National Defense Policy Research Articles

Upside down: Reframing European Defence Studies

Since the end of the Cold War, the study of European defence has been dominated by a ‘Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP)-centric’ approach, while largely neglecting the comparative analysis of national defence policies. This article makes a conceptual and empirical case for turning the dominant research prism of European defence studies upside down by returning the analytical precedence to the national level. This approach privileges the comparative analysis of national defence policies and armed forces, before focusing on the trans-/supra-national level. The case for this analytical turn is made in three steps. Firstly, it addresses the different historical stages in European defence integration and the transformation of national armed forces and thereby brings to light the recent renationalization of defence in Europe. Secondly, it questions the predominance of the CSDP in the scholarly literature on European defence. Finally, it seeks to demonstrate the fruitfulness of such a démarche by empirically substantiating common patterns and intra-European divergences in the evolution of national defence policies and armed forces since the end of the Cold War. After having shown the need and added benefit of turning the analytical lense of European defence studies on its head, the conclusion suggests future avenues of research on national defence policies and armed forces in Europe.

DEFENSE DIPLOMACY: VIETNAM’S NEW APPROACH FOR NATIONAL SECURITY

The paper examines how Vietnam’s defense diplomacy following a multidirectional and diversified approach works in order to maintain and increase national security and strategic interests since the beginning of the 21st century. In doing so, it aims to clarify conceptual and practical aspects of military diplomacy. In the area of national defense policy, Vietnam strives to ensure stability not only of bilateral relations but also of the strategic environment of the region for the national security and territorial integrity. Furthermore, Vietnam’s defense diplomacy aims to deal with the traditional security issue of sovereignty over the East Sea, thereby maintaining economic development and regime legitimacy. This paper concludes that Vietnam seeks to use defense diplomacy in order to preserve its strategic autonomy in facing security challenges caused by major international powers.

Brasil e Forças Armadas

O artigo apresenta considerações sobre o Brasil e suas forças armadas, pontos relevantes da política e da estratégia de defesa nacional, a ação interna e externa no campo da segurança e defesa e alguns dados do poder militar brasileiro em relação aos países de seu entorno regional. Observa que o Brasil, como país emergente, procura manter forças armadas capazes de garantir a segurança do Estado, auxiliar na consecução dos objetivos nacionais e atuar em prol dos interesses da política externa brasileira. No entanto, as forças armadas, especialmente o Exército, tem sido utilizado cada vez mais em ações internas nas chamadas operações de Garantia da Lei e da Ordem e em atividades subsidiárias.

Cambios y permanencias en la Política de Defensa Nacional en el Uruguay

El Debate Nacional sobre Defensa, promovido desde el Ministerio de Defensa Nacional uruguayo y realizado a lo largo del año 2006, generó una gran cantidad de insumos para una eventual reforma estructural de todos los aspectos vinculados con la Defensa Nacional y la institucionalidad militar. En función de ese debate, ya en el año 2010 se promulgó la Ley Marco de Defensa Nacional, que iría en ese sentido. No obstante, todo ello, dicha ley tiene tan solo 33 artículos y, si bien hace algunas definiciones importantes, en general y por tratarse de una ley “marco”, no entra en todos los aspectos estructurales sobre la materia. Por lo tanto y en términos generales, las leyes orgánicas de las FFAA, elaboradas durante la dictadura (1973 – 1985) o incluso anteriores a la misma, siguen rigiendo en amplios aspectos de la institucionalidad militar. Posteriormente, en el año 2014 se elabora la Política de Defensa Nacional y luego, en el año 2016, la Política Militar de Defensa. En este trabajo nos proponemos analizar los cambios y permanencias que se han ido generando desde el año 2006 (año de la realización del Debate Nacional sobre Defensa) a la actualidad institucional.

