National Disaster Medical System Research Articles

Developing Training in Response to High-Consequence Infectious Diseases and Preparedness Measures for the Future.

In recent history, outbreaks of high-consequence infectious diseases (HCIDs) have raised health security concerns among the global community. As HCIDs continue to emerge, public health systems around the world experience the burden of implementing adequate preparedness and response measures to ensure the safety and security of their populations. HCID outbreak response efforts have highlighted the need for specialized training in safety and infection prevention and control for frontline workers who may encounter ill patients. The COVID-19 Mission Prep program for National Disaster Medical System personnel and the Deployment Safety Academy for Field Experiences (D-SAFE) program for US Public Health Service officers are 2 examples of virtual training programs that successfully provided foundational education on infection prevention and control and safety as well as deployable just-in-time training during HCID outbreak response efforts. The methods used to develop these training programs can be adopted by other countries to enhance the global outbreak response infrastructure for the next HCID event. The global outbreak response infrastructure demands investments in training as a preparedness measure, which will ultimately lead to safer, more coordinated outbreak response efforts with competent responders.

Advancing Systematic Change in the National Disaster Medical System (NDMS): Early Implementation of the US Department of Defense NDMS Pilot Program.

Advancing Systematic Change in the National Disaster Medical System (NDMS): Early Implementation of the US Department of Defense NDMS Pilot Program.

A Multisite Investigation of Areas for Improvement in COVID-19 Surge Capacity Management.

The congressionally authorized National Disaster Medical System Pilot Program was created in December 2019 to strengthen the medical surge capability, capacity, and interoperability of affiliated healthcare facilities in 5 regions across the United States. The COVID-19 pandemic provided an unprecedented opportunity to learn how participating healthcare facilities handled medical surge events during an active public health emergency. We applied a modified version of the Barbisch and Koenig 4-S framework (staff, stuff, space, systems) to analyze COVID-19 surge management practices implemented by healthcare stakeholders at 5 pilot sites. In total, 32 notable practices were identified to increase surge capacity during the COVID-19 pandemic that have potential applications for other healthcare facilities. We found that systems was the most prevalent domain of surge capacity among the identified practices. Systems and staff were discussed across all 5 pilot sites and were the 2 domains co-occurring most often within each surge management practice. These results can inform strategies for scaling up and optimizing medical surge capability, capacity, and interoperability of healthcare facilities nationwide. This study also specifies areas of surge capacity worthy of strategic focus in the pilot's planning and implementation efforts while more broadly informing the US healthcare system's response to future large-scale, medical surge events.

Validation of Opportunities to Strengthen the National Disaster Medical System: The Military-Civilian NDMS Interoperability Study Quantitative Step.

The National Disaster Medical System (NDMS) Pilot Program was authorized by Congress to improve the interoperability, capabilities, and capacity of the NDMS. To develop a roadmap for planning and research, the mixed methods Military-Civilian NDMS Interoperability Study (MCNIS) was conducted in 2020-2021. The initial qualitative phase of the study identified critical themes for improvement: (1) coordination, collaboration, and communication; (2) funding and incentives to increase private sector preparedness; (3) staffing capacity and competencies; (4) clinical and support surge capacity; (5) training, education, and exercises between federal and private sector partners; and (6) metrics, benchmarks, and modeling to track NDMS performance. These qualitative findings were subsequently refined, validated, and prioritized through a quantitative survey. Expert respondents ranked 64 statements based on weaknesses and opportunities identified during the qualitative phase. Data were collected using Likert scales, and multivariate proportions and confidence intervals were estimated to compare and prioritize each statement's level of support. Pairwise tests were conducted for each item-to-item pair to determine statistically significant differences. The survey results corroborated the earlier qualitative findings, with all weaknesses and opportunities ranked as important by a majority of respondents. Survey results also pointed to specific priorities for interventions within the 6 previously identified themes. As with the qualitative study, the survey found that the most common weaknesses and opportunities were related to coordination, collaboration, and communication, especially regarding information technology and planning at the federal and regional levels. These priority interventions are now being developed, implemented, and validated at 5 pilot partner sites.

