National Destination Research Articles

Second homes in the city and the country: a reappraisal of vacation homes in the twenty-first century

In the United States and across Europe, research on second—and multiple—homeownership for vacation and leisure use has traditionally analysed the in-migration of urban residents into rural locales. Indeed, this line of inquiry has been warranted for many years because of the high concentration of urban dwellers who have sought second homes in natural amenity-rich rural destinations. However, drawing on interviews with 61 second homeowners who purchased property for vacation or leisure use, this paper unravels an empirical puzzle. While second homeownership has often been found to be an urban-to-rural phenomenon, this analysis uncovers a preponderance of second homeowners who purchase secondary residences in urban locales, as well as suburbanites who purchase secondary residences in either rural or urban destinations. To makes sense of these findings, I suggest that empirical and theoretical attention to second homeownership requires a twenty-first century reappraisal to account for both the heterogeneity of second homeownership as well as the larger socio-economic conditions under which it materialises.

Economic Contribution of Ecotourism, Motivations and Satisfaction: the Case of Puerto El Morro (Ecuador)

The scientific review of Natural Protected Areas as sites to perform economic activities related to tourism is recent. It is well known that ecotourism is a leading generator of business, the level of employment in certain sites depends upon it, and also helps to strengthen the household economy of vulnerable communities while preserving it. This paper presents an empirical research carried out in Puerto El Morro (Ecuador-South America). The purpose of this paper is to identify the socio-demographic profile of the visitors, their motivations and the level of satisfaction declared after the tourist experience. This analysis is based on 585 surveys collected from hikers after the visit. The results provide evidence and describe a majority of young and educated visitors who declared having obtained a university degree and a monthly income of less than US USD 1500.00. The results highlight that contact with nature and bird and dolphin watching were respectively the main push and pull motivational factors. A high level of satisfaction is reported, which generates positive actions after the visit, such as: repetition of the visit, recommendation of the place and positive word of mouth. These findings are essential for the design or adaptation of tourism marketing strategies that respond to this segment, so that this site becomes a suggestive place as a natural destination that allows expansion in economic output and leads to positive impacts on gross capital formation for sustainable development within the community.

Senses by Seasons: Tourists’ Perceptions Depending on Seasonality in Popular Nature Destinations in Iceland

Seasonality in visitor arrivals is one of the greatest challenges faced by tourist destinations. Seasonality is a major issue for sustainable tourism as it affects the optimal use of investment and infrastructure, puts pressure on resources and can create negative experience of crowding at destinations. Peripheral areas commonly experience more pronounced fluctuations in visitor arrivals. Iceland is one of those destinations. Although the number of tourists visiting the country has multiplied in recent years, seasonality is still a major challenge, especially in the more rural peripheral areas of the country. Iceland’s high season for tourism occurs during its brief summer (June to August), but in recent years more people visit the country on shorter winter trips, creating new management challenges. This research is based on an on-site questionnaire survey conducted in seven popular nature destinations in Iceland which compares the experience of summer and winter visitors. The results show that winter visitors are more satisfied with the natural environment while their satisfaction with facilities and service is in many cases lower. The areas are generally perceived as being more beautiful and quieter in winter than in summer. However, most destinations are considered less accessible and less safe in the winter. Tourists are much less likely to experience physical crowding during winter, although winter visitors are more sensitive to crowds, most likely because of expectations of fewer tourists. Finally, this research shows that tourists are less likely to encounter negative effects of tourism on the environment in the winter, (e.g., erosion or damage to rocks and vegetation), than in summer. The results highlight the importance of understanding visitor perceptions in a seasonal and temporal context.

Going underground. New dimensions for new urban models

The dialectic between vertical and horizontal urban development models seems to leave out the depth of the underground. The increasing urbanization, the consequent strong density as well as growing environmental concerns push the search for new models of development towards the subsoil frontier. Recognized resilience properties and a strong potential for sustainability indicate the underground as a natural destination for strategic infrastructures, consolidating its reputation as a surface service layer. Instead, we want to illustrate how the underground can contribute incisively to the revision of urban models by introducing new spatial and performance parameters, both in new and historic contexts, and how it is now urgent to achieve integrated planning and planning of the environment in all its depth.