DISEÑO DE POLÍTICAS DE DEFENSA PARA EL CONTROL Y DEFENSA DE RECURSOS NATURALES ESTRATÉGICOS

A nivel global, se viene reconfigurando durante la última década un nuevo escenario geopolítico, que tiene como criterio ordenador la valoración de recursos naturales estratégicos (especialmente hidrocarburos y agua, y en menor medida biodiversidad, alimentos y tierra fértil) y su espacialidad (en tanto, dichos recursos están en un territorio determinado política y territorialmente). El escenario sudamericano no escapa a esta lógica internacional, la cual influye, con diferentes niveles de intensidad, en la determinación de líneas estratégicas de defensa nacional en Brasil, Venezuela y (en menor medida) la Argentina. Se definen de esta manera escenarios de competencia y de confluencia, los cuales pueden adquirir niveles variables de conflicto (como un enfrentamiento armado) y de cooperación (como la consolidación del Consejo Sudamericano de Defensa). Estos escenarios están situados geográficamente en: yacimientos de petróleo y gas, Amazonas, fuentes de agua, Antártica, mar Atlántico y tierra fértil. Las estrategias de defensa fijan pautas para el diseño de fuerzas, en tanto apliquen a las hipótesis antes señaladas. Por lo tanto, el sector defensa reconfigura las capacidades de sus FF.AA (vigilancia, logística, medios, capacitación del personal, doctrina) en función de cumplir con la misión de controlar los entornos con disponibilidad de recursos naturales.

Brazilian national defence policy and strategy reviewed as a unity

Abstract This article reviews Brazil's capstone directives for defence: the Politica Nacional de Defesa (National Defence Policy) and the Estrategia Nacional de Defesa (National Defence Strategy). It presents an overview of their contents and discusses how they might be read by polities or agencies through the lenses of Strategic Studies and Public Policy of Science, Technology, and Innovation.

CHILE EN EL MARCO DE LA COOPERACIÓN INTERNACIONAL: SIETE DÉCADAS EN OPERACIONES DE PAZ

Chile ha participado en operaciones de paz desde el año 1935, antes de la creación de la Organización de Naciones Unidas, sin embargo esta participación se ha visto incrementada desde 1991 y ha experimentado un crecimiento sustancial a partir del año 2004, con ocasión del despliegue de un Batallón Ligero como parte de la Fuerza Multinacional Interina para Haití (MIFH) y posteriormente en MINUSTAH. Todo lo anterior, combinado con el cambio ocurrido en el mundo recientemente, indica que Chile deberá abordar nuevos desafíos en el marco de la defensa nacional y la política exterior del Estado.

Conservative Internationalism and the Trump Administration?

This article outlines the principles of a new conservative internationalism for the Trump era, and discusses how well the administration's actions and words fit this paradigm. In order for Republicans and conservatives to reclaim their reputation as the party of strong national defense and competent foreign policy, current and future policymakers need to blend some traditional principles of conservative internationalist foreign policy with new adaptations required by challenging international security developments on the one hand, and changes in the domestic political views of right-leaning American voters on the other. A year into the Trump administration, there are some signs that the administration is indeed attempting to adjust slightly rather than replace the traditional principles of conservative Republican foreign policy, and therefore the “America First” grand strategy framework might become much more traditional in its actual policy decisions than in some of its rhetoric.

POLÍTICA NACIONAL DE DEFESA E PROTEÇÃO DA INFRAESTRUTURA ENERGÉTICA CRÍTICA NO BRASIL

The study developed in this paper aims to analyze how the protection of Brazil’s critical energy infrastructure is dealt with under the national defense policy in order to better understand how the military dimension of energy security is outlined in Brazil. With the intention of achieving this goal, it seeks, initially, to identify which are and where are located the main Brazilian critical energy infrastructure relating to the oil chain, petroleum products and natural gas. Next, it aims to examine the extent to which the protection of such structural complexes is provided for in the national defense policy, particularly in the main documents dealing with the subject in the country. Finally, it observes how is the planning of the Brazilian offensive and defensive military power in the prevention and response to threats against the infrastructure related to the above-mentioned sources.

The politician and the civil servant: Pierre Trudeau, Marcel Cadieux, and the Department of External Affairs, 1968–1970

This article uses the experience of Marcel Cadieux, the Canadian under-secretary of state for external affairs at the time, as a lens through which to understand the adaptation of the Department of External Affairs to the government of Pierre Trudeau during its first year-and-a-half in power. Drawing on Cadieux’s private papers, especially his diary, and other archival sources, it explores the prime minister’s attitude toward senior civil servants, his personality, and the review of national defence policy undertaken by the bureaucracy at his request. It concludes that the difference between Pierre Trudeau and Marcel Cadieux was essentially that between the brilliant politician who sought to redefine government and the consummately professional civil servant who believed in his department’s traditional role.

