthens national security. This study aims to examine the impact of oil and gas exploration in Sebatik Island on energy policy and national defense. The approaches used are energy security theory and national security theory, which explore the diversification of energy sources and the role of energy infrastructure in supporting defense strategies. The results show that oil and gas exploration on Sebatik Island can improve energy security and support national defense strategies. In addition, this exploration can potentially improve the local economy through employment and foreign investment.

Improving Crude Oil Tank Inventory Stock Availability Through Compact Solution Method to Ensure National Fuel Supply Security at PT Kilang Pertamina International Unit VI Balongan

PT Pertamina International Refinery Unit VI Balongan plays a crucial role in maintaining national fuel oil (BBM) and special fuel (BBK) supply resilience. However, challenges such as declining crude oil storage capacity due to tank damage and limited space threaten the continuity of refinery operations and the stability of national energy supply. This study aims to address this issue by implementing the compact solution method to enhance crude oil stock availability and secure the national fuel supply. Using a quantitative approach with descriptive methods, the research collected data through observation, document review, and literature study. The data were analyzed qualitatively to assess the impact of the compact solution method. The results indicate a significant improvement in crude oil stock availability, which increased from 60.14% (using the off-stream repair method) to 72.9%. Additionally, the tank level was successfully increased to a maximum of 13,990 mm, adhering to API 650 or API 579 FFS Level 3 standards. This improvement extends the operational lifespan of the tank to 62 years, reducing maintenance costs and ensuring uninterrupted refinery operations. The findings highlight the effectiveness of the compact solution method in addressing crude oil tank capacity issues and securing national energy resilience. These results provide valuable insights for energy sector stakeholders in optimizing crude oil storage and refinery operations while minimizing repair costs and downtime.

The New Power Couple: Artificial Intelligence and Renewable Energy

Achieving net-zero emissions is one of the most challenging goals of our time, requiring large-scale integration of renewable energy (RE) into national energy supply chains. This demands new competencies for firms to preserve their competitive advantages in rapidly evolving market environments, often called dynamic capabilities. A promising technology for integrating, scaling, and diffusing renewable energy within energy supply chains is artificial intelligence. However, the literature on AI-renewable energy supply chains is still in its early stages and often lacks broader theoretical development or managerial insights. In response, we introduce a theoretical framework to identify and develop AI-based dynamic capabilities in renewable energy supply chains through a case study approach. Supply chain predictability and optimization, key components of sensing and seizing capabilities, are crucial for developing effective renewable energy supply chains. Our study provides valuable insights also for practitioners aiming to establish AI-driven renewable energy supply chains.

ON THE METHOD AND TOOL OF INTELLECTUALIZATION OF PUBLIC MANAGEMENT OF ENERGY SUPPLY SECTOR IN UKRAINE

By analyzing the strategic documents on the development of the energy sector of the national economy of Ukraine, the article states that one of the key problems of the development in the context of the energy transition is that these documents lack goals and objectives to change the mentality of the population of the country and the human resources of the industry, as well as of public authorities and the administration of their activities. The article outlines the practical lack of conscious consideration of behavioural factors of human resources in the energy sector of national market economy, which is defined as one of the most difficult components to change given the energy transition of global national economies. To theoretically substantiate the possibilities of improving the public management of the energy transition strategy of the national energy supply system through the intellectualization of its managerial and executive personnel, the article proposes the use of technology of change management in the intellectual orientation and mentality of human resources involved in energy generation, distribution and consumption by intellectualizing and changing their mentality. For this, the article uses an original method and algorithm to create personal and group intellectual portraits based on the graph-analytical model of a person’s economic temperament. Ideal, desired and real portraits of a person were formalized, and recommendations were made on their possible participation in the energy supply processes. The article demonstrates that new mechanisms for using the intelligence of each employee and the collective intelligence of the system can be formed in the country’s energy management system through selecting human resources for the public management and administration system according to the reasonable and recommended intellectual dominants of the individual. These mechanisms are directed towards accomplishing tasks and ensuring the achievement of the goals of energy transition and sustainable development of the country, as outlined in the government document “Energy Strategy of Ukraine until 2050.