Development Strategy of Surowiti Hill Religious Tourism in Panceng Subdistrict, Gresik

Religious tourism has spread to several areas in Gresik, East Java, and has potentially increased local revenue. Religious tourist objects include wali tourism and some other religious objects. Sunan Giri and Maulana Malik Ibrahim tourist sites are two religious objects frequently visited by many tourists and make the city of Gresik known as Wali Tourist City. Surowiti Hill site is one of the attractions in Gresik which consists of religious sites in the form of tombs and stopover Islamic religious leaders, as well as natural attraction in the form of caves. This research aims to determine the potential of Surowiti Hill Tourism and further formulate the development strategy as religious tourism. This research used exploratory method with SWOT analysis technique. The analysis reveals that the strengths and opportunities of the site lies on its natural destinations, such as Jamur Hill and Dalegan Beach, and the existence of religious sites already well known as Sunan Giri and Maulana Malik Ibrahim. The site’s weakness includes sanitary conditions, provision of clean water, and access to the destination. Threat factor includes the lack of support from community and government and the rapid development of other industries that might contaminate the nature. In sum, the development of Surowiti Hill site has not been optimal in terms of management and promotion.

Strategi Penataan Kawasan Pantai Klayar Pacitan Sebagai Destinasi Pariwisata Berkelanjutan Dengan Prinsip Arsitektur Ekologis

The tourism potential of Klayar Beach in Pacitan Regency is increasing along with the development of tourism programs in Indonesia which include the development of coastal areas as natural tourism destinations. The development of the coastal area for the development of the potential of local tourism based on nature requires a handling strategy that takes into account a number of considerations that are in harmony with the environment so that disaster-prone constraints can be minimized, including covering aspects of nature conservation. The strategy for developing Klayar Beach can be done through the application of the principles of Ecological Architecture. The research location in the Klayar Beach area is one of the 9 (nine) priority tourism destinations in the Regency of Pacitan. This study aims to find a regional structuring strategy with the application of the principles of ecological architecture, namely optimizing the value of regional potential and still considering the sustainability of nature. The research uses a descriptive qualitative method by conducting surveys through observation, interviews and comparing theories with relevant regulations. The results of the study are regional structuring strategies to develop the potential of Klayar Beach through structuring tourism areas in accordance with local elements and local culture as well as integrated nature conservation so that it becomes a sustainable tourism destination.

Evolution of Tourism in Natural Destinations and Dynamic Sustainable Thresholds over Time

Tourism is a complex industry involving numerous types of activities that can have adverse environmental impacts and, over time, gradually change the way tourists experience tourist destinations and their choice of particular tourist destinations. The overall aim of this study is to examine the impact of tourism destination exploitation upon the perceived attractiveness of a particular destination to different types of visitors using the Purism Scale coupled to the Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC). The study uses the system dynamics Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) approach, to analyse feedback loop behaviour and causal loop impacts over time. The results show that the different visitors’ types, as defined by the Purist Scale, affect the attractiveness of the tourist destination in different ways over time. The results further show that different visitors’ types cannot exist at their own optimum level at the same time in a destination. The concept tourism carrying capacity should thus be defined through the maximum site attractiveness,-based upon the optimum size of infrastructure that ensures low visual effect, low crowding effect, and low environmental impact. This enables better understanding of the different evolution phases of the tourist site during its push for infrastructure development.

Thailand's Approach to Destination Resilience: An Historical Perspective of Tourism Resilience From 2002 to 2018

