National Energy Independence Research Articles

Evaluation Analysis of Small Capacity Rooftop Solar Electricity (PLTS) Development Plans at PT Pertamina Gas

Solar Power Plant (PLTS) is one type of new and renewable energy (EBT) generated from the Sun. Indonesia is a country that has considerable solar energy development potential of 4.8 Kw h/m2, but currently its utilization is still very low at only 0.01%. This study aims to evaluate the development plan of small-capacity rooftop solar power plants at oil and gas facilities owned by PT Pertamina Gas (Pertagas). This study uses PVSyst and Helioscope software to analyze the potential and efficiency of rooftop solar power plants. The results show that the planned installation of small-capacity rooftop solar power plants (±0.15 kW) in several Pertagas operational areas can support electricity supply for oil and gas distribution in Indonesia. The utilization of solar energy, which is one of the new renewable energy (EBT), is expected to increase the national energy mix in accordance with the government's target. This research provides evaluation and recommendations for the development of rooftop solar power plants at oil and gas facilities to support national energy independence and security.

Perception towards reducing natural gas consumption and imports in Europe: A theoretical and empirical investigation

The European energy system is undergoing a drastic change, focusing on reducing natural gas consumption and import. European households, which are responsible for 25 % of final energy consumption, mainly based on natural gas, could play a significant role in such a transition. Therefore, the study aims to understand the perception towards natural gas consumption reduction and imports. An online questionnaire was designed based on an extended version of the theory of planned behaviour, which 257 highly educated respondents filled out. The results delineated the respondents' positive perception of reducing natural gas consumption. Specific attributes (i.e., environmental concerns, national sustainable and efficient energy system, and national energy independence) and personal moral norms (i.e., moral responsibility) significantly impact the willingness and effort to reduce natural gas consumption. The lack of control is the largest perceived control behaviour in reducing the respondents' natural gas consumption compared to available knowledge and affordability. Finally, the respondents care significantly and want to know about natural gas import sources, and they are highly against natural gas imports from Russia, the United States, the Middle Eastern, and Arab countries. Based on the insights, the study provides detailed recommendations. The study provides concrete recommendations for policy-makers to include environmental, humanitarian and energy-independence concerns in their decision-making processes related to natural gas imports and consumption. It also emphasises informing and involving individual households in such decision-making processes.

Strategic Implementation of Nationally Determined Contributions for Waste-to-Energy Utilization in Indonesia

Municipal solid waste (MSW) stands out as a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, with Indonesia ranking among the world's largest contributors. The Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) commits Indonesia to minimize MSW emissions through renewable energy development, a central aspect of addressing the climate change crisis. In response, Presidential Regulation Number 35 of 2018 was introduced to vitalize these efforts. However, despite these initiatives, the existing legal framework has not adequately addressed the issue. This research aims to address two pivotal questions: How does Indonesian law regulate the conversion of waste into energy? To what extent do current regulations encompass Waste-to-Energy power plants? Employing a normative legal analysis, this study critically examines national legal instruments related to renewable energy, utilizing a statutory approach. Our findings underscore that current regulations concerning renewable energy lack effectiveness in ensuring availability, resilience, and national energy independence in a sustainable manner. Our study contributes to the existing body of research by delving into aspects of Waste-to-Energy regulation in Indonesia, an area that has not been extensively explored in previous studies.

Evaluation of Biomass Energy Policy Implementation in Indonesia to National Defense Support

Biomass energy is recognized as having strategic potential in overcoming energy security challenges and its participation to reduce the impact of environmental problems. The research-purpose is to evaluate how implementing a biomass energy policy can support national defense and sustainability. Through the framework of the literature, this study describes the concept of biomass energy and examines its relation to national defense. Energy policy analysis and reversed with energy security in Indonesia are also obtained from the reflection of the literature. The results show that biomass energy can strengthen the security of a country's energy supply by diversifying energy sources and reducing dependence on imported fossil fuels. This will support the operational defense system in dealing with fluctuations in energy prices and supplies. The implementation of biomass energy also has the potential to increase national energy independence, reduce the risk of energy supply disruptions, and strengthen national resilience. Utilization of biomass energy also contributes to improving climate change and negative environmental impacts. With the right technology, reductions in greenhouse gas emissions can be achieved, supporting environmental sustainability goals and securing the future of national defense