Development of Standard Operation Procedures for Receiving International Emergency Medical Teams. Cooperation Between the United States National Disaster Medical System (NDMS) Disaster Medical Assistant Team (DMAT) and Japan DMAT

Introduction:Japan DMAT and US DMAT have been conducting several tabletop exercises to prepare for major earthquake disasters in Japan. Japan is predicting overwhelming disasters on Japanese soil soon, which needs efficient and optimum use of resources in medical assistance, including additional support from the US. The Japanese government established a large-scale Earthquake/Tsunami Disaster Emergency Response protocol in 2020. However, this protocol does not include any standard operation procedure (SOP) to receive an international medical team. The purpose of this study is to establish the SOP of receiving medical assistance from US-DMAT based on the WHO International Emergency Team (EMT) initiative through tabletop exercises.Method:Collaborated with the Office of the Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response (ASPR) of the United States Health and Human Services, tabletop exercises assuming that a large-scale earthquake occurred during the hosting of the 2025 Osaka Expo was conducted utilizing an online meeting system.Results:A provisional SOP was composed. Even though Japan had several disaster medical assistance collaborations with US DMAT and is well-familiarized with the Classification and Minimum Standards for Emergency Medical Teams", many issues need to be prepared to accept US DMAT.Conclusion:Numerous procedures need to be conducted to receive US DMAT assistance during a large-scale earthquake in Japan. With this SOP, receiving US medical team assistance will be conducted promptly, eventually saving many lives. This SOP can be modified for other international teams' acceptance in Japan. It could reference other countries seeking to have SOP for receiving international medical team assistance shortly.

Investigation of the Receiving United States National Disaster Medical System (NDMS) Disaster Medical Assistant Team (DMAT) in Japan: Development of Standard Operation Procedures for Receiving International Medical Teams

Background/Introduction:Japan DMAT and US DMAT have been collaborating in the past to prepare for expected and unexpected disasters in Japan. Japan is predicting overwhelming disasters on Japanese soil soon, which needs efficient and optimum use of resources in medical assistance, including additional support from overseas, particularly from the US. The Japanese government established a large-scale Earthquake/Tsunami Disaster Emergency Response protocol in 2020. However, this protocol does not include any standard operation procedure (SOP) to receive an international medical team.Objectives:Establishing the SOP of receiving medical assistance from US-DMAT based on the WHO International Emergency Team (EMT) initiative.Method/Description:Collaborated with the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR) of the United States Health and Human Services, tabletop exercises assuming that a large-scale earthquake occurred during hosting the 2025 Osaka Expo was conducted online meeting system.Results/Outcomes:Provisional SOP was formed by the Japan research team and ASPR representatives. Even though Japan had several disaster medical assistance collaborations with US DMAT and is well-familiarized with the Classification and Minimum Standards for Emergency Medical Teams, many issues need to be prepared to accept US DMAT.Conclusion:Numerous procedures need to be conducted to receive US DMAT assistance during a large-scale earthquake in Japan. With this SOP, receiving US medical team assistance will be conducted promptly, eventually saving many lives. This SOP can be modified for other international teams’ acceptance in Japan. It could reference other countries seeking to have SOPs for receiving international medical team assistance in the near future.

Opportunities to Strengthen the National Disaster Medical System: The Military-Civilian NDMS Interoperability Study.

The definitive care component of the National Disaster Medical System (NDMS) may not be able to effectively manage tens of thousands of casualties resulting from a catastrophic disaster incident or overseas conflict. To address this potential national security threat, Congress authorized the US Secretary of Defense to conduct the NDMS Pilot Program to improve the interoperability, special capabilities, and patient capacity of the NDMS. The pilot's first phase was the Military-Civilian NDMS Interoperability Study, designed to identify broad themes to direct further NDMS research. Researchers conducted a series of facilitated discussions with 49 key NDMS federal and civilian (private sector) stakeholders to identify and assess weaknesses and opportunities for improving the NDMS. After qualitative analysis, 6 critical themes emerged: (1) coordination, collaboration, and communication between federal and private sector NDMS partners; (2) funding and incentives for improved surge capacity and preparedness for NDMS partners; (3) staffing capacity and competencies for government and private NDMS partners; (4) surge capacity, especially at private sector healthcare facilities; (5) training, education, and exercises and knowledge sharing between federal and private sector NDMS partners; and (6) metrics, benchmarks, and modeling for NDMS partners to track their NDMS-related capabilities and performance. These findings provide a roadmap for federal-level changes and additional operations research to strengthen the NDMS definitive care system, particularly in the areas of policy and legislation, operational coordination, and funding.

Improving Care During Peacetime, War, and Disasters: A Call for Agile Military Civilian Strategic Alliances.

Improving Care During Peacetime, War, and Disasters: A Call for Agile Military Civilian Strategic Alliances.

The National Disaster Medical System and military combat readiness: A scoping review.