Green hydrogen demand in Cameroon's energy sectors by 2040

Cameroon possesses a significant endowment of solar energy, granting it exceptional potential for the generation of hydrogen through environmentally friendly means. However, the continued expansion of the nation's petroleum industry presents an obstacle to the domestic utilization of green hydrogen due to its present costliness for energy purposes. Nonetheless, the prospect of exporting green hydrogen to developed nations remains an intriguing proposition. Indeed, a pact concerning hydrogen was established between Australia and Cameroon in the year 2021, thus opening avenues for the export of green hydrogen to facilitate the decarbonization of national energy supplies in Australia and other industrialized nations. Presently, there are no documented large-scale projects within Cameroon dedicated to the electrolytic production of hydrogen. This study projects the potential hydrogen demand in the electricity and transportation sectors up to 2040. Electricity demand is expected to be as high as 8675 GWh in 2040, while gasoline and diesel demand are expected to reach 1.75 and 3.26 million cubic meters, respectively. Therefore, the total amount of hydrogen needed to power both the electricity and transportation sectors is estimated at 0.532 megatonnes. Even a relatively modest allocation, merely 5 %, of Cameroon's land for the production of hydrogen via solar-powered electricity generation could yield a surplus. This resultant quantity of hydrogen, estimated at a substantial 16.68 megatonnes, would likely be more than enough to satisfy the projected domestic needs for both electrical and transportation uses by the year 2040.

Do climate concerns and worries predict energy preferences? A meta-analysis

Public perceptions of energy choices will play a major role in the energy transition. Climate-related emotions, particularly concerns and worries, influence these perceptions, as they signal a heightened awareness of climate risks and greater personal salience of climate change. Here we conduct a series of meta-analyses to estimate whether climate worries and concerns influence energy preferences (k = 233; N = 85,285; 36 countries). Our findings reveal that climate worries and concerns translate into support for renewable energy, particularly solar and wind, and modest opposition to fossil fuels, particularly coal and gas. Climate worries and concerns are not associated with nuclear energy, albeit with a high degree of variance. Socio-demographic moderators, such as gender, education, and political orientation, did not influence these associations, while age and national energy supply attenuated these associations. These results suggest that climate concerns and worries translate into support for renewable energy, but not equal opposition to fossil fuels. More broadly, this meta-analysis underscores the role of climate-related emotions in shaping energy preferences, providing insights into the influence factors of energy policy support, the psychology of climate change, and climate change communication.

Development of CaCl2·6H2O-mannitol/SiO2 shape-stabilized composite phase change material for the radiant cooling panel system

Radiant cooling panel systems are now popular solution for low carbon buildings, so has received great attention of researchers. Current development, however, is that radiant cooling panel systems have low cooling efficiency and cause high pressure on national energy supply during peak energy consumption periods. This study, therefore, has developed a novel composite phase change material (CPCM) coupled with a typical radiant cooling panel system, providing longer indoor comfort duration and less temperature fluctuation, while also alleviating the pressure on national energy supply during peak energy consumption. In this study, eutectic hydration salt of CaCl2·6H2O and mannitol have been combined with SiO2 to prepare a shape-stabilized CPCM. It has been placed in a test room to justify the impact of the new material. Experimental results have demonstrated some major properties of this material, namely, a melting point of 20.7 °C, a high latent heat value of 119.8 J/g, and a supercooling degree of 1.3 °C, as well as good stability and thermal reliability. Therefore, it can be used as a good solution for radiant cooling panel systems. Comparing the results with another test room with ordinary radiant cooling panels, the room with the new CPCM panel showed less indoor temperature fluctuation and 73 % longer indoor comfort duration. This work provides further development of using hydrated salts and CPCMs with different phase change temperatures in radiant cooling panel systems.