Analysis of the potential and characteristics of Nipa (Nypa fruticans) as a sustainable biofuel alternative source in Indonesia

A sustainable energy source, one that doesn’t compete with food production, is crucial for enhancing national energy independence. This study assesses the feasibility of Nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) as a biofuel source in Indonesia. The research involved vegetation and laboratory analyses to determine Nipa palm’s potential for biofuel production. The results revealed a Nipa density of 3,167 trees ha-1 with a mesocarp yield of 3.99 tons ha-1 and sap yield of 177.35 kL ha-1. The mesocarp contains 39.37% carbohydrates, and the sap has a total sugar content of 13.13%. National estimates for mesocarp and sap production were 3,339,630 tons year-1 and 148,443 thousand kL year-1, respectively. Estimated bioethanol production from Nipa sap was 13,330 thousand kL year-1. Incorporating Nipa bioethanol into the national fuel supply would increase it to 66,766 thousand kL year-1 (24.95%), while reducing imports to 14,531 thousand kL year-1 (47.86%). In conclusion, Nipa palm offers significant advantages as a potential biofuel feedstock, particularly for bioethanol production, without compromising food supplies.

Green energy transition in the concept of post-war reconstruction of Ukraine

Introduction. Green energy is energy production technologies, the use of which minimizes environmental pollution, including emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Green energy uses inexhaustible and renewable sources, which include wind energy, solar energy, and hydroelectricity. The Ukrainian-Russian war made adjustments to green energy and the green energy transition of Ukraine. The value of renewable energy shifted from ecology to security, and then to economy. Even half a year ago, renewable energy sources were considered by the international community primarily as a tool for combating inevitable climate change and reducing carbon emissions. Today, wind, solar, bio, small hydro and hydrogen energy are key to national energy security and independence and cost significantly less than fossil fuels, although as of 2021, Ukraine’s renewable energy sector was fighting for the right to work under fair conditions guaranteed by the state, in 2023 it will become one of the foundations of the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine and is preparing for the further increase of the country’s energy independence.The purpose of the article is to research and find opportunities, proposals for a green energy transition in the concept of post-war reconstruction, taking into account the natural resource potential of Ukraine.Methods. The methodological basis of the study is a theoretical generalization and comparison, analysis and synthesis, conducting scientific research with the aim of finding new opportunities for the green energy front of Ukraine in the post-war period. The statistical and factual basis of the research is official data, namely the Green Future Index published by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Conclusions and prospects of further research. The challenges and possibilities of reconstruction and post-war development of Ukraine’s green economy are analyzed, and a possible development path to the green economic transition of the country’s energy sector is outlined. The Government of Ukraine has already announced an approach to the green recovery of the energy sector based on the principles of “build back better” and “build back greener” with an emphasis on renewable energy sources and energy-efficient technologies.Prospects for further research are to develop clear principles for the implementation of green energy in Ukraine in the post-war period with the aim of decarbonizing key sectors of the economy, taking into account the consistency of state policy for the implementation of important environmental goals.

The 2022 Russia invasion on Ukraine: The biofuel energy security challenge on Ukraine and some related countries

Europe, United States and other countries make moves to compensate for the loss of Ukraine's exports by diverting crops meant for biofuels into food production and to relax some of the biofuels mandates due to the challenges of 2022 Russian invasion on Ukraine (RIU). Ukraine as a leading exporter of cereals and oil crops in the world has suffered reduction in exports of grain products since the inception of the invasion. This work critically evaluates the immediate and remote potential effects of the RIU on Ukraine's biofuel capacity and potentials, energy strategies and policies, direct impacts of the war on Ukraine and Russia and other countries' biofuels policies were evaluated. Ukraine is found to be a very important big player on global biofuels energy security and policies. It was observed that there are more significant impacts of the war on Ukraine biofuel industry than that of Russia due to very low priority on the development of Liquid biofuels (LBs) in Russia. Recommendations based on the concepts of national energy security and independence were elucidated. Post invasion-strategies such as development of framework for management of post-war waste, ensuring strict adherence to EU biofuels sustainable directives, and implementation of Bioplus-project for Ukraine government were underpinned. This article provides useful information, guidelines and directives that would enable Ukraine government and other countries facing energy insecurity and political crises to restore energy independence and national economy.

