Dimensions Of National Culture Research Articles

A Literature Review on the Relationship Between Hofstede’s National Culture Framework and Occupational Safety

According to data released by ILO, 340 million occupational accidents leading to economic losses, injuries, and deaths occur annually. In the literature, national culture, whose importance gradually increases with the working environment increasingly multicultural, was indicated as one of the factors that affect occupational safety. In this study, 20 articles examining the relationship between national culture and occupational safety over Hofstede's national culture dimensions were identified. These studies were reviewed in terms of the safety factor they examined, the method used, the sector and the results obtained. In addition, the studies were discussed in detail in terms of the effect of national culture on occupational safety. Accordingly, safety performance and safety attitudes were the most studied safety dimensions, questionnaires were the most used method and construction, aviation, oil and gas, and shipping sectors were the most examined sectors. Most of the studies were identified to be in favour of the negative effect of IDV on occupational safety, the negative effect or ineffectiveness of MAS, and the positive effect of UAI and LTO. However, there was a total disagreement about the impact of PDI. This study is expected to provide a better understanding of the national culture and occupational safety relationships, thereby guiding decision-makers in policy development and regulation related to occupational safety.

Informal Institutions and Audit Pricing: Cross-Country Evidence of National Culture and Audit Fees

Synopsis The research problem In this study, we examined the effect of an important informal institution, namely, national culture, on audit fees in an international context. Motivation In recent years, extant literature has increasingly focused on country-level differences in the audit environment, as these might have a significant influence on how financial statement audits are conducted across the globe. We contribute to this stream of literature by investigating the impact of national culture on audit fees. The test hypotheses Based on the demand- and supply-side perspectives of audit fees, we hypothesized that national culture dimensions — namely, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, individualism versus collectivism, and masculinity versus femininity — affect audit fees. Target population We used a sample of 27,670 firm-year observations across 22 countries over the 2002–2019 period. Adopted methodology We used ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions as baseline technique and entropy-balanced method (EBM) and system-generalized method of moments (GMM) to address endogeneity concerns. Analyses We examined the impact of Hofstede’s four national culture dimensions — uncertainty avoidance, power distance, individualism versus collectivism, and masculinity versus femininity — on audit fees. We also tested the robustness of results using alternative measures of national culture, subsample analyses, and additional firm-level factors. Findings Consistent with our hypotheses, we find that audit fees are higher (lower) in countries with higher uncertainty avoidance, individualism, and masculinity (power distance) scores. Our further analyses reveal that earnings management proxied by abnormal accruals does not impact the relationship; however, country-level creditor rights influence audit fees in high power distance and masculine cultures. We also note that national culture influences auditor choice and audit opinion. Our main findings are robust to alternate proxies and subsample analysis, as well as to address potential endogeneity concerns. Overall, our findings offer important implications for firms operating in global markets and for the audit profession.

The impact of green innovation and renewable energy on CO2 emissions in G7 nations

This study aims to explore the effect of eco-innovation and renewable energy on carbon dioxide emissions (CDE) for G7 countries. Using regression models, the results reveal that eco-innovation and renewable energy lead to reducing CDE in the presence of governance variables. Additional analysis is conducted to examine whether Hofstede national culture dimensions moderate the nexus of "eco-innovation- carbon emission" and "renewable energy-carbon emission". The results show that individualism, long-term orientation, and indulgence dimensions moderate positively the eco-innovation-carbon emission relationship. Moreover, power distance and uncertainty avoidance dimensions moderate the relationship between renewable energy and CDE and help reduce carbon emissions. The outcomes of this study provide new insights and directives for policymakers and regulators. In fact, increased investment in eco-innovation and renewable energy will support the environmental agenda of G7 countries. National cultural dimensions should be taken into consideration to improve awareness of environmental quality. Moreover, the combination of governance indicators plays a key role in environmental sustainability.