Thailand's inbound tourism industry has grown significantly during the early part of the 21st century. By the end of 2017, Thailand attracted the highest level of international tourist visitation of the 10-nation Association of South East Nations (ASEAN) with 35.38 million international visitors. By 2017, it was the ninth most visited country in the world and ranked second only to China as the most visited national destination in Asia. A key characteristic of Thailand's government destination management and marketing organization [Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT)] and the private sector of Thailand's tourism industry has been a remarkable capacity for destination resilience. This article focuses on the resilience of Thailand as a destination between 2002 and 2018 through the theoretical prism of organizational resilience and the destination sustainability framework. During this period, Thailand's tourism industry overcame a range of potentially damaging crises and reputational challenges. This article seeks to explain the TAT's commitment to embedding resilience into its strategic planning. TAT's extensive implementation of effective risk and crisis management best practices has enabled Thailand's tourism market to recover rapidly from a range of challenges. TAT's commitment to resilience is enhanced by its extensive cooperation with both its private sector stakeholders and the Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA), which is headquartered in Bangkok. The Thai tourism industry's commitment to risk and crisis management reflects the importance of tourism to Thailand's national reputation, image, and economy. TAT's close relationship with PATA and ASEAN Tourism, two transnational tourism associations with a strong commitment to destination resilience, has helped to benchmark Thailand's qualitative approach to tourism resilience. TAT demonstrates a clear appreciation that rapid recovery from crisis events and effective contingency management practice require a high level of collaboration with key stakeholders. Numerous private sector stakeholders with a vested interest in the success of Thai tourism represent all sectors of the tourism industry. They have readily contributed their resources and support to Thailand's marketing campaigns.

Accessibility of protected areas and visitor behaviour: A case study from Iceland

In countries facing rapid growth in nature-based tourism, increasing use of protected areas for recreational purposes creates a demand for improved infrastructure and accessibility. However, increased infrastructure, such as road improvements, is likely to alter the natural environment and visitors’ experience, and may ultimately change the type of tourism which operates in given areas. This study aims to assess how the accessibility of protected areas affects visitor perceptions, satisfaction, preferences, and subsequently visitor behaviour. Furthermore, it aims to compare perceived environmental impacts of visitors at sites with different levels of accessibility. To this end, an on-site visitor survey was conducted at five sites within protected areas in Iceland, each with different level of accessibility. The Purism Scale model was applied to categorize visitors based on their preferences. The results show that the majority of visitors at all five study sites fall into one of two categories – neutralists and urbanists – implying that the type of tourism operated in Iceland is changing as a result of continuous tourism development, and that improved accessibility to previously remote nature destinations accelerates these changes. Improved accessibility thus facilitates the use of protected areas, which leads to a higher level of perceived crowding. Tourists tend to spend less time in easily accessible areas and rarely choose such areas as the venue for an overnight stay. Moreover, improved accessibility increases the demand for the development of further infrastructure needed to cope with the environmental pressure from tourism. The processes relating to improved accessibility observed in this study emphasize the importance of preserving particular nature destinations in an undeveloped state in order to provide a wide range of recreational opportunities for local people as well as for foreign visitors. Management implicationsAccessibility of a natural area is an important factor affecting tourism development and a critical management tool to control the area's future state. The following management implications are drawn from this study:•Accessibility is one of the most critical variables in the planning of tourism development in nature destinations.•Improved accessibility to protected areas will increase the demand for further infrastructure development to meet the needs of a higher number of tourists visiting the area and to cope with their environmental pressure.•Improved accessibility leads to changes in visitor behaviour and subsequently the type of tourism operated in protected natural areas.•It is fundamental for planners and decision makers to recognize these processes in order to ensure the most sustainable and environmentally sound tourism development.•Accessibility improvements to protected natural areas should be planned in line with the goals of nature conservation and tourism development.

Disaster risk and travel decision of Middle Eastern tourists to natural destination in Indonesia

Disaster risk perception of tourists become one of prominent things to be concerned as a parameter to drive tourist willingness to visit, especially for a destination with high proneness natural hazard. Since the Middle Eastern tourist become one of the potential international tourists in many country, their perceived risk is also very important. This research aims to analyse Middle Eastern tourist’s perception on safety and attractiveness of natural destination in Indonesia. According to a set of questionnaires on risk perception, most of the respondents said that Indonesia has low criterion as a prone disaster destination. However even though they do not recognize the mitigation system and safety procedure in case of the disaster occur, they still tend to visit again. The rare frequency on disaster evidence and the good reputation of tourism sector in Indonesia may cause their high credibility and the low perceived risk on disaster evidence. The theory of familiarity in influencing perceived risk also has an implication of their low perceived risk. This phenomenon means that the management should developed a well-planned mitigation system to eliminate risk and lowering their expectation to avoid disappointed in visiting the destination.