Analýza přístupů vybraných zemí NATO a EU k obrannému plánování a plánování schopností

The objective of this article is to answer the question to which extent a respective concentration on Alliance approaches is really indispensable. A substance of the answer is to be found in the outcomes of analysis made on defence planning processes of NATO nations and EU member states. This analysis indicates to which extent national planning processes correlate with principles of NDPP and EU capability development. The analysis outcomes point out a significant diversity of approaches to national defence planning processes, the fact which stems from different interests of their national security and defence policies and, at the same time, the outcomes substantiate that the centre of gravity of national approaches does not lean on implementing principles of NDPP but on achieving outputs of the NDPP.

The UK and EU Foreign and Security Policy: An Optional Extra

AbstractForeign and security policy were not areas in which Prime Minister Cameron was seeking to renegotiate the relationship between the UK and the European Union (EU), but security may be a key issue in the EU referendum. The untangling of Britain's foreign and security policy from the EU following a Brexit vote would be relatively uncomplicated. The EU's arrangements for collective foreign and security policy, the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), are conducted on an intergovernmental basis which allows the UK to preserve independence in its diplomacy while allowing for the coordination of policy where interests are held in common with other member states. The UK retains substantial diplomatic and military capabilities which would allow it to continue to pursue a separate national foreign, security and defence policy in the case of either a ‘Leave’ or ‘Remain’ outcome.

국내 방위산업 글로벌 경쟁력 분석 -효율성 및 생산성 중심으로-

The interest of global competitiveness for national defense industry. This study analyzes the efficiency and productivity of 45 defense companies in each continent(North America, Europe and Northeast Asia, etc.), including Korea defense companies. It is analyzed by Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA) and Malmquist Productivity Analysis over the period 2009-2013(5 years). The sample companies has been selected on the data avilability among the SIPRI Top 100 arms-producing and military services companies in the world(excluding China) in 2013. It extracts the relative efficiency and Malmquist productivity index of companies and each continent. Based on the DEA and MPI results, this paper estimates the global competitiveness and position of national defense industry and extracts implication. This study can be utilized for improvement of national defense industry and policy planning for cultivating the national defense companies.

류성룡의 국방정책으로 본 우리의 안보의식

Presumably, no one can deny that the current security situation of Korea is in total crisis. Besides the possession of the nuclear weapons, North Korea is endlessly forming a risk aspect, such as development of submarine-launched missiles. In comparison, Koreans``s awareness of national security is becoming noticeably low compared to the past; what is worse, the reality is that pro-North Korean elements and followers of North Korea are openly in operation in the country. In addition to this, a wide range of military people from active or retired generals to non-commissioned officers are being investigated or in custody on charges of their involvement in defense industry-related irregularities. This writer daringly diagnoses that this reality is much like the security situation at the time of the Imjin War of 400 years ago. Sadaegyorin Policy(Policy of submission to China combined with peace-keeping relations with Japan and Jurchens), which neglected the martial prowess but put a focus on letters while depending on the Ming Dynasty, together with 200 years of peaceful prosperity, is very similar to the Korean tendency to rely on the USA. When a country is powerless, it will sure face an invasion from abroad. The history of the Imjin War, the late period of the Joseon Dynasty, and the Korean War clearly bear witness to the proposition; however, it``s really regrettable that our awareness of the current security situation seems to overlook such a vivid historical fact. Seoae Ryu, Seong-ryong, who faced the crisis of a country``s ruination at the time of the Imjin War(1592), managed to surmount the national crisis by devoting himself to the guard of the country. Accordingly, through this writing, this writer is intending to put emphasis on the importance of closely adhering to the attitude of providing for a rainy day with military readiness posture through the increase in military strength, and the importance of national security just like air once again by bringing light to the modern implications through the life, national defense idea & policy as well as strategies and tactics of Ryu, Seong-ryong who saved the Joseon Dynasty.