The Future of National Culture in Accounting Research

ABSTRACT A society’s culture affects its behavior and values. This study explores the role of national culture in accounting research. It starts by updating the work of G. Hofstede, G. J. Hofstede, and Minkov (2020), including several new measures of culture discussed by Minkov (2018) and Minkov and Kaasa (2022). As previously found, national culture dimensions are tied to accounting values and systems differently (Gray 1988; Doupnik and Tsakoumis 2004). This paper begins with a review of what national culture is, how it relates to accounting values and systems in individual countries, and how it has affected questions of interest to accounting researchers in the last decade. We then provide research questions that need to be answered by accounting researchers. Data Availability: The data used in this study are publicly available from the sources indicated in the text. JEL Classifications: E16; F23; M00; M14; M40; M41; M42; M49.

Re-examining the quality management and firm performance relationships: meta-analytical investigation on moderating effects of national culture differences

PurposeIn the last 3 decades, organization-wide programs and practices based on the Total Quality Management (TQM) philosophy have become central to continuous improvement (CI) strategy in both public and private enterprises. However, there is paradoxical evidence of TQM-firm performance linkage in non-Japanese contexts. This study presents a meta-analysis of empirical research on TQM-firm performance linkage and investigates the moderating influence of national cultural (NC) values on this relationship.Design/methodology/approachMeta-analytical procedures are adopted to analyse 364 effects accumulated from 135 independent samples across 31 nations, for 30,015 firm observations. Additionally, weighted least square (WLS) meta-regression is used to test the moderation effects of four NC dimensions based on the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) model.FindingsThe meta-analysis results reveal that the strengths of the association varied across five soft and hard TQM dimensions and three firm performance dimensions Meta-regression indicate that the effectiveness of the TQM program is high in cultures which reward collectivist behaviours, equity of power distribution and avoidance of ambiguity in rules/structures.Originality/valueThe study contributes to international operational management theory on cultural influences on the effectiveness of operations strategies and decisions.

Work–family and family–work conflict and negative attitudes toward having children: A multilevel cross‐national analysis

AbstractThe relationship between work–family and family–work conflict and attitudes toward having children has been established; however, how it varies by different national cultural dimensions remains unclear. This study seeks to address this gap by examining the moderating effects of two cultural dimensions, individualism–collectivism and indulgence‐restraint, across a sample of 40 countries and regions. Data from the 2012 round of the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) are utilized, encompassing 30,613 participants (M = 43.33 years old; SD = 13.22). Multilevel modeling is employed to integrate individual‐level and country‐level factors and examine the cross‐level moderating effects. The findings demonstrate that both work–family conflict and family–work conflict are positively associated with negative attitudes toward having children. Moreover, these relationships between work–family and family–work conflicts and negative attitudes toward having children are more pronounced in individualistic societies compared with collectivist societies. Furthermore, these relationships are stronger in restrained societies as opposed to indulgent societies. These results underscore the significance of addressing work–family and family–work conflict both at the policy and practice levels and emphasize the need for considering cultural dimensions.

Wpływ religii i kultury na przestrzegania obostrzeń COVID-19 na przykładzie Malezji

