Level Of National Economy Research Articles

Economic Growth and Health: a Comparative Study of the EU Countries

IntroductionOver last several decades, it has become common to emphasize role of intangible forms of capital as an economic development factor. By accepting assumption that condition constitutes an element of human capital, an analysis of interactions between and economic growth has become subject of theoretical and empirical research. In spite of potentially obvious dependences between condition, living standards in society and efficiency of production factors in macroeconomic scale, there has still been no explicit explanation of this mechanism. In literature, gravity of so-called boundary (initial) conditions within framework of which mechanism is observed is indicated. By assumption, they determine correlation level of variables in model of interactions between and economic growth, which varies for different research samples. No conformity of reaction model that diverges from commonly excepted one is observed first of all in countries with a high level of economic development, where effect of condition improvement as a result of an increased level of national product is not so self-evident.The purpose of present study is analysis of relations that occur between economic development level of national economies and condition of societies. Attention focuses on indicating existing dependences in this area, ones which are observed in European Union member states. An attempt is made to identify differences that occur in this area on level of economies of so-called old and European Union.The research was based on data available on level of NUTS 1 that describes condition of society in individual states. Due to assumed scope of analysis, indices that define life expectancy (LE) and predicted healthy life years (HLY) were accepted as dependent variables. In assessment of impact of production capacities on the capital of health of economies examined, an index of structure was used that determines participation of predicted healthy life years in life expectancy. In research into relations, a regression analysis was used, and an assessment was performed of degree of correlation between domestic per capita product level and level of dependent variables that describe condition of society in EU economies examined. Due to accepted scope of analysis, empirical data used was obtained from databases of World Bank, World Health Organization (WHO) and Eurostat.1.Health and income: potential linksThe results of theoretical and empirical analysis presented in literature point to a bidirectional relation between and national income level. An increase of resource, similarly as an increase of human capital, constitutes both cause and consequence of economic growth in a given state. The mechanism of impact of economic growth on of population seems obvious: an increase of national income level potentially determines a higher spending level, greater possibilities of education and better food quality. Preston (1975) was one of first ones to examine this relation. He acknowledged that domestic per capita income is an index of total value of final products manufactured in a given economy per capita in a specified period of time. As a consequence, there are no reasons to expect a direct influence of this parameter on level of (mortality) of society. Income should be treated as a measure of pace of an introduction of new products and services in sector of households and enterprises. Its influence is indirect: a higher income offers a possibility of a real increase of consumption of such elements that have an influence on as food, accommodation, public and private healthcare, education, research connected with an improvement of condition (Preston, 1975). …

EFFECTIVE INVESTMENT ACTIVITY OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES AS INSTRUMENT OF PROVIDING FOOD SECURITY OF THE COUNTRY

There is a problem of development of import substitution and strengthening of food security which solution is impossible without modern and innovative means of agriculture. In this regard the investment activity necessary for ensuring reproduction processes has the main significance. The question of instruments promoting high efficiency of investment processes of agricultural enterprises is still not solved. The aim of the research is development of theoretical issues, methodical and practical recommendations about increasing the efficiency of investment activity of agricultural enterprises. Conducting the research the concept “efficiency of investment activity of agricultural enterprises” is specified and the technique of its assessment is investigated. This approbation on various levels of national economy (for the Nizhny Novgorod Region, the Volga Federal District of Russian Federation) has shown that further activization of investment processes on the basis of improvement of state mechanism of investment regulation is necessary. However, enhancement of investment activity management at the enterprises is also required. By means of the developed methodical approach the optimum level of investment security which achievement by rational distribution of state support measures will, finally, promote growth of a gross agricultural product. Practical recommendations about establishment of regulatiпg principles of investment activity directed to its increase are offered.