Analysis of Solar Power Plant Development Potential in Adipala - Cilacap

PT Pertamina (Persero) as the vanguard of the archipelago's energy has committed to finding and developing new and renewable energy sources to support national energy independence and sovereignty. One of the concrete steps taken by PT Pertamina through the Cilacap Processing Unit IV is to build a Solar Power Plant. One of the strategic solar power plant construction sites in an empty land area close to the 500 kV Adipala Sutet Power Network is located in Cilacap regency with an average global horizontal irradiation (GHI) value of 1908 kWh/m2. With this value, the installation of solar rooftops is the right solution to support electricity production using renewable energy. The electricity load consumption from the city in one year is 1785.6 KWh and is currently entirely supplied by PLN. In this study, a Solar Power Plant design was carried out on vacant land around housing that can be produced in one year. The design and calculations were carried out using the help of PVSyst and RETScreen software. From the simulation results, the results obtained are a Solar Power Plant that has been designed to produce 463 kWh per year which can meet 25.9% of electricity needs at the design site with a Solar Power Plant performance ratio of 85.74% where Solar Power Plant can produce electrical energy of 1531 KWh per year.

Sustainable education and youth confidence as pillars of future civil society

While sustainability is at the centre of many government agendas, there is a great risk of entrusting strategic decisions to those lacking in sustainability expertise. It is therefore necessary to ensure that universities are the green engines of sustainable communities. The present study administered a questionnaire to students enrolled in a Management Engineering programme at an Italian university, to collect their perceptions of and opinions on sustainability and energy issues. Students completed the questionnaire twice: once prior to beginning and once at the end of term. The results showed that students held more sustainable attitudes at the end of term, and perceived sustainable education and youth confidence as the building blocks of future society. They also observed that decarbonisation of the Italian energy system and national energy independence would require the significant development of renewable systems and interventions to promote energy efficiency. In addition, they recognised subsidies for green production, energy communities, differentiated waste collection and professional skills training as crucial. The sustainable university should support younger generations by encouraging student engagement in real-world projects and the development of long-term, structured teacher–student relationships.

Innovation and Management of Smart Transformation Global Energy Sector: Systematic Literature Review

The acceleration of globalisation processes and increasing countries’ energy interdependence are required to ensure national energy security and independence. That demands investigating and developing processes and approaches for sustainable transformation of the global energy sector. The article aims to perform a complex review and investigation of the academic environment to analyse the trends and features of scientific publications devoted to new trends and tendencies in the smart energy industry transformation. To provide a categorical and theoretical background on the key scientific publications’ trends, the paper conducted a bibliometric analysis of scientific publications about smart energy management and sustainable energy sector. The subject of investigation is publications on smart energy management and the sustainable energy sector. The article represented the results of bibliometric analysis using the Scopus tools analytics and VOSViewer tools. The investigation answered the central question of the key academic and research tendencies in the smart energy development and sustainable transformation field. Thus, qualitative, and quantitative trends describe the academic tendencies to spread smart and sustainable technologies in the energy industry. Using the Scopus scientometric database, a system of more than 5000 academic texts in the determined area was created from 2001 to 2022. Such countries as India, China, the USA, the UK, Germany, Italy, Canada, South Korea, France represent the analysed scientific area. Describing the key trends and clusters has allowed understanding and systemised the dominant trends in the development of scientific publications in the field of management of sustainable development processes, spreading the IOT processes, and renewable energy.

Why Are Households Willing to Pay for Renewable Energy? Lessons From Romania

Renewable energy is seen as a key tool in addressing the dual issue of increasing energy demand and climate change mitigation. In the current geopolitical climate, it may also play a key long-term role in increasing energy security. In order to reach the ambitious green energy targets set for each European Union member state public support for fiscal and other support mechanisms is required. The purpose of this paper is to determine to what extent the population in the North-East region of Romania is willing to make financial sacrifices for further development of renewable energy. We also explore what lifestyle and socio-demographic factors influence willingness to pay. We applied a discrete choice experiment on a sample of 602 households from the populous North-East region of Romania. Our results show that the creation of new jobs and the increase of the national energy independence, followed by the reduction of pollution are societal benefits that would convince households to pay a premium in order to support renewable energy development. Increased local budgets for rural communities resulting from the taxation of new energy companies is not one of the desired outcomes of green energy development. The study is useful in the design of adequate fiscal and renewable support policies and serves companies by identifying willingness to pay influence factors, as well as by demonstrating a market segmentation procedure.