Aim: The purpose of this article is to analyze the impact of religion, religious leaders, and cultural differences (individualism and collectivism in power distance relationships) on compliance with COVID-19 restrictions, using Malaysia as an example. Culture and religion play key roles in identifying disease adherence, helping to find behaviors and relationships, and determining society's willingness to apply measures to counter the spread of the pandemic. Therefore, cultural beliefs, faith and values can contribute to the success or failure of global efforts to curb the spread of epidemics. Identifying and incorporating cultural parameters and religions may be essential for developing an effective strategy to control pandemics and "shuttle down countries" by implementing restrictions. Methods: In this article, based on a retrospective of events in the selected country of Malaysia, the problem posed will be solved. Based on Hofstede's research, empirically universal cultural dimensions for the analyzed country were extracted (dimensions of national cultures: collectivism - individualism, and power distance). The choice of the country was deliberate and follows the cultural model, because Malaysia, as a country with a high rate of power distance, has a low rate of individualism. In countries characterized by high-power distance, the importance of hierarchy, the pursuit of centralization, among other things, are emphasized. In countries with a high distance from power, there is a significant relationship between society and power. The research conducted used data from Oxford University's "Covid-19 Government Response Tracker" project, in which the author participated. "Covid-19 Government Response Tracker" contains a set of cross-country measures of government response to a pandemic around the world. Using Malaysia as an example, it shows the level of implementation of government restrictions that affected religious gatherings and mass gatherings in correlation to the number of infections per 100,000 people. Results: Based on the analysis carried out in connection (superimposition) of cultural models on the analyzed problem of human behavior, it was possible to show that in countries with a collectivist nature and a high distance from the authorities, with respect for the role of religious leaders, the voice of each religious leader is heard, and the cooperation that existed in this crucial period made it possible to save many lives through wise and prudent decisions made in religious communities. It was also possible to see the high responsibility of religious conductors who allowed practices in religious rites in a slightly different style (with restrictions, caused by restrictions). The measures outlined helped the Malaysian government in its fight against the pandemic. Coclusion: Religion and cultural beliefs have a strong influence on basic health values. Many groups view health and illness holistically, meaning it is a condition that integrates body and mind. For example, in Arab culture, health can be seen as a gift from God, while illness is caused by bad luck, germs, unrest in the family, and an imbalance between heat and cold. Other cultures, on the other hand, condition health and illness on group membership and its influence on an individual's well-being. The reaction of a person, a citizen (society), to the messages issued by the authorities of the health care system is shaped by cultural differences (cultural dimensions, according to Hofstede), including religious beliefs. It should be noted, no less, that in any culture, the role of the religious leader is important because he can instill views of rationality among the congregation that there is no conflict between the protective measures used (introduced), infectious diseases and religious beliefs. Religious leaders who speak skillfully in public have a great contribution to make in communicating with the faithful. They can influence thinking and shape social values and social responsibility through their preaching. On many occasions, religious leaders have made public pronouncements that set an example and called on followers to set a rational example. Oryginality: A scientific article presenting the results of original research of an empirical, theoretical and analytical nature Keyword: Religion, culture, Malaysia, religious leader, collectivism, power distance, COVID-1

Reduction of Ivory Product Purchase in China: The Role of Cultural Values on Ethical Consumption

Abstract The consumption of ivory has been a significant subject in both sustainable consumption and (un)ethical consumption studies, as it not only poses a threat to endangered species but also to environmental biodiversity and sustainability. The purpose of this study is to investigate how individual cultural values influence the behavior of ivory consumption in the Chinese context. This research first reviewed recent studies on ivory purchases in China to gain an understanding of this topic. Then, theoretical frameworks, including Hofstede’s (1984. “Cultural Dimensions in Management and Planning.” Asia Pacific Journal of Management 1 (2): 81–99, 1998. Masculinity and Femininity: The Taboo Dimension of National Cultures. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2001. Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations, 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.) cultural dimensions and the theory of planned behavior (TPB; Ajzen 1991. “The Theory of Planned Behavior.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 50 (2): 179–211.), were applied for conceptual model and hypotheses development. To test the hypotheses, a total of 600 responses were collected in China using the Qualtrics market research service, and 575 usable responses were employed for the Structural Modeling Analysis (SEM) data analysis. Our findings suggest that ivory purchase intention is impacted by both power distance and collectivism, whether through a direct path or indirect influence on attitude towards ivory purchasing. Our findings suggest that both power distance and collectivism are negatively associated with negative attitudes toward ivory purchase and positively associated with purchase intention. Moreover, uncertainty avoidance is positively related to negative attitudes toward ivory purchase, but is not directly linked to ivory purchase intention. The research identified the main factors driving ivory purchases in China and developed behavior change strategies through targeted interventions. These strategies can be implemented across different cultures and in other sustainable conservation initiatives.