A Study on Transfomation of ROK National Defense Policy focused on National Defense Objective

A Study on Transfomation of ROK National Defense Policy focused on National Defense Objective

On China's Nuclear Doctrine

Nuclear weapons have played an important role in China's national strategy. China’s nuclear doctrine has a very strong continuity. Nevertheless, China has made readjustments in its nuclear doctrine according to the changes of its internal and external situation and its general strategic threat perception. China’s nuclear doctrine has experienced a process of evolution from anti-nuclear blackmail to minimum deterrence. There are five major parts in China's nuclear doctrine: policy of declaration, nuclear development, nuclear deployment, nuclear employment, and nuclear disarmament. Because China is faced with a different situation from other nuclear powers and has its own strategic culture, China has a nuclear doctrine with its own characteristics. China’s nuclear doctrine has been affiliated with and has served the national development strategy, national security strategy, national defense policy and military strategy of China.

EL PLANEAMIENTO ESTRATÉGICO MILITAR EN ARGENTINA (2003-2013): REFLEXIONES EN TORNO AL GOBIERNO POLÍTICO DE LA DEFENSA

The national defense policy of Argentina has experienced advances and regressions since the democratic return in 1983. This result has been connected to the dynamics that civil-military relations have inherited from the dictatorial period. The necessity to subordinate the Armed Forces dominated the defense agenda during most part of the democratic period, constituting the core problem of this jurisdiction.The democratic governments implemented various initiatives that underpinned the civil control of the Armed Forces and that also caused, from a normative point of view, what has been characterised as a “basic consensus”. These measures restricted the autonomy of the men in uniform, whether through the demilitarization of civil functions or through the specific delimitation of the martial responsibilities.The habilitation of the spaces required for the exercise of the political administration of the jurisdiction did not necessarily implied, however, that civilians have fully developed this task. The performance of the democratic authorities in the area of defense had its ups-and-downs. At times, these deficiencies were associated to the very restraints of the domestic political conjuncture; at others, they resulted from the planning of the specific agenda of the sector, though.This paper studies the performances of the Ministry of Defense demarches during 2003-2013. The analysis focuses on the conduction of the strategic dimension of the sector; punctually, on the relative responsibilities of the military strategic planning. In this frame, the demarches of ministers José Pampuro (2003-05), Nilda Garré (2005-10) and Arturo Puricelli (2010-13) are resorted to.The temporal cutout of the study object assumes that a battery of unprecedented measures were implemented. For the first time since the return of democracy, for example, an effective debate on the conduction of the strategic dimension of the defense policy was addressed. Nevertheless, for reasons that are object of analysis during this article, the empowerment process of the political conduction survived along with ambiguities and retrogressions that, during the same period, made the absence of solid consensus regarding the results of the sectorial agenda evident.

The Analysis on the History of National Defense Policies: Focusing on the Reserve Power of Republic of Korea, Switzerland and Israel

The Analysis on the History of National Defense Policies: Focusing on the Reserve Power of Republic of Korea, Switzerland and Israel

Contemporary Russian Messianism and New Russian Foreign Policy

This article aims to explore the connection between the new 2013 Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation and Christian messianism in contemporary Russian intellectual thought. The ‘conservative turn’ in Russian politics is associated with the return to the cultural and political ideologeme of Katechon, which is proposed by several right-wing intellectuals as the basis for the Russia's new state ideology and foreign and security policy. The theological concept of Katechon (from the Greek ό Κατέχων, ‘the withholding’) that protects the world from the advent of the Antichrist originates in the Byzantine Empire. In Russian tradition, this concept is presented in the well-known doctrine of Moscow as the Third Rome, dating back to the 16th century. The term ‘Katechon’ in contemporary Russian political discourse is relatively new and can be traced to the post-Soviet reception of Carl Schmitt's political theology. The concept of Russia as Katechon is directly connected to the national security and defence policy, because it is used as the ideological ground for the new wave of militarization and anti-Western sentiment, as well as for Russia's actions during the Ukrainian crisis. This analysis puts the internal political and cultural debate on Russia's role in international affairs and its relations with the West into historical perspective and demonstrates the right-wing intellectual circles’ influence on the Kremlin's new domestic and foreign policy.

Civil-Military Relations and the Offensiveness of Military Strategy: focusing on the Adoption of 「Imperial Japanese National Defense Policy」 in 1907

Civil-Military Relations and the Offensiveness of Military Strategy: focusing on the Adoption of 「Imperial Japanese National Defense Policy」 in 1907