Inspirations from Field-Reservoir CO2 Flooding with Different Miscible Degrees under Cross-Scale Oil Reservoir Conditions.

In recent years, CO2 flooding has become one of the main enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods, especially for tight formations in different oilfields around the world. Most of the CO2 flooding projects carried out in the world are based on miscible flooding, however, this technique is less effective in China because of the depth of the reservoirs and the heavy components of the crude oil. Near-miscible flooding and immiscible flooding have also been gradually applied to China's domestic oil fields, and have achieved certain oil increase effects, but there are still some challenges such as gas channeling, corrosion, and solid phase deposition in the process of CO2 flooding. In this paper, through a detailed review of recent domestic and foreign cases of enhanced oil recovery, the effects of development methods of low permeability and ultralow permeability reservoirs under different miscible degrees are analyzed, and the solutions to some of the existing problems in field tests and experience are systematically summarized. According to the results of field tests, both miscible flooding and near-miscible flooding have similar effects and can achieve better recovery increment, with a long effect period and slow gas breakthrough speed. In addition, the problems of gas channeling, corrosion, and solid phase deposition occurring in the process of CO2 flooding are analyzed, and solutions such as a change in injection methods and coatings are put forward, which effectively promote the development of CO2 flooding technology. Those suggestions are of great significance for improving the oil recovery rate of unconventional oil reservoirs, ensuring the national energy supply, and low-carbon emissions reduction in China.

Sealing capacity evaluation of underground gas storage under intricate geological conditions

Evaluating underground gas storage (UGS) sealing capacity is essential for its safe construction and operational efficiency. This involves evaluating both the static sealing capacity of traps during hydrocarbon accumulation and the dynamic sealing capacity of UGS under intensive gas injection and withdrawal, and alternating loads. This study detailed the methodology developed by Sinopec. The approach merges disciplines like geology, geomechanics, and hydrodynamics, employing both dynamic-static and qualitative-quantitative analyses. Sinopec's evaluation methods, grounded in the in situ stress analysis, include mechanistic studies, laboratory tests, geological surveys, stress analysis, and fluid-solid interactions. Through tests on the static and dynamic sealing capacity of UGS, alongside investigations into sealing mechanisms and the geological and geomechanical properties of cap rocks and faults, A geomechanics - rock damage - seepage mechanics dynamic coupling analysis method has been developed to predict in situ stress variations relative to pore pressure changes during UGS operations and evaluate fault sealing capacity and cap rock integrity, thereby setting the maximum operational pressures. Utilizing this evaluation technique, Sinopec has defined performance metrics and criteria for evaluating the sealing capacity of depleted gas reservoirs, enabling preliminary sealing capacity evaluations at UGS sites. These evaluations have significantly informed the design of UGS construction schemes and the evaluation of fault sealing capacity and cap rock integrity during UGS operations.

Permodelan Perkuatan Stabilitas Lereng Menggunakan Analisis Kesetimbangan Batas Dan Metode Elemen Hingga (Studi Kasus : Desain Dinding Penahan Tanah Gitet 275 Kv Substation Betung).

The increasing national energy demand is influencing the presence of existing power plants. South Sumatra is a region contributing to the national energy supply, leading to the expansion of facilities to generate electricity. Consequently, a new transmission line will be constructed at the 275 KV Betung Station in South Sumatra. With the need to enhance distribution capacity by adding new transmission lines, there is a requirement to expand the area of the Gitet, which was previously 183x98 m2, to 138.55 x 152.68 m2. This study aims to analyze the stability of the embankment, estimated to have an initial height of 8.5 meters. Additionally, plans will be made for constructing retaining walls to expand the Gitet Substation Betung area. Slope Stability Analysis will be conducted using limit equilibrium and finite element methods. The limit equilibrium analysis will employ the Fellenius method, while the Finite Element Method will use Plaxis software. From the analysis results, it's determined that a Retaining Wall (RW) is needed to stabilize the embankment. The design for slope stability involves a 6 meter high counterfort Retaining Wall equipped with Bored Piles having a diameter of 60 cm and a length of 22 meters for every 2.15 meters along the RW alignment.

