National Dietary Recommendations Research Articles

Youth Healthy Eating Index (YHEI) and Diet Adequacy in Relation to Country-Specific National Dietary Recommendations in Children and Adolescents in Five Mediterranean Countries from the DELICIOUS Project.

The diet quality of younger individuals is decreasing globally, with alarming trends also in the Mediterranean region. The aim of this study was to assess diet quality and adequacy in relation to country-specific dietary recommendations for children and adolescents living in the Mediterranean area. A cross-sectional survey was conducted of 2011 parents of the target population participating in the DELICIOUS EU-PRIMA project. Dietary data and cross-references with food-based recommendations and the application of the youth healthy eating index (YHEI) was assessed through 24 h recalls and food frequency questionnaires. Adherence to recommendations on plant-based foods was low (less than ∼20%), including fruit and vegetables adequacy in all countries, legume adequacy in all countries except for Italy, and cereal adequacy in all countries except for Portugal. For animal products and dietary fats, the adequacy in relation to the national food-based dietary recommendations was slightly better (∼40% on average) in most countries, although the Eastern countries reported worse rates. Higher scores on the YHEI predicted adequacy in relation to vegetables (except Egypt), fruit (except Lebanon), cereals (except Spain), and legumes (except Spain) in most countries. Younger children (p < 0.005) reporting having 8-10 h adequate sleep duration (p < 0.001), <2 h/day screen time (p < 0.001), and a medium/high physical activity level (p < 0.001) displayed a better diet quality. Moreover, older respondents (p < 0.001) with a medium/high educational level (p = 0.001) and living with a partner (p = 0.003) reported that their children had a better diet quality. Plant-based food groups, including fruit, vegetables, legumes, and even (whole-grain) cereals are underrepresented in the diets of Mediterranean children and adolescents. Moreover, the adequate consumption of other important dietary components, such as milk and dairy products, is rather disregarded, leading to substantially suboptimal diets and poor adequacy in relation to dietary guidelines.

NUTRIENTS' DEFICIENCY RISKS IN PREGNANT WOMEN DUE TO THEIR EATING HABITS

Aim: To research the dietary habits of pregnant women living in Bulgaria and to assess the possible health effects for the offspring. Methods: An online anonymous survey of the dietary habits of pregnant women living in Bulgaria was conducted. A questionnaire was developed in Google Forms, collecting information about the demographic profile, diet, frequency of consumption of certain food and drink groups, use of alternative dietary patterns, etc. The questionnaire was spread through social media using the snowball technique. The assessment of the respondents' dietary habits was based on the national dietary recommendations during pregnancy. Descriptive analysis of the results was done using Jamovi software statistical package ver. 2.3.0. Results: 117 pregnant women aged between 21 and 54 years (median - 30 years) were interviewed. Daily consumption of milk and dairy products was found in 41% and 47% of respondents, respectively. Among the women surveyed, all were reported to consume dairy products, except 5.1% who did not consume milk. The relative share of women who rarely or never consumed fish was 58.1% and 12%, respectively, and one woman did not consume both fish and meat. Vegetarians accounted for 6% of the women surveyed, and 6% were on a low carbohydrate diet. Conclusion: Although the majority of pregnant women surveyed followed the recommendations for healthy eating, some rarely or never consumed some of the healthy foods, which put them at risk of deficiency or insufficiency of certain nutrients.

Stress-related eating in pregnancy? An RCT examining links between prenatal stress and food choices

BackgroundDiet quality during pregnancy is important for maternal health and offspring development. However, national dietary recommendations are not always met. A potential barrier for healthy food choices might be the experience of stress. Previous literature in non-pregnant populations suggests a negative effect of acute stress on diet quality. This preregistered study is the first to test whether an acute stressor leads to unhealthy food choices in pregnancy and examine the moderating role of stress, depressive and anxiety complaints in daily life. MethodPregnant women (N = 110, 3rd trimester) completed online self-reported surveys measuring stress, depressive and anxiety complaints in daily life. Hereafter, participants were invited for a laboratory visit, in which they were exposed to the Trier Social Stress Test or a control task. After this manipulation, self-reported and actual food choices and food intake were assessed. At the end of the visit, a hair sample was collected. Throughout the visit, visual analogue scales on negative affect were completed and saliva samples were collected. ResultsThe stress group experienced significantly more psychological stress than the control group during the experimental manipulation. Main regression analyses showed that the acute laboratory stressor did not cause unhealthy food choices in the third trimester of pregnancy. In fact, the stress group chose fewer unhealthy foods and consumed fewer kilocalories compared to the control group. Additionally, the findings point at a moderating role of depressive and stress complaints in daily life on food choices within the control group: higher scores were related to more unhealthy food choices and more kilocalories consumed. DiscussionAs this was the first study to test the effect of an acute stressor on food choices in pregnant women, more research is needed to obtain a better understanding of stress-related eating in pregnancy. This knowledge may inform future interventions to support pregnant women in improving their diet quality.