A scoping review was conducted to describe the history of the National Disaster Medical System (NDMS) in the context of US military medical preparedness for a large-scale overseas military conflict. National Disaster Medical System civilian hospitals would serve as backups to military treatment facilities if both US Department of Defense and US Department of Veterans Affairs hospitals reached capacity during such a conflict. Systematic searches were used to identify published works discussing the NDMS in the scientific and gray literature. Results were limited to publicly available unclassified English language works from 1978 to January 2022; no other restrictions were placed on the types of published works. Full-text reviews were conducted on identified works (except student papers and dissertations) to determine the extent to which they addressed NDMS definitive care. Data charting was performed on a final set of papers to assess how these works addressed NDMS definitive care. The search identified 54 works published between 1984 and 2022. More than half of the publications were simple descriptions of the NDMS (n = 30 [56%]), and most were published in academic or professional journals (n = 38 [70%]). Only nine constituted original research. There were recurrent criticisms of and recommendations for improving the definitive care component of the NDMS. The lack of published literature on NDMS definitive care supports the assertion that the present-day NDMS may lack the capacity and military-civilian interoperability necessary to manage the casualties resulting from a large-scale overseas military conflict.

How Crisis Creates Leaders and New Opportunities in Education

Article| April 2022 How Crisis Creates Leaders and New Opportunities in Education Amy Gallagher Amy Gallagher Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar ASA Monitor April 2022, Vol. 86, 38. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASM.0000827008.38731.91 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share MailTo Twitter LinkedIn Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Search Site Citation Amy Gallagher; How Crisis Creates Leaders and New Opportunities in Education. ASA Monitor 2022; 86:38 doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASM.0000827008.38731.91 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll PublicationsASA Monitor Search Advanced Search Topics: covid-19, disasters, leadership, pandemics Steven Bott, MD is well versed in crisis management. His roles include cardiac and trauma anesthesiologist at the University of Utah, and medical director, flight physician, and mechanical circulatory support transport program director with AirMed, the university's critical care air medical transport program that represents six helicopters, two airplanes, and 10 separate flight teams 24/7. He had also commanded a federal Disaster Medical Assistance Team (DMAT) for 10 years, an experience that proved critically important during the pandemic. “As the pandemic pushed people out of their comfort zones, strong leaders emerged in the process,” said Dr. Bott. DMATs, operated by the National Disaster Medical System (NDMS), are designed to provide high-quality rapid-response medical care when natural or man-made disasters overwhelm state, local, tribal, or territorial resources. After leading emergency response teams in the aftermath of hurricanes Katrina, Harvey, and others, Dr. Bott already knew how to work in a rapidly... You do not currently have access to this content.

Differences in the Awareness and Knowledge of Radiological and Nuclear Events Among Medical Workers in Japan.

BackgroundPrevious research revealed a lack of comfort and knowledge regarding nuclear and radiological events among medical staff. We investigated the awareness and knowledge of radiological and nuclear events among the Japanese medical staff by comparing differences by occupation (doctors, nurses, and other medical specialists).MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional questionnaire survey among trainees undergoing Japanese disaster medical training courses between July 2014 and February 2016. The differences by occupation were evaluated for all questions on awareness and knowledge concerning disasters or radiological and nuclear events and demographics.ResultsAmong the occupations, there were significant differences in the willingness to work onsite based on the types of disaster, familiarity with the national disaster medical response system, the accuracy rate of some knowledge about medical practice and the risk, and demographic characteristics such as practical experience and educational degree. The accuracy rates of responses to some questions on knowledge were very low in all occupations.ConclusionThere were significant differences in awareness and knowledge of radiological and nuclear events by occupation. We believe that the results can be used to develop and modify the content of training courses on radiological and nuclear events to make such courses beneficial for each healthcare worker.

Implementation of SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibody Infusion Sites at Three Medical Centers in the United States: Strengths and Challenges Assessment to Inform COVID-19 Pandemic and Future Public Health Emergency Use.

Monoclonal antibody therapeutics to treat coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have been authorized by the US Food and Drug Administration under Emergency Use Authorization (EUA). Many barriers exist when deploying a novel therapeutic during an ongoing pandemic, and it is critical to assess the needs of incorporating monoclonal antibody infusions into pandemic response activities. We examined the monoclonal antibody infusion site process during the COVID-19 pandemic and conducted a descriptive analysis using data from 3 sites at medical centers in the United States supported by the National Disaster Medical System. Monoclonal antibody implementation success factors included engagement with local medical providers, therapy batch preparation, placing the infusion center in proximity to emergency services, and creating procedures resilient to EUA changes. Infusion process challenges included confirming patient severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) positivity, strained staff, scheduling, and pharmacy coordination. Infusion sites are effective when integrated into pre-existing pandemic response ecosystems and can be implemented with limited staff and physical resources.

Real-world Effect of Monoclonal Antibody Treatment in COVID-19 Patients in a Diverse Population in the United States.

BackgroundMonoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are a promising treatment for limiting the progression of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and decreasing strain on hospitals. Their use, however, remains limited, particularly in disadvantaged populations.MethodsElectronic health records were reviewed from SARS-CoV-2 patients at a single medical center in the United States that initiated mAb infusions in January 2021 with the support of the US Department of Health and Human Services’ National Disaster Medical System. Patients who received mAbs were compared with untreated patients from the time period before mAb availability who met eligibility criteria for mAb treatment. We used logistic regression to measure the effect of mAb treatment on the risk of hospitalization or emergency department (ED) visit within 30 days of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19.ResultsOf 598 COVID-19 patients, 270 (45%) received bamlanivimab and 328 (55%) were untreated. Two hundred thirty-one patients (39%) were Hispanic. Among treated patients, 5/270 (1.9%) presented to the ED or required hospitalization within 30 days of a positive SARS-CoV-2 test, compared with 39/328 (12%) untreated patients (P < .001). After adjusting for age, gender, and comorbidities, the risk of ED visit or hospitalization was 82% lower in mAb-treated patients compared with untreated patients (95% CI, 56%–94%).ConclusionsIn this diverse, real-world COVID-19 patient population, mAb treatment significantly decreased the risk of subsequent ED visit or hospitalization. Broader treatment with mAbs, including in disadvantaged patient populations, can decrease the burden on hospitals and should be facilitated in all populations in the United States to ensure health equity.

Technology and Disasters: The Evolution of the National Emergency Tele-Critical Care Network.

Technology and Disasters: The Evolution of the National Emergency Tele-Critical Care Network.

Adapting a Federal Disaster Medical Assistance Team to Operate During a Pandemic.

After Hurricane Laura struck the southeast coast of Louisiana in August 2020, the National Disaster Medical System (NDMS), a component of the US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, deployed several 35-person disaster medical assistance teams in response to requests for medical support at 3 hospital locations that had been severely damaged in the storm. This was the first natural disaster medical deployment for NDMS during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. This article describes the modifications to the standard operating procedures that were made at 1 site to reduce the risk of infection to our patients and NDMS responders, including changes to the physical layout of the tenting, and alterations to the triage and treatment process.

Mass Air Medical Repatriation of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients

Recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) events have presented challenges to health care systems worldwide. Air medical movement of individuals with potential infectious disease poses unique challenges and threats to crews and receiving personnel. The US Department of Health and Human Services air medical evacuation teams of the National Disaster Medical System directly supported 39 flights, moving over 2,000 individuals. Infection control precautions focused on source and engineering controls, personal protective equipment, safe work practices to limit contamination, and containment of the area of potential contamination. Source control to limit transmission distance was used by requiring all passengers to wear masks (surgical masks for persons under investigation and N95 for known positives). Engineering controls used plastic sheeting to segregate and treat patients who developed symptoms while airborne. Crews used Tyvek (Dupont Richmond, VA) suits with booties and a hood, a double layer of gloves, and either a powered air-purifying respirator or an N95 mask with a face shield. For those outside the 6-ft range, an N95 mask and gloves were worn. Safe work practices were used, which included mandatory aircraft surface decontamination, airflow exchanges, and designated lavatories. Although most patients transported were stable, to the best of our knowledge, this represents the largest repatriation of potentially contagious patients in history without infection of any transporting US Department of Health and Human Services air medical evacuation crews.

A Framework for Healthcare Resilience During Widespread Electrical Power Loss

Healthcare delivery systems are vulnerable to a prolonged loss of electric power, particularly an extended regional or multi‐region breakdown in the electric grid. This is attributable to the reliance of acute care and ambulatory facilities on continuous electric supply for both life‐saving and vital facility support functions. We describe how a framework for disaster resilience can be applied to improve healthcare system adaptability to such scenarios. Our recommendations emphasize important preparedness efforts necessary to maintain—as best as possible—healthcare services during a period of extended regional of multi‐region electrical power loss.Specifically, we call for the development and activation of energy resilient disaster resource hospitals, the need for enhanced healthcare coalition (HCC), Medical Reserve Corps, and national disaster medical system involvement during high‐impact electric outage conditions, the necessity for a centralized federal coordination function, and public engagement to facilitate a culture of resilience to health disasters, including the extended loss of power. In order to increase preparedness, we advocate the development and implementation of pilot projects intended to enhance health sector resilience to power grid failure.