The impact of extreme dust storms on the national photovoltaic energy supply

This study analyses the consequences of an extreme dust storm that occurred in March 2022 on the Spanish national photovoltaic (PV) energy supply. This event, indeed, substantially raised the particulate matter concentrations and the aerosol optical depths across the country, seriously affecting the surface radiation and posing a substantial threat not only to individual PV systems but also to the national electricity grid. The research, based on the analysis and the forecast of weather, environmental and electrical data, reveals that such event halved the capacity factor of the national PV fleet over a period longer than two weeks. A peak drop as high as 80% was registered, at national level, on the worst day. This underperformance also affected the market share of PV in the national electricity mix, whosemonthly average value fell from the predicted 10.9% to 7.1%. Despite the expectations, however, no significant difference in soiling was found compared to the typical losses, thanks to the occurrence of heavier-than-usual rainfall events. This facilitated the recovery of the national PV capacity, which returned to the expected performance factors as soon as the sky cleared.

Carbon-neutral power system enabled e-kerosene production in Brazil in 2050

Rich in renewable resources, extensive acreage, and bioenergy expertise, Brazil, however, has no established strategies for sustainable aviation fuels, particularly e-kerosene. We extend the lens from the often-studied economic feasibility of individual e-kerosene supply chains to a system-wide perspective. Employing energy system analyses, we examine the integration of e-kerosene production into Brazil’s national energy supplies. We introduce PyPSA-Brazil, an open-source energy system optimisation model grounded in public data. This model integrates e-kerosene production and offers granular spatial resolution, enabling federal-level informed decisions on infrastructure locations and enhancing transparency in Brazilian energy supply scenarios. Our findings indicate that incorporating e-kerosene production can bolster system efficiency as Brazil targets a carbon-neutral electricity supply by 2050. The share of e-kerosene in meeting kerosene demand fluctuates between 2.7 and 51.1%, with production costs varying from 113.3 to 227.3 €/MWh. These costs are influenced by factors such as biokerosene costs, carbon pricing, and export aspirations. Our findings are relevant for Brazilian policymakers championing aviation sustainability and offer a framework for other countries envisioning carbon-neutral e-kerosene production and export.

Legal regulation issues of remote examination of cases in administrative bodies and courts

The article discusses the issues of legal regulation regarding remote hearings in administrativebodies and courts. During the covid pandemic, administrative bodies and courts in Georgiaand abroad used to hold sessions remotely, although the mentioned issue was not regulated by legalacts. Later, various administrative bodies adopted by-laws. One of these administrative bodies is theGeorgian National Energy and Water Supply Regulatory Commission (hereinafter, GNERC). Initially,amendments were made to the Law of Georgia “On Energy and Water Supply”, and later GNERC adoptedcorresponding administrative acts.The article elaborates on the difficulties that accompanied and accompany remote examinationsof cases in administrative bodies and courts. The author’s opinions are expressed in the form of recommendations.Foreign practices are also considered within the paper.

Designing Sustainable Domestic Electricity Supply from Renewable Energy Mixes: Application to Java and Bali, Indonesia

Many countries, including Indonesia, have abundant renewable energy sources (RES), but the share of RES in the current national energy supply is still insignificant. The study aimed to investigate and provide the most feasible combinations of RES that meet domestic electricity demand. For Java and Bali, Indonesia, initially, 35 scenarios, given 4 primary RES (solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal) and municipal solid waste, were assessed based on economic and environmental indicators. This explorative data-driven study found that the existing capacity could only meet 51% of the electricity demand. However, the proposed energy mixes could cover 100% of the electricity demand in 2020 with a required capacity of 8.32–19.10 GW, varying on each scenario. The feasible energy mixes can reduce CO2 emissions by 90–94% compared to a fossil energy mix with gas-fired power plants. The installation, and operation and maintenance costs per life cycle can range from 29–50 and 4–16 billion dollars. The wind-based energy mix, with installed capacities of geothermal (1.16 GW), hydropower (2.87 GW), solar (0.003 GW) and municipal solid waste (0.18 GW) in 2020, showed the highest return on investment (139% ROI) and smallest CO2 emission with highest CO2 reduction (94%). This study provides a scientific method of selecting, projecting, and evaluating viable RES combinations for generating electricity without using fossil fuels.