On impact of research and development funding on improving energy efficiency of national economies

Reduction of energy consumption at the macroeconomic level is traditionally perceived as a result of scientific and technical progress, and thus, in its turn - as a manifestation of the budget financing of R&D in the country. The article deals with the study of the significant statistical relationship between the amount of science financing at the level of national economies and the reduction of energy consumption by countries. The acceleration (deceleration) is proposed to be used as a dependent variable - the second derivative of a time function of accumulation of the volume of primary energy resources consumed by the national economy, and as the independent variable - data on the cumulative budget investments inherent in the national economy. We used data received after long-term observations of the development of 44 countries with different economic, climatic, and structural-economic characteristics to conduct research. As to make a detailed analysis of energetic and economic relations all countries in the sample have been divided into three groups by five attributes in automatic mode (using the methods of a cluster analysis) - the per capita GDP, annual budget allocations for science, output of industrial production per capita, climatic factor, primary energy resources per capita. The first cluster‟s included the richest countries in the world with the highest expenditures on R&D, in the second cluster there have been the countries with the warmest climate, and the third cluster has been for the emerging economies historically developed as industrial ones. Statistically significant relationships have been established between the acceleration in the economies of the countries - the representatives of each cluster of the cumulative consumption of primary energy resources and financing of R&D. It was proved that the development of investment in R&D results in lower energy costs for the national economies. The acceleration (not a slowdown in the rates of energy consumption as in advanced economies) in the countries with low volumes of budget financing of R&D can be logically explained by the rebound effect. The presence of "black swans" - the countries with specific energy consumption due to high expenditures on R&D is revealed.

Potrzeba zarządzania ryzykiem działalności i jego mitygacji przez podmioty gospodarcze jako konsekwencja niepewności i niestabilności współczesnych rynków międzynarodowych

The purpose of this paper is to formulate the problem of managing and mitigating the risks involved in the activities of business organisations operating in both domestic and international markets in the light of the fact that international markets are unstable. In the absence of coherent, unified and widespread mitigation mechanisms at the level of national economies and in the face of the speculative strategies being commonly adopted by businesses, international financial markets are becoming increasingly turbulent and companies must cope with rising expenses. Risk management should be a comprehensive process involving all aspects of the company's business. It can be defined as taking a proactive approach to any potential risks and choosing an appropriate strategy for a given company to minimise the dangers it may face.

Stabilizacja kursów walutowych w obliczu kryzysu finansowego - próba oceny

The recent volatility of exchange rates of practically all currencies exerts a direct influence on import/export prices, interest rate levels, state budget revenues and profits. This has had a destabilising effect on national economies and consequently triggered a financial crisis, i.e. the situation that we are currently in. One important factor is the apparent dependence of financial markets on the monetary and exchange rate policies pursued by the financial institutions of key-currency countries. These institutions, accordingly, have a great deal of responsibility for stabilising key financial markets and collaboration between the main institutions of the Triad, i.e. the US Federal Reserve, the Bank of Japan and the European Central Bank. In the absence of coherent, unified and widespread stabilisation mechanisms at the level of national economies and in the face of speculative behaviour by private and institutional investors, plus speculative strategies being commonly adopted by businesses, international financial markets remain highly turbulent and companies have to cope with a rising expense bill.

Mitigating Climate Change Shocks in the Northern Cameroon by 2030

A recently released World Bank report entitled Shock Waves: Managing the Impacts of Climate Change on Poverty shows that climate change is an acute threat to people with little means across the world, with the power to push more than 100 million people back into poverty trap by 2030. Climate change is one of the most important global issues, with a range, broad and far reaching ecological, social, economic, and political impact (Sanahuja, 2011). It is not surprising that during the upcoming CoP 21 gathering in Paris, France, the focus will be on climate change mitigation. Van der Berg (2009: 269) says that the goal of monitoring and evaluation system for adaptation is to identify the aspects that are working, those that are not working, and the reasons why, as well as providing mechanisms and feedback to adjust the adaptation process accordingly. (Ndedi, Kouwos and Yota, 2015) The Northern Cameroon (regions of the North, Far North and Adamawa) is the most exposed part of Cameroon to the effects of climate change associated with the attacks of the islamic sect Boko Haram. In order to cope with these effects, various adaptation efforts are being implemented to fully understand the value or efficacy of these interventions, sound monitoring an devaluation of these interventions is imperative for ensuring results, cost effectiveness, and impact level outcomes. The current paper comes up with strategies to deal with the looming challenges that this part of the country will face. These measures are targeted actions to help people cope with climate shocks, such as developing early warning systems and flood protection, and introducing heat-resistant crops. At the same time, efforts to reduce emissions should accelerate, and be designed to protect the poor. The focus of this paper will be on agriculture with by looking at the poverty impacts of climate change on agriculture at the household level, rather than at the level of national economies. Climate impacts will affect agriculture the most, a key sector in the poorest countries and major source of income, food security, nutrition, jobs, livelihoods and export earnings.