Analysis Factors and Decision Strategies Dealing with Ongoing Project Delay in RDMP Balikpapan Project

The business activity in oil & gas sector may include accounting and financing, research and development, manufacturing, marketing, sales, safety, and supply chain processes including include in PT. Pertamina Kilang Balikpapan (PT. KPB) as well. In related manufacturing, currently PT. KPB was assigned the task of running and supervising the Balikpapan RDMP megaproject, a national strategic project for national energy independence and security through an increase in capacity of 100 MBSD, and an increase in diesel fuel of 30 MBSD. In addition, it will also produce new propylene products of 230 thousand tons per year, at the end all the production will decrease the import number quantity of fuel. Unfortunately, these figures are inverse to the overall progress of the current project, which is around 40%, of which 12% is the under-construction component, and large project delays are more than 50% higher than the baseline. The focus of this research is to understand the key factors that have a significant impact on project delays. To find the root cause of problems in project delays, the author tries to elaborate on technical data analysis from internal data, non-technical analysis, and qualitative data from expertise. Based on the available alternative business solution items for each root cause factor, the author establishes proposed initiatives and solutions to overcome and anticipate delays in the ongoing project RDMP Balikpapan.

Study on Potential Role and Benefits of Liquified Natural Gas Import Terminal in Latvia

Abstract Natural gas is relatively clean energy source, which emits less greenhouse gases (hereinafter – GHG), compared to other fossil fuels, such as hard and brown coal, and therefore it may be the most feasible resource to ensure smooth energy transition towards Europe’s climate neutrality by 2050. Traditional natural gas can be easily transported and used in liquefied (hereinafter – LNG) or compressed form. As for biomethane, in future it also can be used in liquefied (hereinafter – bioLNG) and compressed form, as well as transported by means of the current natural gas infrastructure. It can also significantly enhance regional and national energy security and independence, which has been challenging for the European Union (hereinafter – EU) over at least several decades. Issue on energy independence, security of supply, alternative natural gas sources has been in a hotspot of the Baltic energy policy makers as well. Now, considering Russia’s invasion in Ukraine, since late February 2022, a problem of the EU natural gas dependency on the Russian Federation has escalated again and with force never before experienced. The European natural gas prices also hit records, as the natural gas prices in the Netherlands Title Transfer Facility reached 345 euros per megawatt-hour (hereinafter – EUR/MWh) in March 2022. Therefore, LNG import terminal is the only viable option to reduce national dependency of the so-called pipe gas which in some cases, due to the insufficient interconnections, may be delivered from very limited number of sources. The European policy makers and relevant institutions are currently working towards radical EU natural gas supply diversification, where LNG deliveries coming from outside of Russia will certainly take a central stage. In case of Latvia, the potential benefits of the LNG terminal development in Skulte were evaluated in order to reduce energy independence of the Russian natural gas deliveries in the Baltic region and to introduce new ways and sources of the natural gas flows to the Baltics. LNG terminal in Skulte could ensure significant capital investment cost reduction comparing to other projects proposed for Latvia in different periods, due to already existing natural gas transmission infrastructure and the relative closeness to the Incukalns underground gas storage (hereinafter – UGS). Various aspects, such as technical, political and economic ones, were analysed to assure that Skulte LNG terminal would be a real asset not only to customers of Latvia, but also to those of the whole Baltic region, where in future it would be possible to use biomethane for efficient utilisation of existing and developing natural gas infrastructure.