Energy and environmental performance of a passenger drone for an urban air mobility (UAM) policy with 3D spatial information in Seoul

Urban air mobility (UAM) using passenger drones has drawn considerable attention as a next-generation mobility solution. UAM may be an alternative for realizing carbon neutrality and for solving traffic congestion in large cities. We designed a three-dimensional movement route model of a passenger drone and examined the environmental impact to inform Seoul's urban air traffic (UAM) policy. This study explored the safety route of large drones using 3D spatial information elements based on a weighted entropy function. Life cycle assessment was used to evaluate the environmental impact of replacing internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV) with passenger drones. We found that safe routes include high-frequency routes traveling along a stream or river to minimize human and material damage even if the drone would fall when moving along a stream or river. The analysis of the amount of pollutant emissions based on the traffic volume of Seoul shows that current emissions are 4.7 times the estimated emissions from passenger drones. Since environmental damage can be controlled based on the national energy supply and demand policy, further in-depth research should be conducted.

The diversity of energy consumption structure, energy efficiency and carbon emissions: Evidence from Shaanxi, China.

As a major energy sources province in China, Shaanxi Province ranks top three in terms of raw coal production in China and undertakes the important task of ensuring national energy supply and security. Affected by the endowment of energy resources, fossil energy accounts for a large proportion of the energy consumption structure in Shaanxi Province, and it will face huge challenges under the severe carbon emission situation in future. In order to analyze the relationship between energy consumption structure, energy efficiency and carbon emissions, the paper introduces the concept of biodiversity into the energy industry. Taking Shaanxi Province as an example, the paper calculates the energy consumption structure diversity index and analyzes the impact of energy consumption structure diversity on energy efficiency and carbon emissions in Shaanxi Province. The results shows that the diversity index and equilibrium index of energy consumption structure in Shaanxi exhibits a slow upward trend in general. In most years, energy consumption structure diversity index in Shaanxi is higher than 0.8, and the equilibrium index is higher than 0.6. The carbon emissions of energy consumption in Shaanxi generally show increasing trend, and the carbon emissions have increased from 5,064.6 tons to 21899.67 tons from 2000 to 2020. The paper also shows that Shaanxi H index is negatively correlated with total factor energy utilization efficiency in Shaanxi, and positively correlated with carbon emissions in Shaanxi. The main reason is the internal substitution of fossil energy, and the proportion of primary electricity and other energy sources is still relatively low, which leads to a higher level of carbon emissions.

Reactive transport model of uranium by CO2 + O2 in situ leaching

Uranium is an important strategic resource, and its safe and efficient development and utilization are of great significance to ensuring a nation's energy supply and strategic security. Sandstone-type uranium ore is commonly mined by CO2 + O2 in situ leaching, for which understanding the coupling mechanism between the hydrodynamic and chemical fields is key to predicting uranium leaching. This study focused on a coal-uranium ore deposit in China. A convection and dispersion model of the solute transport by in situ leaching was constructed in COMSOL, and a thermodynamic model of CO2 + O2 in situ leaching in sandstone-type uranium ore was constructed in PHREEQC. The two models were coupled to simulate the reactive transport and dynamic leaching processes of uranium by CO2 + O2 in situ leaching. A sensitivity analysis was performed to quantitatively analyze the effects of different model parameters on the uranium leaching efficiency and uranium contamination remediation. The results showed that the coupled model could simulate and predict the reaction and transport of uranium. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the production rate and the injected CO2 and O2 concentrations are the key parameters that control the uranium leaching efficiency, followed by the formation permeability and injection rate. The uranium leaching efficiency does not increase monotonically with the formation permeability and production rate. The results also indicated that natural dilution is insufficient for remediating uranium-contaminated groundwater, but the remediation efficiency can be improved by increasing solution extraction. The results of this study can be used to develop guidelines for the safe and efficient development and utilization of uranium ore while protecting the ecological environment.