From omnivores to vegans: Differences and similitudes among different dietary patterns in Spain. Nutrition knowledge, dietary recommendations compliance and level of food supplementation

Western diets are associated with the rise in prevalent diseases of our time and have a significant environmental impact. The growing concern over these issues has led to a trend of shifting away from traditional omnivorous diets towards various dietary patterns with differing levels of animal-origin food restriction, such as flexitarian, pescatarian, vegetarian, or vegan diets. While much of the current literature has focused on analysing the motivations and barriers of these dietary groups, little is known about other aspects that may unite or differentiate them beyond their food intake preferences. In 2022, a survey was conducted in Spain, where 38% of the population follows a non-omnivorous diet. A total of 792 participants, with equal representation across omnivores and vegans, took part in the survey. The objective was to identify various aspects related to different dietary patterns, including knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions towards food. This study presents novel findings regarding knowledge of healthy eating, adherence to national dietary recommendations, and levels of food supplementation. Approximately half of the participants, regardless of dietary pattern, were found to be unaware of the composition of a healthy and balanced meal. Omnivores demonstrated the highest compliance with recommendations for dairy and protein intake but showed poorer adherence to fruit and vegetable recommendations. Plant-based diet groups also displayed suboptimal results. Both vegetarians and vegans exhibited higher rates of supplementation, though not as high as expected. Overall, there appears to be a widespread lack of knowledge among the Spanish population regarding healthy and balanced diets. The prevalent non-compliance with dietary recommendations and the level of dietary supplementation among the more restrictive dietary groups, suggest potential inadequacies in diet quality within these populations. These findings can inform future interventions aimed at improving dietary patterns among these population groups in terms of health, guidance, or food development.

Development of a methodology to compare and evaluate health and sustainability aspects of dietary intake across countries

To solve the rising issue of how to feed our planet in the future, we need to enhance our knowledge of peoples' current eating patterns and analyze those in terms of their health and environmental impacts. Current studies about adherence to existing national and global dietary recommendations often lack the ability to cross-compare the results among countries. Therefore, this study aims to develop a methodology to evaluate adherence to food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) and the Planetary Health Diet (PHD) on a national level, which can be replicable in different countries. First, national dietary intake data was collected from surveys published by the respective responsible public institutions from five countries (Italy, Denmark, Germany, Morocco, and Poland). Second, food groups represented in the intake data and the FBDGs were mapped to establish a proposal for a new common grouping (i.e., comprehensive food groups) that enables cross-country comparison. Third, dietary intake was compared to the recommendations according to national FBDG and the PHD. The adherence to the recommended diets was assessed using an adapted version of the German Food Pyramid Index. Our results show that different ways of grouping foods may change adherence levels; when measuring adherence to the FBDGs with the food groups suggested in the FBDGs, average scores (45.5 ± 5.4) were lower than by using comprehensive food groups (46.9 ± 3.7). Higher adherence to the PHD (52.4 ± 6.1) was found also using the comprehensive food groups. Particularly the foods meats, eggs, and legumes in one group (i.e., protein equivalents) appear to influence the outcome of scores using the comprehensive food groups. This study developed a methodology to evaluate national dietary intake against national FBDGs and the PHD. Our study points out the fact that it is difficult to overcome the challenge that countries have different food grouping clusters. Yet, the combination of the methods developed enables cross-country comparisons and has the potential to be applied to different national settings globally.