ASSESSMENT OF INVESTMENT CLIMATE FACTORS AS UNSYSTEMATIC RISK

The efficiency of invБринestment activity, depends, on the one hand, on the validity, relevance and objectivity of investment decisions, that is on the methodology and methods of justification of investment decisions, and on the other hand, it depends on the mechanisms of investment objects choice. This paper proposes an original way of consistent assessment of the investment climate factors and unsystematic risk on the basis of the by authors developed «AVS-matrix.» Rating of the investment climate attractiveness is primarily a problem of identifying and measuring the main factors forming investment climate. For this purpose the authors have developed the «AVS-matrix», which presents the factors determining the investment climate in their manifestation at different hierarchical levels of management, particularly on «enterprise – industry – region – national economy (country) level.» The proposed matrix can be used to assess the factors that determine the investment climate, and risks having unsystematic, diversifiable nature. As is known, the risks being uncertainties significantly affect the real value of expected return of investment projects. Therefore, development of methods for adequate risk assessment seems to be very actual. Calculated with «AVS-matrix», the evaluation of the investment climate attractiveness and investment risk becomes an objective basis to develop ways of reforming the investment policy on hierarchical levels of management in order to increase the investment attractiveness of the enterprise, industry, region and the country as a whole. It allows not only to take an appropriate decision to invest in specific projects , but also to develop for each level of management effective measures to enhance the role of positive factors and reduce the impact or eliminate barrier and limiting factors that cause increased risk and hamper investment.

External effects of international labour migration

In the article deals with analysis approaches of native and foreign researchers to the impact of international foreign worker on economies of donors and recipients labour resources , and significantly that such an impact on the level of the world economy is positive, it contributes to the GDP. The article substantiates that at the level of national economies, this effect is ambiguous and alternate. The economy of the recipient workforce singled out such important positive effects: an increase in workforce in the economy, output growth, of the internal market; additional receipts of intellectual capital and knowledge in the economy, and others. However simultaneously previously mentioned international foreign worker leads a number of negative effects in the economy of recipient : increasing budget burden by strong and traps unemployment; growth of shadow sector of economy; additional costs at neutralization increasing social tension and criminalization. The economy of the donor can highlight the following important positive effects of international labor migration, reducing stress on the local labor market; investment in education of potential migrants; reducing unemployment; reduce the budget burden due to unemployment benefits and other low cost. The largest negative effects in this case are brain drain technological lagging reducing GDP, inflation may in the case of large external benefits transfers. Developed graphical model the impact of international Labour Migration on the economies of donor and recipient workforce. A formula for determining the impact of international migration on the performance of the economy donor countries, from which you can see the change in GDP in the country – exporting workforce due to international migration.

Effects of State-owned and Hybrid Venture Capital Funds in Hungary

Abstract State has got an important role in the venture capital industry in Hungary. On the one hand this study analyses the investments of three state investors in the middle of the previous decade. It presents location of target companies and effects on employment. The results show that state has got a positive role in job creation, but the indirectly job creation is very low at national economic level. Financing businesses in peripheral regions is a rational reason for the intervention of the state, but it was not realized. Activity of state investors which provide equity to firms directly was in the core economic region. On the other hand the study analyses the investments of JEREMIE Venture Capital Program. The investments of hybrid funds – thanks to the legislation – financed a higher proportion of SMEs operating in the country. The regional targets formulated as general objectives do not seem to have been fulfilled until the regulatory system does not separate specifically the outstanding capital in the centre and in the peripheral regions.