Home Based Recreational Indoor Leisure Perception Of Female Viewers On My Trip My Advanture Television Show

Implementation of ecotourism concept for sustainable tourism in Indonesia until these day unfinished task. Insight for this concept must be continuously and never end. Television is a mass media that very influent and play a role in promoting the principles of ecotourism. One of the television programs that present content the various natural destinations tourism of Indonesia is My Trip My Advanture. This research will be analyzed the motivation and perception of ecotourism of female audience for the natural destinations tourism based on program. Women especially female students are selected as respondents because has a good bargaining position and very strategic role model in family and society. The purpose of this study analyzed the motivation and perception of ecotourism of respondents and analyzed the relationship between the characteristics respondents to perception, motivation, and preference. The results showed that respondents understanding the meaning of ecotourism principle. Motivation and perception of impressions are scores of six from one to seven scale ranges program. That shows MTMA program has entered the positive space. This supports the documentary program participating respondents do acts the responsible traveling for environmental, social and cultural conservation. The concept of ecotourism can also be accepted by all walks of life from diverse backgrounds reinforced by the analysis that different levels of characteristics do not affect the level of motivation, perception, and preferences. Keywords: ecotourism, female, My Trip My Advanture, television show

PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT DESA DALAM MENGEMBANGKAN EKONOMI KREATIF DI DESA CITENGAH KABUPATEN SUMEDANG

Creative economic development in Citengah Village seeks to 1) realize the potential of nature and exploit it maximally and develop the character of the villagers through the art community, 2) improve the human resources of the local villagers. Many of the natural wealth besides the natural tourist destinations also have other natural potentials to be developed into goods of economic value, as well as woven handicrafts, handicrafts from leaves or jepal bark (upih). To uncover and discuss such problems using methods, interviews, literature studies, field studies, and experiential experiences as part of the village community of Citengah Kabupaten Sumedang. The results show that the social characteristics and skills significantly show positive things. At the end, goal is able to create and empower the natural wealth of more economic value in addition to the value and cultural richness.

Effectiveness of Ecotourism: A case of Chitwan National Park

Ecotourism is the fast growing industry in the world. In Nepal also it is growing consistently since late 1980s.Various ecotourism programs have been initiated in different natural destinations in the country since then. But the research studies to find out the effectiveness of these programs have been rarely conducted. Very few studies have been conducted to know whether these programs are yielding desired results or not. This study aims to conduct one such research to find out the impact of a ecotourism program. The study is to be conducted in Chitwan National Park. The focus of the study is the buffer zone program of Chitwan National Park .Where the study aims to assess the impacts of community development activities of the buffer zone program. For that proposed conceptual frame work of the study is also presented below.

Role of Media in the Development of Ecotourism in Kanyakumari District

Tourism management is an interdisciplinary approach and practice. Primarily, nature is the marketing substance in tourism – it deals with ‘nature with preservation, protection of species, and their habitats’ (Pillai, 2010). The right awareness mostly can be spread through the media only (Kumar, 2014). Only with the active collaboration with the media, the wildlife conservation movement involves common citizens, NGOs, civil society groups, research organizations, educational institutions and volunteers in protecting the endangered (Wildlife Conservation and Management in Tamil Nadu, 2016). Tourism is viewed by most governments as a means of economic development and as a result, investment in the industry is usually encouraged (Glasson, 1999). At the same time, tourism can lead to heavy damaging impacts on the environment such as increased water use, increased pollution loadings through waste and emissions, and direct and indirect disturbance to wildlife and vegetation (Fennell, 2003). This may ruin the beauty of the natural destination and the tourists reject the destinations which are polluted and natural environment is destroyed. The need of the hour is sustainable tourism that can easily be achieved through ecotourism. Therefore, tourism calls for awareness for conservation activities which can be done by the mass media. Mass media is the most powerful tool to change audience cognition, belief systems, and attitudes, as well as emotional, physiological and behavioral effects (Potter, 2012). The Government of India has taken some initiatives for the promotion of eco-tourism. Its ‘SwadeshDarshan’ under the Ministry of Tourism also funds for ecotourism. Tamil Nadu has a spectrum of scenic landscapes, pristine forests, wildlife reserves and a rich cultural heritage. Tamil Nadu has a good potentiality for the ecotourism but the steps taken by the State Government to promote ecotourism are not up to the mark. In the last three financial years, most proposed projects of Tamil Nadu had not been sanctioned due to the non-submission of utilization certificates for tourism projects sanctioned earlier. The media should properly inform the public about the funds and needs of ecotourism. It can do a lot for the economic growth and natural conservation. This paper is in an attempt to study the scope of ecotourism in modern life. Ecotourism not only supports the local communities but also deals with environmental conservation and awareness. The most important element of ecotourism is that cultural, historical and geographical information exchange through real experience. As tourism supports economic development, it has another side of environmental degradation. Negative impacts from tourism arises when the quantum of visitors is greater than the environment's ability to cope with.