Assessments of energy, macro and micronutrient intakes in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Objective: This study aims at examining dietary intake in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) and comparing&#x0D; the results with national dietary intake recommendations.&#x0D; Patients and Methods: One hundred fifty children and adolescents (52.7% female) with an average age of 12.2±3.1 years and with&#x0D; type 1 DM who were followed by the Pediatric Endocrinology Polyclinic participated in the study. Three-day food intake records and&#x0D; clinical information regarding the type 1 DM condition of the participants were obtained.&#x0D; Results: No gender-related significant difference was found among the participants regarding food intake. The percentage of energy&#x0D; derived from fat (average 39.6%) and saturated fat (16.1%) were higher than the recommended levels in both gender groups. The&#x0D; percentage of energy derived from carbohydrates (female 44.1±5.7%, male 43.0±6.8%) was below the recommended levels. The dietary&#x0D; fiber intake in children aged 6-10 years with type 1 DM met recommendations, whereas, it was below the recommended levels in other&#x0D; age groups. Micronutrient inadequacy was common in children and adolescents with type 1 DM.&#x0D; Conclusions: The authors believe that guidelines and programs are needed for children and adolescents with type 1 DM to reduce&#x0D; total fat and saturated fat intake, increase carbohydrate and dietary fiber intake up to the recommended levels, and prevent multiple&#x0D; micronutrient inadequacies.

Doris Howes Calloway

Throughout her career, Doris Howes Calloway sought to understand what influences human protein and energy requirements and metabolism in controlled and field settings. Much of her research became the basis for national and international dietary recommendations, many of which are in use today. She served on many committees of the US Food and Nutrition Board/National Research Council/Institute of Medicine and the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization of the United Nations. Concerned about populations where marginal malnutrition is often overlooked, Dr Calloway led a major United States Agency for International Development–funded multiuniversity research project in low-income countries to better understand the effects of moderate malnutrition on growth and health. She led this extensive multinational study while serving as provost, the first woman in the senior administration at the University of California, Berkeley campus. Toward the end of her professional career, she was appointed chair of the 1995 Dietary Guidelines for Americans Advisory Committee. Her interest in food and nutrition policy helped reorient dietary guidance both in the United States and internationally. Dr Calloway's scientific and humanitarian accomplishments were extended further through the subsequent research and leadership activities of her colleagues, graduate students, and others whom she mentored.

Child food portion sizes in the home environment: how do parents decide?

The consumption of larger portion sizes (PS) of food has been implicated in the increased prevalence of childhood obesity. The home is usually the first place children learn about food, however, little is known about how parents determine child PS in the home environment. This narrative review aimed to explore parental beliefs, decisions, strategies and barriers to the provision of appropriate food PS for children in the home environment. Results indicate that parental decisions on child food PS are based on the amounts they serve themselves, personal intuition and knowledge of child appetite. Owing to the habitual nature of food provision, parental decisions on child PS may be taken without conscious thought and/or could be part of a complex decision-making process influenced by several interlinked factors, including parental childhood mealtime experiences, other family members and child weight status. Strategies to determine child-appropriate PS include modelling the desired PS behaviour, use of unit-based food packaging and PS estimation aids, and providing the child with a degree of autonomy to rely on their own appetite cues. A lack of knowledge/awareness of PS guidance is a key barrier identified by parents to the provision of age-appropriate PS, warranting the inclusion of salient child-appropriate PS guidance within national dietary recommendations. Further home-based interventions to improve the provision of appropriate child PS are required, leveraged on parental strategies already in use, as outlined in this review.

Improvement of Dietary Habits among German Medical Students by Attending a Nationwide Online Lecture Series on Nutrition and Planetary Health ("Eat This!").

Nutrition is a major influential factor in optimizing human health and environmental sustainability. Medical students often do not follow national dietary guideline recommendations. Raising awareness of a healthy lifestyle is important as physicians with healthy lifestyle behaviors are more likely to counsel on nutrition. Our study aims to evaluate a Germany-wide online lecture series on nutritional medicine, "Eat This!". Before and after the course, 520 medical students who participated and 64 who did not participate in the course (comparison group) filled out an online survey. To assess the students' dietary habits, a validated FFQ was used. According to this questionnaire, only 31% of the lecture participants consumed enough fruits and 24% consumed enough vegetables, while almost half of the students exceeded the recommended maximum amount of crisps and sweets. After attending the lecture series, guideline adherence with respect to fruits and vegetables showed a significant increase, as did awareness of healthy nutrition and percentage of students with low-risk lifestyle habits. Our results show that low-threshold approaches, such as "Eat This!", can positively influence the dietary behaviors and lifestyle habits of medical students. This can help future doctors fulfill their role in the fight against the global burden of non-communicable diseases.