Эконометрические модели совершенствования системы управления туризмом

Role and value of tourism as a factor for impact on economy are considered in this paper. Prerequisites and conditions promoting its development have been revealed. The need in development and implementation of data (including forecast data) in the frame of national economy complex evolution has been justified. The main dynamic and structural tendencies of tourism regional market development, using Uzbekistan as an example, with elements of comparative analysis related to similar indicators of tourism development at the level of world, national and regional economy are investigated in this paper as well. Proceeding from this analysis, recommendations on the tourist services market development have been given.

ECONOMIC RISK OF CHILDHOOD OBESITY

Nowadays in markets where generally oversupply is dominant, companies’ marketing activity gets a salient role, so as consumer protection to compensate overdrove profit interest. Actuality of our research is justified by a trend characteristic for the present: childhood and juvenile obesity as a problem, health and healthy nutrition as an expectation in connection with communication. Marketing uses its wide, subtle toolkit, among others sales promotion tools (brand licensing, using celebrities, free gifts etc.) The real problem is that foods containing high level of salt, sugar and fat are promoted to young people contributing to childhood obesity. Childhood and juvenile obesity as a social phenomenon is not just a negative effect on someone’s health stable, but also a serious and versatile national economic level problem.

Research on Application of Information Technology in Commercial Bank

During the progress of improvement on scientific technology and national economy level. Chinese financial industry is growing strongly and fast. Facing to large data in network technology and various of uncertain risk factors, firstly the development situation of information technology of commercial bank has been introduced, then the problem in information technology of commercial bank has been analysed. Also we have suggested improvement by using value engineering. Finally finally we have made the conclusion.

Characteristics of Entrepreneurial Activities in Transitional Countries and Their Influence on Development

GEM approach in measuring the volume of entrepreneurial activities and their interrelations with the general social, economic and entrepreneurial conditions, on the one side, and the results of economic activities at the level of national economy on the other side, gives a whole, systematically and methodologically well established understanding of entrepreneurship as a significant factor of the cited environment. Thus, available data of the GEM project allow analysis and identification of potential specific group of transition countries compared to other countries with different development levels in terms of the achieved level of economic development, growth and size and structure of entrepreneurial activity by using the application of statistical methods for determining differences between groups using MANOVA, ANOVA and discriminant analysis. The results of this study showed that the group of transition countries show specific differences in terms of the achieved level of development, the level of economic growth and the size and structure of entrepreneurial activity as a special economic area with a high degree of homogeneity with respect to the observed phenomena, and selected variables in comparison to other groups of countries. Not all of this means that the entrepreneurship in less developed countries, in this case, transitional countries, should be discouraged for their contribution to economic development because of the identified environmental limits; on the contrary, small businesses and entrepreneurial projects represent the driving force to go through crises and the factor of economic stabilization in transitional countries. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.25.1.2885

Trendovi u inovativnim aktivnostima

Innovations are important initiator of development of any society, research and innovation activities being the indicators of this development. Therefore, research and innovation activities today are generally given much attention at the level of business entity, the level of industry, the level of national economy, as well as at regional or global level. The aim of this paper is to examine the trend of innovative activities in Serbia in the context of European innovation space. In this regard, firstly, a brief overview of evolution methodologies for evaluating innovative activities has been presented. Afterwards, trends of innovative activities in the European Union, within regions of the European Union, the Western Balkans, and Serbia have been introduced. Comparatively, it is described where Serbia is to be classified according to these trends. Results of a trend analysis of innovative activities indicate the fact that, although Serbia has the place of the leader according to most indicators at the level of the Western Balkans, at the level of the European Union, it is classified as a 'modest' innovator and requires a lot of effort to improve its innovative position.