Horse tourism and features of its organization

The article provides material on the organization and characteristics of equestrian tourism. The popularity of equestrian tourism is now growing rapidly throughout the world. Everywhere, campsites are built to service riders, horse-riding routes are laid. Equestrian tourism squeezes into the background many traditional types of travel. Considering the huge interest shown to equestrian tourism by various strata of the population in many countries of the world, the International Equestrian Federation has paid serious attention to this issue in recent years. Within the framework of the Federation, a special commission has been set up under the supervision of the Italian professor Vittorio de Sanctis, who has begun working out rules for conducting international horse-riding tours, hikes and runs. Horse tourism is an integral part of eco-tourism. For the organization of equestrian tourism, a proper base is needed, horses are properly trained for horse riding and saddlery, a school of instructors and methods for training tourists to care for horses and handling them, arranging training for hikers, working out routes with halts, and preparing feed for horses. Equestrian tourism in Ukraine is developing, winning more and more supporters. This type of active tourism enjoys well-deserved popularity among horseback riding enthusiasts of natural, ethnic, historical, extreme, pilgrimage, hunting, fishing, and mountain destinations. Equestrian tourism is an attractive way of spending time and studying from inside the life of the inhabitants of the country. Any rest on horses is interesting and fascinating, and everyone can take with them a positive impression. In addition, the horse is a unique live simulator. It is thanks to this ability that a method of medical riding, or hippotherapy, has emerged, which has become one of the effective ways to rehabilitate the disabled.

The “bule” paradox in Indonesian tourism research: issues and prospects

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study is to explore the role of local and bule scholars (an Indonesian term for a white foreigner) in contributing to the international literature on tourism research about Indonesia. The conceptual underpinning of the study lies in the contemporary adaptation of Lewin’s force field theory for understanding behaviour. The researchers also consider insights from critical theory to evaluate the research. A thorough bibliometric approach for appraising tourism study at the national or regional destination scale is used to shape the data collection and coding process. The interpretation of the findings reveals a powerful bule paradox: local voices are rarely present in the English literature about Indonesian tourism. The researchers reflect on the forces shaping this state of affairs. Five positive possibilities (patronage, partnerships, professionalism, pathways, and patriotic pride) are suggested for ensuring that the muted local voices become more audible.

The agrarian zones of Georgia according to the map by Ivane Javakhishvili

Abstract The Map of Botanical-Agrarian Areas of Georgia compiled by Ivane Javakhishvili in 1930 is much valuable to study not only the ancient economic relations on the territory of our country, but the political history, as well, as the political and economic history are closely interwoven, and it is the natural environment and the style of the economic life of the country having formed Georgia as one body. The article shows the economic links, which, in the opinion of Ivane Javakhishvili, made for the formation of the statehood of Georgia. As the Map shows, there are 6 botanical-agrarian areas in Georgia with different natural environments and agricultural destinations: a Pomelo-and-Bitter Orange, Rice-Cotton, vineyard-and-fruity, non-vineyard-or-fruity, Grass-Flowery and Winter Pastures. In the view of Ivane Javakhishvili, in the ancient times, the demarcation of the mountains and lowland was done both, in the geographical and agricultural respects. Therefore, the identification of the areas of the mountains and plains (and consequently, the nature of some or other plants, animals, settled areas, economic activities, etc.) in the old sources, the ancient practice of drawing hypsometric boundaries between them (however, with some exceptions) must be taken into account.