Socioeconomic differences in animal food consumption: Education rather than income makes a difference.

Evidence points toward more sustainable and health-conscious dietary behaviors among individuals with higher socioeconomic status. However, these differences vary considerably depending on which indicator of socioeconomic status is examined. Here, we present a systematic parallel investigation of multiple indicators of socioeconomic status as predictors of animal food consumption frequency and selected food-related behaviors in Germany. Data from the German subsample of two large representative European consumer studies (Study 1 n = 1,954; Study 2 n = 2,045) was used. We assessed the associations between the socioeconomic indicators income, current occupation as well as education and consumption frequency of animal foods and selected food-related behaviors in separate ordinal logistic regressions. Individuals with higher educational attainment engaged in more sustainable and health-conscious dietary behaviors, indicated by significant associations between educational attainment and the consumption frequency of animal foods. Low- and middle-income participants consumed processed meat more frequently (Study 1 only; medium income: OR 1.5, CI 1.09-2.05, p = 0.012; low income: OR 1.43, CI 1.01-2.05, p = 0.047) and fish less frequently (Study 2 only; medium income: OR 0.76, CI 0.59-0.97, p = 0.026; low income: OR 0.061, CI 0.46-0.82, p < 0.001) than participants with high income. Current occupation did not predict the consumption of animal foods or food-related behaviors. Intake frequency of animal-based foods indicates that most participants exceeded national dietary recommendations for meat and processed meat and remained below recommendations for fish and dairy/eggs intake. Educational attainment appears to be the strongest and most consistent socioeconomic indicator of sustainable dietary choices in Germany based on current large, representative studies. Future efforts should be directed toward education interventions about nutrition and interpretation of food labels to compensate for differences in dietary behavior among groups with different levels of education.

Understanding the relationships between dietary risk behaviour and social factors in older adults

Abstract Background The relationships between social factors and dietary risk behaviour in older adults have not yet been thoroughly investigated. In this analysis, we aimed to develop a brief index of dietary risk behaviour and examine its associations with sociodemographic, socioeconomic, psychosocial, and behavioural factors. Methods A community-based postal survey was conducted to collect cross-sectional data from German adults aged 65 and older (n = 1687; 33% response proportion; 52% female). Using principal component analysis, we developed a 3-item dietary risk behaviour index (DRB), including the food groups vegetables/fruit, whole grains, and dairy products. Dietary risk behaviour was defined as food group consumption frequencies below national dietary recommendations. Multiple linear regression was used to analyse associations between dietary risk behaviour and social factors. Results Physical activity, female gender, education level, and social support were negatively associated with dietary risk behaviour, while alcohol consumption and smoking were positively associated (Adj. R2 = 0.16, p &amp;lt; 0.001). The brief DRB based on vegetables/fruit, whole grains, and dairy products has proven to be appropriate in analysing dietary behaviour among older adults. Conclusions A better understanding of the relationships between social factors and dietary risk behaviour among older adults can assist in group-specific targeting of dietary-related interventions. Demand-oriented dietary interventions should address underlying social factors to reduce inequities in dietary risk behaviour among older adults. The results may be transferable to municipalities in high-income European countries. Key messages

Towards healthier and more sustainable diets in the Australian context: comparison of current diets with the Australian Dietary Guidelines and the EAT-Lancet Planetary Health Diet