The Accounting Information on Construction Enterprises

In the composition of China's national economy, the construction industry can be regarded as the pillar of industry, so the development of construction enterprises can't be ignored by any level of national economy. To achieve maximum economic efficiency, enterprises should strengthen the internal management of construction enterprises, control the construction costs effectively, and promote its profit margin by meaning of accounting information, which is an important issue in the internal management of construction enterprises today. This article is a brief introduction of the practical meaning of accounting information, and there is appropriate analysis and discussion about a specific setting of accounting information and measures on that basis.

Research on the Civil Engineering and Architecture Based on Thermodynamics

With the constant improvement of the national economic level, the requirements on the building security are also increasing. The external temperature is a major factor leading to unsafe buildings. It is very necessary to research the civil engineering and architecture under the thermodynamic environment. The concrete will crack with the change of the temperature. According to this, the paper studies the reason and defensive measures of expansion caused by heat and contraction caused by cold based on thermodynamic principles. According to climatic characteristics, this article proposes the preservation and heat insulation of buildings, protection the buildings from icy frost damage and the ventilation of the buildings through the selection of building materials. It solves the cracking problem of the concrete very good with the change of the temperature. The research of this paper provides some reference for other research on the civil construction.

The Impact of Monetary Policy on Australian Capital City House Prices: The Case of Australia

Using Australian national economic data and state level house prices we construct a structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) model to identify the impact of common monetary policy shocks on house prices both at national and state levels. Our results suggest that the impact of a shock to interest rates on national aggregate house prices is almost neutral. However, aggregation influences mask asymmetries in the responses of state capital city housing markets. Positive shocks to interest rates on capital city house prices exhibit significant asymmetries.

Dealing with Expertise and non Expertise Knowledge about Coastal Risk

The Portuguese coastal zone is of major importance to the level of national economy and to the environment, and supports a huge biodiversity and landscape. However, there has been a significant population increase within the coastal zone generating strong pressures on the environment; which thus becomes progressively weaker.To prevent and anticipate potential problems due to a lack of knowledge, or the inability to intervene and minimize impacts, this work makes a survey of three perspectives for the coastal zone of the Portuguese central region: scientific, technical and political, and another one emerging from citizens and communities.

Interrelation between the typology of the RF subjects and methods for the evaluation of the national economic level

The paper considers technical approaches to assessing the level of economic development in Russia’s regions. Specific evidence is presented showing that evaluation based on per capita GDP is not unimpeachable. In order to develop more reliable national economic projections, it is proposed to supplement the conventional evaluation procedure with an indicator of GDP per territorial unit. Such an analysis, additionally supported by cross-country data, allows us to identify typological groups of RF subjects and, which is important, to find adequate approaches to the regional development governance.

Prospects of improving the competitiveness of Serbian agriculture in (re)industrialization process

Competitiveness in the international business environment is a key instrument of success and evaluation of created value of all participants in the value chain. It can be assessed using a variety of indicators, taking into account many factors affecting its complex structure. Hence, it is a framework affirming the competitive advantages/disadvantages on the macro and micro-level as well as on the level of companies and their product offer. Competitiveness can be analyzed at the levels of national economy, industrial sectors, as well as individual products level. The most common approach to the comparison of achieved competitiveness level relates to product costs and/or market price compared to quality (value) aspects of the product/service. Prices and the quality of inputs feature as the starting points for competitiveness of the national economy. Efficiency of operations recognizes the impact of all inputs, especially those whose relative share in the total production cost is high. In contrast to the highly automated production processes, agriculture remains a labour-intensive activity, despite the increase in the level of automation. It is an exception compared to other industries due to the high impact of the effects of climate and other natural factors productivity. At the same time, agriculture is a very important economic and social field of activity, and different concepts of macroeconomic measures are developed in different national economies to stimulate the balanced regional development of agricultural production. Macroeconomic factors that determine overall business environment for the development and competitiveness of agriculture have a very high level of impact on the competitiveness of agricultural products in the Republic of Serbia.