Tourist sustainability of destination as a measure of its development

The traditional understanding of geographical space as a given place is now insufficient. It should be analysed in a wider context of social, cultural, economic and environmental aspects as well as psychological and emotional factors. It signifies that also a tourist destination, which is of geographical character, should be studied as a set of similar factors. In this respect, a given destination is characterized by particular complexity and multi-dimensionality, which generate an ontological question concerning its nature. On the other hand, including the whole complexity of destinations, an epistemological issue concerning the possibility of their cognition remains open. Taking into account these considerations, a research problem related to the nature destinations as well as the possibility of their development has been formulated. The problem is followed by the hypothesis, which assumes that the measure of tourist development of destinations is the achievement of the state of tourist sustainability. Wherein the tourist sustainability is understood as an advantage of benefits gained from tourism over the costs of its development. In the empirical part of the paper, a method for assessment of development of destinations has been presented. This relies on social constructionist foundations and is related to the model of sustainable tourism whose assumptions have been applied as theoretical bases. The method itself was positively tested in an actual environment of five tourist towns and can be treated as a universal tool for measuring the state of tourist sustainability (unsustainability) of different destinations and in consequence, it can constitute a useful device for the management of tourist areas.

A method to analyse seasonality in the distribution of tourists in Iceland

Iceland has enjoyed increased popularity among tourists during the last few years. In 2010, 459 thousand visitors came to Iceland but in 2015 about 1,3 million visited the country. Before 2010 seasonality was high but has decreased since. This is reflected in the changing amount of overnight stays in the capital area. The same has not happened in other regions of the country where seasonality is still high. It seems that during the off-peak season the visitors are overnighting in the capital region and taking day tours to destinations in South and West Iceland. Overnight stay data does therefore not give complete picture of travel behaviour and how tourists distribute around the country. Therefore a new approach is needed.The paper describes a method that analyses seasonality in the number of tourists at nature destinations in South and West Iceland. The data is obtained from vehicle counters. Seasonality at the destinations is then expressed numerically by computing the Gini coefficient. Finally the Gini coefficients are compared for the destinations, regional overnight stays and departures from Keflavík International Airport.The paper provides a methodological approach to analyse seasonality and the distribution of tourists in an efficient manner. Management implications•The study provides important tools for analysing seasonality in the distribution of tourists on three levels: Nationally, regionally and at destination level. This is vital when planning tourism and gives a more complete picture of seasonality and the distribution of tourists than using only overnight stay data.•Managing seasonality at a destination level requires having reliable data about the number of visitors. This can be obtained economically by counting vehicles arriving at the destination.•For destination management it is important to know the number of tourists at all times during the year. It is important for deciding the amount of infrastructure and the staff required.•Computing the Gini coefficient is important when comparing seasonality between destinations or regions as well as between years. Having a numerical measure of seasonality makes the comparison reliable and easy.

Strategi Obyek Wisata Di Gunung Kidul

Gunung Kidul District is one of areas in Yogyakarta Special Region in which has potentialities of special interests of natural tourist destinations. It has about 58 caves, 69 beaches, and many other natural tourist destinations. Most of them are Karst as the main potential of natural destinations. Regarding with the special interests on tourism, Gunung Kidul District has given contribution to the Yogyakarta Regional Revenue on tourism it’s about 4,5 billion in 2012. It means that there is increasing of the revenues about 133 % from 2011, with the regional revenue is about 1,7 billion. Based on the contributions of regional revenues on tourism field, and the significant increase of the tourists, especially in Pindul Cave and Indrayanti Beach during last five years, it is necessary to have research on Marketing Strategies of Pindul cave Tourist Destinations and Indrayanti Beach. The aim of the research is to analyze the Marketing strategy of Pindul cave and Indrayanti Beach. Another purpose to discover factors weather internal or external factors give influences to the Marketing strategy of Pindul Cave and Indrayanti Beach. To get comprehensive data, this research used several data collection methods, participary observations, and in–depth interview with visitors, agencies, communities, government, and local people. Based on the descriptive analyze of the 30 interviewers about Pindul Cave and Indrayanti Beach , most of them explained that marketing of Pindul Cave and Indrayanti Beach are quite good. The analyze proved that the agencies and the marketing strategies of Pindul Cave and Indrayanti Beach are at the first (I) quadrant (the Growth), in which they have opportunities and strengths to be developed, with the differencies of their opportunities and strength .