METHODOLOGY FOR TEACHING THE HISTORY OF UKRAINIAN CULTURE IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE CONTEXT OF FORMING NATIONAL AND PATRIOTIC VALUES

The article highlights the main methodological recommendations based on the best international and domestic pedagogical experience on reforming approaches to solving the problem of nationalpatriotic education and understanding by students of Ukrainian higher education institutions of the essence of the concept of «national identity» in the context of shaping the trajectory of a new evolutionary stage of civil society. New effective ways to modernize the methods of national-patriotic education in the context of unpredictable challenges of the Russian-Ukrainian war are proposed. From the standpoint of comparative historical analysis, the appropriation of Ukrainian history and culture by the imperial and totalitarian regimes of Russia is actualized as a clear example.The key issues of the process of forming national identity and its awareness by civil society are analyzed objectively and comprehensively. Possible ways of introducing nation-building guidelines into the system of educational process of higher education institutions of Ukraine at the present stage are considered. The article highlights and distinguishes the value aspect of the concept of «national identity», analyzes the life and creative path of prominent Ukrainians who were killed or persecuted by imperial and totalitarian regimes because of their Ukrainian origin and attempts to counteract Ukrainophobic ideology.The article substantiates the leading role of the creative heritage of the great Kobzar, Taras Shevchenko, as an intellectual whose biography was falsified and distorted by imperial and totalitarian ideological censorship. The author emphasizes the role of Taras Shevchenko as a key to understanding the essence of Ukrainian identity and his role as a moral authority of the Ukrainian nation.The author emphasizes the advanced achievements of Ukrainians in the field of engineering and technology to foster a patriotic sense of pride in the Ukrainian people and its recognition on a global scale. The article examines the activities of leading representatives of the scientific elite in the context of the human dimension of national culture and its nationally consolidating categories. In particular, theauthor lists the achievements in various scientific and technical fields that contributed to the intensification of national processes and the establishment of a positive image of Ukraine on a global scale. As part of the coverage of the stated topic, a number of issues related to the popularization of knowledge about the evolution of national culture and the dissemination of information about its achievements are considered. The author of the article proposes effective methods, forms and means of forming a nationally conscious citizen-patriot in the framework of teaching socio-humanitarian educational components in Ukrainian higher education institutions. Specific methodological recommendations are presented, examples are given that will allow to implement the theoreticalprovisions.The author's experience in teaching the educational component «History of Culture of Ukraine» in higher education institutions will contribute to the intellectual and professional development of teachers and improve their qualifications. The recommendations presented in the article will be useful in intensifying the process of national and patriotic education as the basis of the entire educational process in the context of the forced challenges of the Russian-Ukrainian war. The author emphasizes the importance of modernizing the content of education and introducing new innovative methods and forms of national-patriotic education and understanding the essence of the concept of «national identity» among higher education students as creators of the statehood future of Ukraine.

Impact of National Culture on Stock Markets’ Returns and Volatility: Evidence from BRICS-P

This study aims to investigate how national cultures affect stock market returns across the BRICS economies and Pakistan. The conceptual framework is how national cultures affect stock return and volatility with six dimensions (PDI, UAI, MAS, LTO, IDV, and IVR) and two control variables, the exchange rate and interest rate. The data samples are extracted from Six BRICS’P nations, including Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, and Pakistan for the period from January 1, 2011, through December 31, 2021. Regression analysis using panel data was utilized in this study to examine the effects of the major factors both individually and collectively. The results of panel data analysis indicate that National culture has little effect on returns from all six countries. Furthermore, only MAS has a negative substantial impact on return in the national culture dimension. Volatility is adversely affected by national culture. National cultures affect stock market volatility and returns globally, but because it analyses long-term data and Hofstede’s culture modifies the data over the years.

A comparative analysis of creativity: Australian and Iranian early childhood national policy frameworks