Green Brand as a New Pattern of Energy-Efficient Consumption

In the conditions of the spread of globalization processes, growing interdependence, and interconnectedness of countries, a significant intensification of the academic society efforts to ensure national energy security and independence is necessary. The purpose of the paper is to provide a systematic review of the scientific environment aimed at analysing the contents and features of scientific publications dealing with new trends and patterns in sustainable energy consumption. In order to create a semantic and definition basis and research the main trends of scientific publications on the subject of developing energy efficiency and sustainable consumption, the paper carried out a bibliometric analysis concerning the categories «energy efficient» and «energy consumption» using the Scopus and VOSviewer tools. The main question is, what are the main scientific and research trends and patterns in the field of energy efficiency and sustainable consumption? For this purpose, the quantity and quality tendencies of the scientific articles which are studying issues connected with energy efficiency and sustainable consumer behaviour were determined. A sample of more than 24000 scientific publications on this issue was generated from publications indexed by the Scopus database. The study period covers 2001-2021. On the global level, the analysed investigated area is represented by the countries: China, the USA, and India. VOS viewer tools were used to systemize 5 clusters of scientific articles that analysed sustainable energy consumption from different points of view. Identification of regularities in the developing of scientific approaches to energy-efficient consumption and developing sustainable energy sector was carried out using bibliometric analysis, which has made it possible to describe the dominant retrospective evolutionary and temporal tendencies in the development of this theory concerning the concepts of sustainable development, environmental management, and development of renewables. As a result, one of the most significant trends is a green brand and tendencies connected with developing green marketing and green consumer awareness.

Development of Renewable Energy in Lithuania: Experience, State and Trends

In recent decades, the growing number of citizens and improving life quality have increased energy consumption in the world and Europe, as well as in Lithuania. Despite the fact that an increasing number of countries are focusing on the development of renewable energy, most of the energy is produced by using fossil fuels. As a result, climate change is being felt more than ever before. One of the ways to mitigate climate change is the development of renewable energy sources in the world, Europe and Lithuania. Last year, Lithuania produced 5,142 TWh of electricity, which accounted for 47% of the country’s total electricity consumption, and 22.2% of all electricity consumption was generated using renewable energy sources. According to the Lithuanian National Energy Independence Strategy, 70% of electricity will have to be produced in Lithuania by 2030, reaching 100% by 2050. However, electricity imports and resulting energy dependence are still a major challenge in Lithuania. To address the ambitious goals of eliminating energy dependence and developing climate-neutral technologies, the last decade has seen the focus on the development of renewable energy, and wind energy in particular. Forecasts for the future suggest that by the middle of the century, the country will be producing electricity mainly from renewable sources including onshore and offshore wind energy, large- and small-scale solar energy, and bioenergy systems.

Energy policy trade-offs in Poland: A best-worst scaling discrete choice experiment

This study applied a discrete choice experiment using best-worst scaling questions (multi-profile, BWS case 3) to estimate the trade-offs which a sample of the Polish population is willing to make for energy reform regarding carbon reduction. Attributes considered in the study are CO2 emissions reduction, National energy independence, Employment impact, Time needed for policy transition, and Impact on household energy prices. Respondents (n = 639) choose the best and worst of the presented policy options to fit a rank-ordered logit model. This study reveals concern about climate change among respondents, but that they prioritize energy prices and employment in their choice of preferred energy policy with significant variation across groups. A key distinction is revealed in the preferences by age cohort in which youngest (<25years old) respondents had the strongest WTP coefficients, particularly for CO2 and time to transition. Stronger and more urgent desires for CO2 reduction policies were also identified among the decisions of female respondents, those having more education, those without children, and middle and upper income groups. The respondents’ choices also revealed consistent loss aversion in all attributes presented in the choice experiment.

Simulasi Thermal-Struktur Blade Stage Satu Turbin Geothermal

Condensing type geothermal turbine is a mechanical device that used to convert thermal energy into mechanical energy, then after converted to electrical energy in the generator by the rotation of the rotor’s magnetic field. Development of blade material for geothermal turbine application which using local content is crucial due to the blade’s turbine are 100% imported. So, efforts to produce blade material with high local content are very strategic to support national energy independence in the future. The Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT) started from 2020 until 2023 will focus on the development of the blade material for geothermal turbine application. As a starting point of the research, modelling and virtual testing of the stage-1 blade turbine were performed. In this study, the model is done in CATIAV5 software. Solid model is then imported to ANSYS workbench 15.0. Thermal-Structural analysis of turbine blade using the Stainless steel-based alloy with the ANSYS workbench 15.0 was carried out. In the thermal analysis, the model is given temperature, convective heat flux transfer coefficient and atmosphere gas temperature and then is solved for the heat flux distribution over the blade surface. The obtained heat flux distribution is taken as the thermal load into the Static structural analysis. In the static structural, the obtained model is given structural load, namely centrifugal force. The model is then conducted virtual testing in order to obtain stresses and deflections. The results showed that the model of stage one blade turbine is safe when operating at the determined loads.