BackgroundThere is increasing focus on moving populations towards healthier and more environmentally sustainable dietary patterns. The Australian Dietary Guidelines provide dietary patterns that promote health and wellbeing. It is unclear how these guidelines align with the more recently published global recommendations of the EAT-Lancet Planetary Health Reference Diet, and how Australian diets compare to both sets of recommendations.MethodsData from one 24-h recall collected for the 2011–13 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey were analysed for 5,920 adults aged 19–50 years. Subgroups of this population were identified by diet quality and lower or higher consumption of foods often considered to be environmentally intensive (higher animal meat and dairy foods) or associated with healthiness (higher vegetables and lower discretionary choices). Food group and nutrient composition of Australian diets were compared to diets modelled on the Australian Dietary Guidelines and Planetary Health Reference Diet. The environmental impacts of diets were estimated using an index of combined metrics.ResultsCompared with the Planetary Health Reference Diet, the Australian Dietary Guidelines contained more servings of the vegetable, dairy and alternatives, fruit, and discretionary choices. The amount of meat and alternatives was higher in the Planetary Health Reference Diet than Australian Dietary Guidelines due to the inclusion of more plant-based meat alternatives. The average Australian diet contained two to almost four times the Australian Dietary Guidelines and Planetary Health Reference Diet maximum recommended intake of discretionary choices, and provided inadequate amounts of the vegetables, cereals, unsaturated fats and meats and alternatives food groups, primarily due to lower intakes of plant-based alternatives. The average Australian diet also contained less dairy and alternatives than the Australian Dietary Guidelines. In the average Australian diet, red meat and poultry contributed 73% to the total servings of meat and alternatives compared to 33% and 10% for the Australian Dietary Guidelines and Planetary Health Reference Diet respectively. The modelled Australian Dietary Guidelines diet met the relevant nutrient reference value for all 22 nutrients examined, whereas the Planetary Health Reference Diet contained an inadequate amount of calcium. The environmental impact scores of the Planetary Health Reference Diet and Australian Dietary Guidelines were 31% and 46% lower than the average Australian diet.ConclusionsSignificant changes are required for Australians’ dietary intake to align more closely with national and global dietary recommendations for health and environmental sustainability.

Retail Purchases of Red and Processed Meat by State in the United States

The specific aim was to characterize retail purchases of red and processed meat and other major protein-rich foods in the U.S. and by state. Supermarket scanner data from grocery stores, supermarkets, and big box stores collected from 2017-2019 (NielsenIQ, New York, NY) was used to characterize retail purchases of red meat, processed meat, and other protein-rich foods in thirty-one states representative of US retail food sales. Red meat, processed meat, poultry, seafood, eggs, other meats, and non-meat foods (beans, nuts, seeds, meat alternatives) by weight accounted for 25.9%, 20.4%, 25.8%, 5.9%, 12.6%, 1.3%, and 10.1%, respectively of total sales in 2017-2019. Mean per capita purchases of red meat by weight was 30.1 g/d, ranging from 45.4 g/d in Mississippi to 21.9 g/d in New York. Mean per capita purchases of processed meat by weight was 23.8 g/d, ranging from 36.6 g/d in Mississippi to 15.2 g/d in California. We observed statistically significant correlations between red and processed meat purchases with cardiovascular mortality and colorectal cancer by state. Per capita retail purchases of red and processed meat appear to reflect a dietary pattern that is not consistent with current national and international dietary recommendations.

Nutrient Profiling of Japanese Dishes: The Development of a Novel Ajinomoto Group Nutrient Profiling System.

Government agencies and private companies have supported the development of nutrient profiling (NP) systems to facilitate the selection of nutrient-dense foods by consumers, promote nutritious food development, and limit excessive advertising of products with low nutritional value. While most NP models were developed to assess individual foods, the Ajinomoto Group Nutrient Profiling System (ANPS) was developed to assess the overall nutritional value of cooked dishes that are culturally specific to Japan. Based on the national dietary recommendations and nutritional surveys, target values were created for 13 dish categories, while considering the combinations of meal units. For the ANPS, the four evaluating elements were protein and vegetables, which should be encouraged, and sodium and saturated fatty acids, which should be limited. The ANPS algorithm for dishes was the sum of the scores of individual elements, with a maximum of 10 points per serving. The sum of scores was then multiplied by 2.5 to convert to the 100-point scale. Convergent validity was tested using the nutrient-rich food index (NRF) score of 6.3. In total, 1,089 popular Japanese dishes were evaluated using the ANPS, and the median score of ANPS was 70.0 points (interquartile range, 55–78.8), and the average score was 67.7 (standard deviation, 16.5) points. Since salt intake is a major health risk in Japan, this tool was designed to evaluate sodium content with high sensitivity, and low-salt dishes significantly improved sodium and ANPS scores compared with regular dishes. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the total score of NRF 6.3 and ANPS in 1,089 dishes was r = 0.452 (p < 0.0001). This newly developed ANPS could be used to evaluate culture-specific cooked dishes per serving size. It can determine the nutritional values of dishes, with a high sensitivity to sodium content, a major Japanese nutritional issue. Further research is needed to determine the accuracy and usefulness of the ANPS as a system that would lead to changes in eating behavior nationwide.