ABSTRACT This article compares the conceptualisations of creativity between the early childhood policy frameworks from Iran and Australia to demonstrate how cultural differences influence understandings and representations of creativity. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2019. “PISA 2021 Creative Thinking Framework: Third Draft.” OECD. https://www.oecd.org/pisa/publications/PISA-2021-creative-thinking-framework.pdf. suggests that students in all contexts and across all levels of education need to learn how to engage productively in the practice of generating ideas, reflecting upon ideas valuing both relevance and novelty, and how to iterate their ideas to a satisfactory outcome. This research draws from Hofsted, G. 2020. “Hofsted Insights.” https://www.hofstede-insights.com/ and Hofstede, G. 1980. Culture's Consequences. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. three dimensions of national cultures for interpreting the cultural differences between Australia and Iran, as well as Vygotsky, L. S. 1987. “Imagination and Creativity in Childhood.” In In the Collected Works of L. S. Vygotsky, edited by R. W. Rieber and A. S. Carton. Vol. 1. New York, NY: Plenum Press socio-cultural theory. This study analyses how creativity is represented within the policy documentation drawing from four perspectives (psychology, education, sociocultural and art). Findings suggest similarities for how creativity was conceptualised, however, significant differences were found pertaining to culture. These results assist in understanding how global influences on early childhood education policies regarding creativity can be interpreted and implemented in response to different culturally- situated contexts. A significant implication of this study is its call for policy makers and teachers to factor in cultural differences in developing children’s creativity.

Relationship Between National Culture Dimensions and Safety Climate in Construction Companies of Abu Dhabi

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between national culture dimensions and safety climate in the construction industry of Abu Dhabi, particularly among Bangladeshi, Indian, and Pakistani workers who constitute almost half of the total migrant workforce. Methods: The study utilized a stratified purposive sampling method to survey workers in selected construction companies. The questionnaire used for data collection was adapted from the Value survey model (VSM) and Nordic safety climate questionnaire (NOSACQ) and was translated into Bengali, Hindi, and Urdu. Results: The results were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The study found that the overall safety climate in the construction companies was poor (Mean=2.36, SD=0.40), with no significant difference in safety climate perception among different nationalities (F-value (0.858), (p = 0.427). The comparison of national culture dimensions between different nationalities was found on individualism F (2,125) = 5.929, p=.003, masculinity F (2,125) = 5.113, p=.007, Long term orientation F (2,125) = 3.116, p=.048, and indulgence vs restraint F (2,125) = 3.526, p=.032 dimensions. Furthermore, the relationship between safety climate and power distance was 0.381 (p = 0.01), between safety climate and long-term orientation was 0.344 (p = 0.01), between safety climate and individualism was 0.196 (p < 0.05), between safety climate and indulgence vs restraint was 0.068 (p = 0.01), between safety climate and uncertainty avoidance was -0.099 (p = 0.01), and between safety climate and masculinity was 0.163 (p = 0.066). Conclusion: All worker’s perception about safety climate was found to be poor. However, significant differences were observed in national culture dimensions, including individualism, masculinity, long-term orientation, and indulgence vs restraint, among Bangladeshi, Indian, and Pakistani workers. The study also revealed a positive relationship between power distance, long-term orientation, and individualism dimensions and safety climate. In contrast, indulgence, masculinity, and uncertainty avoidance had no significant impact on safety climate.

Macroeconomic stability of the country: the nexus of institutional and behavioural dimensions

The ongoing globalisation, recessions, and fluctuations in world development require the acceptance of timely government interventions and decisions to save the country's macroeconomic stability. The literature analysis has confirmed a gap in research on assessing and comparing macroeconomic stability at different levels of development, especially in terms of studies that consider the behavioural (culture and trust) dimensions and the quality of institutions. This paper aimed to empirically assess how the achievement of macroeconomic stability depends on the quality of institutions, increasing society's trust, and cultural diversity. This study investigated post-communist economies among EU countries and Ukraine (as the candidate for EU) over 2005-2020. Pearson correlation, OLS and FGLS, robustness test output, GEE, and stochastic frontier model were applied to achieve the paper's aims. The findings confirmed that countries with high-quality of institutions had a higher value of macroeconomic stability. In addition, social trust positively affected the relationship between the quality of institutions and macroeconomic stability. At the same time, various national cultural dimensions had different effects on macroeconomic stability. The four indicators of Hofstede Insights (power distance, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, and indulgence) had a statistically significant impact on macroeconomic stability.