Hurricane Sandy - Initial Evaluation of Patient Characteristics

Introduction:Disaster medical team response by governmental and non-governmental responders is highly variable and poorly characterized. Each response is unique in terms of caseload, patient demographics, and medical needs encountered. This variability increases the difficulty of determining team member composition as well as supply and equipment needs. In an effort to demonstrate this issue, we have reviewed the National Disaster Medical Response to Hurricane Sandy.Methods:This project was a retrospective chart review of Hurricane Sandy data abstracted from the National Disaster Medical System (NDMS) Health Information Repository (HIR) medical records from the NDMS system response, and were abstracted for data including vital signs, ages, sex, chief complaint, and final impressions. In addition, length of stay among other parameters was abstracted. The data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel and Access with descriptive statistics. In addition, the results were compared to similar indices in a community emergency department and prior NDMS responses.Results:The results indicate a wide range of patient ages, chief complaints, and final impressions. The vast majority of patients seen by Disaster Medical Assistance Teams (DMAT) were stable with relatively low acuity issues. The total number of charts reviewed were 7,905. Respiratory complaints were the most frequent at 845 patients followed by toxicology/injuries at 706 patients and mental health issues at 452 patients. In approximately 3,400 patients, no diagnosis was present in the chart. Length of stay averaged below 1 hour and peak patient ages were between 50-60 with a significant number of infants less than 2 years.Discussion:Characterization of NDMS responses by DMATs and comparison with prior events and community emergency department caseloads can provide an insight into the needs of DMATs and other response organizations in future responses.

The Advanced Practice Provider in Federal Disaster Medical Response: An American Experience

Introduction:Advanced Practice Providers (APP) are utilized in the United States National Disaster Medical System (NDMS) and consist of Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNA), Nurse Practitioners (NP), and Physician Assistants (PA). They fill a critical role as Medical Officers in the Federal Disaster Medical Response on both Disaster Medical Assistance Teams (DMAT), Trauma &amp; Critical Care Teams (TCCT), and United States Public Health Service (USPHS). DMAT teams and components of TCCT and USPHS responded to National Security Special Events, multiple natural disasters over the past two years including prolonged hurricane response in 2017 and 2018. The APPs were heavily utilized in key roles throughout the responses with much success.Aim:To explain how APPs are a vital component to US Federal Disaster Medical Response and are able to fill a multitude of roles as Medical Officers.Method:We used qualitative data from APPs in the US NDMS system illustrating what roles they filled during recent disaster responses.Results:The APPs were key components to the US NDMS response to disasters in the US and US territories by providing direct medical care as APPs, aid in medical evacuation, triage, healthcare administration, and medical infrastructure evaluations.Discussion:The APP is essential in the US Federal Disaster Medical Response and future research would be to obtain quantitative data on APPs in the U.S. NDMS. With increasing natural and man-made disasters affecting more people across the world annually, the increasing global population, and expected international health care worker shortages, APPs can be part of the overall solution to Medical Officer shortfalls and other key components in future disaster responses throughout the world. As APPs are not widely utilized worldwide, there will need to be education on what APP training is and how they can be utilized in areas not familiar with their abilities.

Strategies to Decrease Nurses’ Stress in a Federal Medical Station (FMS) Medical Needs Shelter in the U.S. after a Hurricane Disaster

Introduction:National Disaster Medical System (NDMS) Disaster Medical Assistance Teams (DMATs) are used to provide medical care when local and state resources are overwhelmed in response to natural and human-made disasters. The stress these professionals experience during these events requires intentional and therapeutic interventions to support emotional and mental resilience. Evidence-based interventions will be presented.Aim:DMATs were deployed after Hurricane Maria to work in a Federal Medical Station (FMS), at the Coliseum Bencito, Manati, Puerto Rico. The FMS was operated through a collaboration of federal agencies and non-government agencies. Community infrastructure was impacted, including two damaged area hospitals, overwhelming available resources with increased patient care demands. The facility provided acute care and short-term services around the clock for a 10-day period, serving several hundred clients, in and around the municipality of Manati.Methods:Several strategies were utilized to decrease stress levels while nurses worked at the FMS included having a safe and secure environment, sharing stories with peers, taking scheduled breaks, utilizing physical activities (Zumba), and having designated sleeping areas. Additional strategies used for clients were relief supply choices, allowing one person to stay with special needs client, and bereaved care.Results:Nurses were able to decrease stress levels to themselves and clients while working with community partners providing acute and chronic health care needs at the area where health care services were impacted. Verbal and written feedback was provided during formal and informal meetings as well as receiving client comments on the services given at the facility.Discussion:Contribution to practice-heightened emotional responses in a disaster setting are expected and should be a focus of intervention even with health care providers. Nurses were able to employ disaster nursing knowledge, including mental health strategies in this setting and be able to better address the needs of others.