Nutritional Quality of Kids' Fast-Food Meals

Despite the increasing consumption of fast foods, the nutrient quality of such meals has not been systematically evaluated I Turkey. Our study aimed to investigate and compare the nutritional value of the kids' menus of 4 popular fast-food chains and traditional Turkish menus created by specialist dietitians. The nutritional values of the kids' menus were assessed using the recommended daily allowance, dietary guidelines for Turkey, and national food-based dietary recommendations of the Turkish Ministry of Health. All meals were compared in terms of energy, macro food items, and sodium content. The kids' menus from the following 4 most preferred fast-food companies in Turkey were included in the study: McDonald's, Burger King, Popeyes, and Arby's. The menus with the highest energy and fat content were offered by Burger King, those with the highest protein content were offered by Popeyes, and those with the highest sodium content were offered by Arby's. The contribution of fat to the energy content was found to be low in traditional Turkish menus (P &lt; .05), whereas the contribution of protein to the energy content was significantly higher in the Popeyes menus (P &lt; .05). Improving the nutritional quality of kids' fast-food menus may be effective in controlling childhood obesity.

The compatibility of circularity and national dietary recommendations for animal products in five European countries: a modelling analysis on nutritional feasibility, climate impact, and land use

National food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) are generally designed from a human health perspective and often disregard sustainability aspects. Circular food production systems are a promising solution to achieve sustainable healthy diets. In such systems, closing nutrient cycles where possible and minimising external inputs contribute to reducing environmental impacts. This change could be made by limiting livestock feed to available low-opportunity-cost biomass (LOCB). We examined the compatibility of national dietary guidelines for animal products with livestock production on the basis of the feed supplied by available LOCB. We investigated whether the national dietary recommendations for animal products for Bulgaria, Malta, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland could be met with domestically available LOCB. We used an optimisation model that allocates feed resources to different species of farm animals. Of the resulting scenarios, we assessed the nutritional feasibility, climate impact, and land use. Our results showed the environmental benefits of reducing the recommended animal products in the FBDGs, and that animal products from LOCB could provide between 22% (Netherlands) and 47% (Switzerland) of total protein contributions of the FBDGs. This range covers a substantial part of the nutritional needs of the studied populations. To fully meet these needs, consumption of plant-based food could be increased. Our results contribute to the discussion of what quantities of animal products in dietary guidelines are compatible with circular food systems. Thus, national dietary recommendations for animal products should be revised and recommended quantities lowered. This finding is consistent with recent efforts to include sustainability criteria in dietary guidelines. Swiss National Science Foundation and the Dutch Research Council.

Social Factors of Dietary Risk Behavior in Older German Adults: Results of a Multivariable Analysis.

With this analysis, we aimed to examine the associations between social factors and dietary risk behavior in older adults. Data were collected through a full-population postal survey of German adults aged 65 years or older (n = 1687, 33% response proportion, 52% female, mean age = 76 years). Using principal component analysis (PCA), a data-driven Dietary Risk Behavior Index (DRB) was computed. Dietary risk behavior was defined as consumption frequencies of vegetables/fruit, whole grains, and dairy products below national dietary recommendations. By performing a multiple linear regression, we analyzed associations between sociodemographic, socioeconomic, psychosocial, and behavioral factors and dietary risk behavior. Physical activity, female gender, socioeconomic status, social support, and age (in the male sample) were negatively associated with dietary risk behavior. Alcohol consumption and smoking were positively associated with dietary risk behavior. A group-specific analysis revealed a higher goodness-of-fit for the low socioeconomic status group, older adults aged 65–79 years, and women. A comprehensive understanding of the relationships between social factors and dietary risk behavior in older adults assists the group-specific targeting of dietary-related interventions. Demand-oriented dietary interventions should account for underlying social conditions to reduce inequity in dietary risk behavior among older adults. The results of this work may be transferable to municipalities in high-income European countries.

Analytical Characterization of the Widely Consumed Commercialized Fermented Beverages from Russia (Kefir and Ryazhenka) and South Africa (Amasi and Mahewu): Potential Functional Properties and Profiles of Volatile Organic Compounds.