National culture and firms’ cash holdings: The role of indulgence and its boundaries

We examine the influence of indulgence vs restraint (IVR), an understudied national culture dimension of Hofstede’s framework, on firms’ cash holdings to shed light on how culture influences this firm behavior and the boundaries of this effect. We argue that, when compared to their restrained-society counterparts, indulgent-society firms will hold higher cash levels due to their greater propensity for risky investments (precautionary motive) and their managers’ weaker moral constraints (agency motive). We also argue that firms’ leverage and risky investment levels will intensify, and firm size and countries’ shareholder protection levels will attenuate the positive effect of indulgence on firms’ cash holdings. The results of our HLM analyses on 16,997 firms across 39 countries verify our arguments and contribute to a more enhanced understanding of national culture’s role in firms’ cash holdings.

Perceived managerial and leadership effectiveness within multinational corporations in Saudi Arabia: The role of Islamic and Wasta values

AbstractThe Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) presents a promising yet volatile environment for international business. US‐centric models dominate management/leadership studies in the Arab Gulf Region, while emic, indigenous, and context‐specific studies remain scarce. To rectify this epistemic injustice, we have conducted a qualitative Type 3 (emic‐as‐emic) indigenous ‘critical incident' study of managerial behavior exhibited by expat and local managers within MNCs operating in Saudi Arabia. This has led to an emergent KSA‐related two‐factor taxonomy comprised of 15 behavioral dimensions (BDs) that differentiate effective managers from ineffective managers, as perceived by their Saudi colleague managers and staff. The positive (effective), and most of the negative (ineffective) BDs are endorsed by Islamic and tribal Wasta values, thus lending support to literature on culturally endorsed implicit leadership theories, while simultaneously calling for increased attention toward proximal cultural factors rather than distal national cultural dimensions. Comparing our findings against those of an equivalent study in the United Arab Emirates reveals significant similarities and interesting differences, thus challenging the notion of a homogenous ‘Arab culture'. The derived taxonomy offers an insightful, contextually relevant, and richly described understanding of specific types of managerial behavior that managers within MNCs in Saudi Arabia, and perhaps in other Arab Gulf desert countries, should strive to emulate or conversely avoid if they are to be perceived effective by their respective superiors, peers, and subordinates. After discussing the theoretical and practical implications of our findings, we outline the limitations of the study and suggest several directions for future research.

Sociocultural factors and academic openness of world countries

Abstract Academic openness (i.e., the extent of collaborative academic activities of nations with external actors in the science communication system) has been regarded as a major contributor to strong science. We used several nation-level data sets to explore the associations of sociocultural factors with the academic openness of world nations. To check the robustness of relationships, two distinct data sets for academic openness of nations were used in this research. Our findings showed the strong relationships of some dimensions of national culture and (economic and human) resources with both academic openness indicators. The findings were discussed considering Schwartz’s national culture theory, and the implications were presented in conclusion.

Ethical Leadership and Corporate Social Responsibility in Diversified Business Groups: a Conceptual Model of Asian and Latin America

Purpose: This research provides a brief review which explores theories and concepts in International Business (IB) and management, covering global market dynamics, factors influencing foreign direct investment, the role of national culture in socially responsible policies, decision-making processes, evolving trends in CSR, ethical leadership's relationship with CSR in diverse business groups, and advancements in online communication, simulation games, and enterprise systems. Valuable insights for practitioners and scholars are provided, illuminating the complexities of the dynamic field of business and management.
 
 Design/Methodology/Approach: This research paper employs diverse methodological approaches, including literature review, qualitative analysis, and theoretical modeling, to investigate various aspects of IB and management. Through a qualitative synthesis approach, key themes and findings related to the research topic are identified.
 
 Findings: This research highlights the significance of digital platforms in delivering global consumer value. Cultural differences influence Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows, shaped by host country norms. European SMEs' profitability, responsible conduct, and B2B relationship tendencies are affected by national culture dimensions.
 
 Theoretical Implication: This analysis reveals the impact of digital platforms, cultural differences, and national culture on global markets and international business. It emphasizes ethical leadership, institutional diversity, strategic direction, and human rights.
 
 Managerial Implication: Managerial implications for international business strategies include leveraging digital platforms for value creation, assessing cultural agility competencies in talent identification, considering socio-cultural context in framing victimization experiences, incorporating factors like corruption, contract enforcement, IP protection, and cultural compatibility in FDI decisions.
 