Which factors influence large households’ decision to join a time-of-use program? The interplay between demand flexibility, personal benefits and national benefits

The residential sector's electricity consumption during peak hours is significant. Reducing it would be valuable in economic and environmental terms, particularly for isolated grids and ‘electricity islands'. While time-of-use (TOU) programs could help moderate this demand, in many countries such programs are voluntary, with low enrollment rates. An experimental survey design was used to test the impact of four framings of a residential TOU program on the stated willingness of 452 large Israeli households (four or more people) to enroll in a TOU program. Two of the framings emphasized the economic benefits of the program, and offered 25% and 50% off-peak discount rates. The other two framings highlighted environmental benefits and national energy independence (in addition to the discount). The impact of socio-demographic variables, demand flexibility, convenience, environmental awareness and interest in automation were also evaluated. While no framing effect was found, a hierarchical regression model (R2 = 66%) revealed that the strongest predictor of interest in enrollment is the perception that the TOU program will contribute to the environment and to the county's energy independence, followed by the potential economic benefits to the household and flexibility of demand. None of the socio-demographic variables was a predictor. The results suggest that highlighting national benefits might be more effective than highlighting household benefits in fostering enrollment in TOU programs.

Analysis of the renewable energy implementation and prediction prospects in compliance with the EU policy: A case of Lithuania

The article analyses the renewable energy implementation and prediction prospects examining the case of Lithuania. This paper presents the achieved results obtained by implementing the targets of National Energy Independence Strategy and requirements of the EU directives for EU Member States. It was disclosed that over the last 5 years, the share of renewable energy sources (RES) in gross inland fuel and energy consumption in Lithuania increased about 1.3 times. Gross domestic product (GDP) grew annually on average 3.2%. Country’s GDP increased about 1.3 times and gross inland and final fuel and energy consumption – about 10–12%. The largest share of RES in Lithuania came from solid biofuels – 80.6% in 2017. For the last 5 years, wind energy production increased about 2.5 times and biogas energy consumption – about 2.8 times. Total emissions of greenhouse gasses decreased by 3% and air pollutants by 23%. Lithuania has set targets to increase RES share in the final energy consumption up to 30% by 2020, 45% by 2030 and 80% by 2050 years.The analysis identified the most promising directions for sustainable energy development and their environmental impact. That is also suitable for use in other countries, in order to provide local energy resources.

Testing of Early Stage of BPPT-3MW Condensing Type Small Scale Geothermal Power Plant – Kamojang - Indonesia

Geothermal power plant (GPP) technology is one of the prospective renewable energy technologies and a priority in the development of national electricity today. The Electricity Supply Business Plan (RUPTL) 2018-2027 shows the plan to increase GPP capacity in the period of 4.583 GW, or 8% of all national power plants development, and 30% of all new & renewable energy-based power generation. Until 1st quarter 2018, the installed GPP capacity of 1.924 GW and all of them are imported technology. So efforts to develop national GPP technology are very strategic to support national energy independence in the future. AgencyfortheAssessmentandApplicationof Technology(BPPT) has developed and operated a 3 MW GPP of condensing type technology in Kamojang - Indonesia, which is the first prototype GPP manufactured by national company. The GPP design is based on KMJ-68 well data characteristics, owned by Pertamina Geothermal Energy, and steam turbine specifications designed in reverse engineering. The manufacturing process of the main components of the plant such as turbines, generators, condensers, etc. carried out by the national industry. In this paper it is discussed about the process of test operation in the early stage, starting from the preparation of SOP, conducting free load generator test, dummy load testing, and load testing. Until early 2018, the BPPT’s GPP has generated 15,572 kWh of electricity, with the highest load of 1.3 MW. During testing all process parameters, particularly vibrations, bearing temperatures and lubricants, all within safe limit. The thermal efficiency of the turbine-generator system reaches 13% for loads of about 1 MW.