In this study, four commercialized indigenous fermented beverages most highly consumed in Russia (kefir and ryazhenka) and South Africa (amasi and mahewu) were analyzed for their potential health-promoting properties and flavor-forming volatile organic compounds (VOC). The analysis of antioxidant capacity demonstrated superiority of dairy-based beverages (kefir, ryazhenka and amasi) over the corn-based mahewu; however, mahewu outperformed dairy-based beverages in terms of its potential antihypertensive effect (i.e., the ability to inhibit angiotensin I converting enzyme). The fatty acid (FA) content of kefir and ryazhenka were more diverse compared to that of amasi, but included a lesser amount of branched chain FA. In terms of calculated FA nutritional indices (e.g., indices of atherogenicity and thrombogenicity), kefir and ryazhenka performed similarly and significantly better than amasi. The agreement between beverages theoretical flavor profiles, which was obtained based on the flavors of individual VOC, and consumers’ flavor perception allow hypothesizing about the contribution of detected VOC to the overall products’ flavor. The obtained data expand current knowledge regarding traditional fermented beverages and their values in terms of national dietary recommendations. Additionally, reported VOC profiles will promote the inclusion of traditional fermented beverages into the rations based on the flavor pairing concept (which is controversial but widely applied).

Ability of Nutri-Score to discriminate the nutritional quality of prepacked foods in Slovenia

Abstract European Commission recognised the benefits of front-of-package labelling (FOPL) with the proposal for a harmonised FOPL, which should be implemented by the end of 2022. Many European scientists support the implementation of Nutri-Score, a 5-colour nutrition labelling scheme. However, Nutri-Score is currently implemented mainly in Western Europe, and data for Central Europe are limited. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of Nutri-Score to discriminate the nutritional quality of prepacked products from the Slovenian food supply, and to compare results of nutrient profiling with national dietary recommendations, based on previously implemented WHO profile. Analyses was done using the Composition and Labelling Information System (CLAS), which contains labelling information on prepacked foods in Slovenia. We investigated the distribution of products across five Nutri-Score categories and investigated the agreement between Nutri-Score and nationally adapted WHO Europe profile. Results show that Nutri-Score has a high ability to discriminate food products based on their composition. Food categories that are more desirable in our diet (e.g., fruits, vegetables) have a better Nutri-Score when compared with less desirable categories such as sweets and animal fats. This ability was also shown within each subcategory. Nutri-Score overall showed a moderate agreement with the WHO Europe profile (0.57). The agreement was almost perfect for Cereals and cereal products, and lower for Edible oils and emulsions. Our results showed that the Nutri-Score is a relevant tool to discriminate the nutritional quality of products across different food groups and is in most cases consistent with national recommendations. This study gives additional information about Nutri-Score and can support policymakers in making evidence-based decisions about the implementation of harmonised FOPL in Europe. Key messages Results show that the Nutri-Score is a relevant tool to discriminate the nutritional quality of products across different food groups. Nutri-Score is in most cases consistent with Slovenian nutritional recommendations.

Less than half of the European dietary recommendations for fish consumption are satisfied by national seafood supplies

PurposeTo review the seafood dietary recommendations of European countries and compare them to national seafood supplies.MethodsCurrent seafood dietary recommendations were collated from national health authorities across Europe. Food balance sheets were downloaded from the FAO, and appropriate conversion factors were applied to each seafood commodity. Average net per capita seafood supplies from 2007 to 2017 were derived from data on imports and production for food from both capture fisheries and aquaculture, accounting for exports.ResultsBoth national dietary recommendations and seafood supplies varied considerably throughout Europe. At a national level, on a per capita basis, only 13 out of the 31 of European dietary recommendations for fish consumption were satisfied by national seafood supplies. Most of the countries with coastal access, as well as those with traditional fish-eating cultures, such as France and countries in Northern Europe, had adequate seafood supplies to meet their recommendations. The landlocked countries of Central and Eastern Europe did not have enough seafood supplies to satisfy their recommendations.ConclusionsOur findings emphasise the need to not only consider consumer health outcomes when developing and advocating dietary recommendations, but also the sustainability of food production systems. As many foods are not necessarily locally sourced but traded as part of global production and distribution systems, it is important to consider greater consistency between national dietary recommendations to facilitate more sustainable marine food systems.