 Industrial Implication: Significant implications found for the industry in utilizing big data, including ethical and legal considerations. Cultural adaptation crucial for FDI strategies and CSR initiatives. Ethical leadership as a competitive advantage for CSR.
 
 Originality and Value: This literature review highlights the significance of cultural adaptation in global markets, exploring the impact of national culture on corporate behavior. It introduces a novel model for ethical leadership and CSR in Digital Platforms and Ecosystems (DPEs). It serves as a valuable resource for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners in the field of International Business, identifying research gaps for future studies.

ANALYZING THE FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE AMOUNT OF PLASTIC WASTE

One of the biggest environmental issues facing the planet today is plastic garbage, which was created by people and has an effect on them as well. Although though governments have implemented policies, rules, and other initiatives to increase public awareness of and engagement in decreasing plastic trash, the statistics has not changed, and this amount keeps rising every year. Several nations appear to be having trouble solving this problem. In addition, according to the World Bank, the country produces more plastics the wealthy its citizens are. By evaluating behavior and educating people, culture and education can be the answer to this problem. As people get more educated, their awareness of and care for the environment increases. The relationship between each of these factors—culture, education, national income, and government role and environmental problems might potentially help minimize plastic waste. Consequently, the goal of this study is to pinpoint the variables that may have an impact on the volume of plastic garbage and examine how these variables may affect the quantity of plastic waste in various nations. Hofstede's national culture dimension (Power Distance, Collectivism and Individualism, Masculinity and Femininity, Uncertainty Avoidance, Long-term Orientation and Short-term Orientation, Indulgence and Restraint), wealth per capita, education, and the government's plan and policy on sustainable consumption are the variables that will be examined. In this study, worldwide data for the year 2018 is gathered from 66 different nations utilizing secondary sources, and the data is then analyzed using the Multiple Linear Regression approach. According to the findings, there is a strong correlation between individualism and collectivism and the volume of plastic garbage. The results of this study should help each nation's government reduce the quantity of plastic garbage that is generated.

Are IT Workers from Mars? An Examination of Their National Culture Dimensions

The information technology (IT) workforce is characterized by several unique and contextual factors, such as the technology, the occupation itself, and the human factors. Among the human factors, global information systems (IS) studies have examined the role of national culture to explain many workforce differences and nuances across nations. In such cross-cultural research, IS researchers have primarily utilized the published scores of national culture dimensions as provided by the preeminent social psychologist and culture scholar Geert Hofstede and have applied them to various IT populations within a country. Given that the IT profession is unique in many respects, and there is cultural heterogeneity within a country, our study embarked on independently measuring and verifying the national culture values of IT employees in 37 countries. By using the original Hofstede scales, scores were obtained on five national culture dimensions: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, masculinity, and long-term orientation. We found significant differences between the national culture scores of IT employees and those available in the literature for the general population. Our results are novel and have profound significance. There are major implications for both past and future studies in cross-cultural research as well as for practitioners who interpret and utilize the findings of such research.

Investigate relationship of national culture dimensions with entrepreneurial performance in Pakistan: An empirical study

Many companies have recognized the importance of cultural dimensions influencing overall organizational performance for their aggressive advantage. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship of national culture with entrepreneurial performance in Pakistani manufacturing companies. This was a cross-sectional study with a descriptive research design conducted among staff and managers from the Lahore Chamber of Commerce. A total of 307 respondents were conveniently selected to participate in this study and completed a series of questionnaires. A questionnaire was developed, distributed and collected as the main method of data collection. Descriptive statistics and SEM were used to analyze study data from SPSS and Smartpls4. The study results show that there is a significant correlation between national cultural dimensions and entrepreneurial performance. This study found that power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity/femininity, individualism/collectivism were significantly and positively correlated with organizational performance. Research has shown that subculture has an impact on how commercial company sport is conducted in a company. Therefore, it affects the overall performance of the company as a whole. Even if managers and their employees have similar attitudes about how performance should be made, this leads to good results in the workplace. The study concluded that all 5 cultural dimensions were drastically and unequivocally correlated with the organization's overall performance.