Implications of the European gas market for the long‐term construction of underground gas storage in China

AbstractUnderground gas storage (UGS) is an important part of the natural gas industry. Its peaking characteristics and storage capacity are critical to national energy supply and energy security. Compared with the mature gas market in Europe, the construction of UGSs in China faces many challenges. This study is expected to provide references for China UGS through a detailed analysis and calculations of the European natural gas market and underground storage. First, the current status and development of the European gas market were summarized. And the situation of primary energy structure, gas utilization, and UGSs construction was compared between the EU and China. Second, the working gas volume of UGSs in Europe was analyzed from the perspective of its relationship with total consumption and peak‐shaving volume. Finally, the simulation and prediction of the working curve of the energy storage facilities and the reasonable ratio of the energy storage to load were solved by the numerical fitting method. Meanwhile, the recommendations for China's natural gas market and UGSs were provided. It is appropriate to set the planning target of China UGS capacity to load at 5% of total consumption and the actual peaking gas volume will be 14.4 billion cubic meters by 2030.

Embodied carbon emissions induced by the construction of hydropower infrastructure in China

China has the largest installed hydropower capacity in the world, contributing more than 60% of the national renewable energy supply. In order to respond to climate change, China has constructed many hydropower projects during the past few decades. However, such large scaled infrastructure construction induced a large amount of embodied carbon emissions since many energy-intensive products were consumed. This study aims to account such embodied carbon emissions generated by the construction of hydropower infrastructure in China for a period of 2006–2015 by applying a hybrid method. The results show that the cumulative embodied carbon emissions from conventional hydropower projects and pumped-storage hydropower projects were 1.73E+08 tons and 1.40E+07 tons CO2 respectively. These embodied carbon emissions were mainly generated from construction engineering, electrical equipment, land expropriation and resettlement. Sichuan, Hubei, and Yunnan ranked the top three in terms of such embodied carbon emissions IEA, 2015, while Qinghai had the highest per capita embodied carbon emission. Guangdong and Zhejiang had the largest embodied carbon emissions from pumped storage hydropower projects. Installed capacity scale, location, and input field are three key influential factors on embodied carbon emissions. Finally, several policy recommendations are proposed to help mitigate such embodied carbon emissions by considering the Chinese realities.

Role of head of states at G20 High Level Conference in utilizing environmental of sustainable development on electricity in Indonesia

Dependence on fossil energy sources as fuel for power generation still dominates most systems to meet the needs of electrical energy in Indonesia. Efforts to reduce fossil fuels for power generation and switch to new and renewable energy are pursued by the government with the issuance of regulations concerning the National Energy Policy. The responsibility of the government in the context of national energy management has a very decisive role for the sustainability of the national energy supply that is safe, reliable and environmentally friendly. To implement the provisions of Chapter 11 (2) UURI Number 30 of 2007 concerning Energy. The regulation of the EBT issue is regulated in Chapter 4 (2) and (3) of the Republic of Indonesia Law Number 30/2007, where it is stated that: Chapter 4 (2) New energy resources and renewable energy resources are regulated by the State and utilized for the greatest prosperity of the people. The G20 agreed on the "Bali Compact", which was the result of the Energy Transitions Ministerial Meeting (ETMM), in Bali, last September 2022, which contained nine principles. The "Bali Compact" is an important part of accelerating the energy transition. The G20 Summit, the Bali Leader's Declaration document can be reached and agreed upon by all state leaders present.