National Convention Research Articles

Challenges in Protecting Trafficking Victims' Rights in Indonesia

This research focuses on the critical analysis of legal frameworks in Indonesia concerning the protection of witnesses and victims in human trafficking cases, scrutinizing the effectiveness and challenges from a perspective of dignified justice. Emphasizing the need for a fair judiciary system, the study delves into the implementation of existing laws and regulations related to the rights and protection of witnesses and victims in Trafficking in Persons (TPP) cases. Employing a normative legal methodology, the research extensively analyzes national and international norms and legal materials, including comparisons between national laws and international conventions such as the Palermo Protocol. Findings reveal that inadequate understanding and awareness among law enforcement about the significance of these rights, coupled with resource constraints, result in identity rights violations for witnesses and victims. Furthermore, challenges such as the perceived threats to witnesses and victims, limited human and financial resources in law enforcement agencies, legal uncertainties in TPP case handling, insufficient international cooperation in law enforcement, and the difficulty in balancing the rights of victims and defendants are identified. The study also highlights the importance of rehabilitation and reintegration policies for victims, suggesting that successful combat against human trafficking transcends judicial processes. Consequently, this research not only investigates existing laws and policies but also identifies gaps and potential improvements to ensure that witness and victim protection in combating TPP aligns with principles of dignified justice. The aim is to contribute significantly to developing a more effective, fair, and rights-sensitive judicial system in Indonesia.
 Highlights:
 
 Law Enforcement Gaps: Limited awareness and resources in protecting victims' rights.
 Legal and International Hurdles: Challenges in TPP case handling and cross-border cooperation.
 Rights Balance: Need for equilibrium between victim protection and defendant fairness.
 
 Keywords: Human Trafficking, Witness Protection, Legal Framework, Indonesia, Rights of Victims

Sensory perception in cultural studies—a review of sensorial and multisensorial heritage

ABSTRACT Following the “authorized heritage discourse” in heritage management, visual components have traditionally formed the basis of aesthetic value assessment of heritage assets. Despite being considered important by national legislation and international conventions, other sensory components have been comparatively under-researched and are generally ignored. No research to date has investigated the breadth and depth of these sensory components either individually nor in combination, and a synthesis of the extent and complexity of this intangible heritage is currently lacking. This literature review aims to examine these sensory heritage components in the human environment setting over the last 10 years. Of the 122 articles included in this literature review, the majority of research focused on only one individual sensory heritage component, generally the sense of sight or sound. For research investigating more than one sensory component, visual and aural components were again highly represented. Smell and touch components were comparatively under-researched, and there was a general paucity of multisensory heritage research and investigation of perceived heritage values. This review shows there is vast potential to push past the authorized heritage discourse, to revisit the current processes of heritage assessment and to rethink the constraints of visually centered heritage documentation and management.

Disability, Religion, and Gender: Exploring Experiences of Exclusion in India Through an Intersectional Lens

Despite the existence of national and international laws and conventions to avoid discrimination in India, exclusion due to an intersection of disability, gender, and religious identity continues, resulting in marginalisation from society. This article investigates the lived experiences of people by exploring how aspects of their identity intersect to influence their inclusion or exclusion within society. Narrative interviews were undertaken with 25 participants with disabilities in the states of Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. This qualitative methodology was employed to allow the participants to recount their experiences (both positive and negative) in their own words. A thematic analysis of the data provided rich evidence of the complex social structure in India, manifested by the multifaceted intersectional nature of social inclusion and exclusion. Our research found that for our participants disability was the main factor upon which discrimination was based, but that this discrimination is often compounded for people with disabilities due to their minority religious status, or gender. Marginalisation of people with disabilities is shown to be exacerbated when these identities intersect. Action is needed to ensure the human rights of people with disabilities are realised and that discrimination and marginalisation are avoided for those who have different identities compared to the majority of the population.

Psi Chi/APA Edwin B. Newman Graduate Research Award: Megan E. Golson.

The award is presented annually to the psychology graduate student who submits the best research paper that was published or presented at a national, regional, or state psychological association convention during the past calendar year. "This award is given to Megan E. Golson for an exceptional research article titled, 'Influences of Student Race/Ethnicity and Gender on Autism Special Education Classification Considerations.' The research for the article was conducted at Utah State University with faculty advisor, Maryellen Brunson McLain, PhD." (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Race, Corruption, and Southern Republicanism

AbstractWhile Republicans enjoyed unified control of the national government during the 1920s, scandals involving executive patronage and GOP state bosses in the South dogged the national party throughout the decade. The Republican Party in the South had been a set of “rotten boroughs” for decades, used by national politicians—especially presidents—for the sole purpose of controlling delegates at the Republican National Convention. This patronage-for-delegates arrangement was generally understood among political elites, but the murder-suicide involving a U.S. postmaster in Georgia in April 1928 brought the Southern GOP’s patronage practices to national light. This forced Republican leaders in an election year to call for a Senate investigation. Chaired by Sen. Smith W. Brookhart (R-IA), the committee investigation lasted for eighteen months, covered portions of two Republican presidential administrations, and showed how state GOP leaders in Georgia, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas engaged in office selling. The fallout would be a thorn in the side of President Herbert Hoover, who tried to clean up the corrupt GOP organizations in the South—and build an electorally-viable Republican Party in the ex-Confederate states—but largely failed.

Self-perceived competence in managing obstetric emergencies among recently graduated physicians from Lima, Peru

ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine the self-perception of competencies in obstetric emergencies among recently graduated physicians from universities in Lima, Peru; and to identify its associated factors.MethodsAn analytical study was conducted, with the study population comprising newly graduated doctors who attended the “VI SERUMS National Convention” in 2017. We used Poisson regressions to assess the factors associated with the self-perception of competencies in obstetric emergencies, calculating prevalence ratios (PR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).ResultsWe analyzed a population of 463 newly graduated physicians (mean age: 25.9 years), of which 33.3% reported feeling competent in obstetric emergencies. In the adjusted analyses, we found that having a previous health career (PR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.12—2.81), having completed the internship in EsSalud hospitals (PR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.31—1.68), and completing a university externship (PR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.34—1.96) were associated with a higher prevalence of self-perceived competence in obstetric emergencies.ConclusionOur findings suggest that certain academic factors, such as completing an externship and internship in specific hospital settings, may enhance the competencies or competence self-perception of recently graduated physicians in obstetric emergencies. Further studies are needed to confirm these results and identify other factors that may impact physicians’ competencies in this field.

Dry eye disease among patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant: a cross-sectional study.

To investigate the incidence of dry eye disease (DED) and relevant risk factors among patients infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant. This cross-sectional, observational analysis included 993 patients with corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treated at the National Exhibition and Convention Center (Shanghai) Fangcang Shelter Hospital, from April 10 to May 26, 2022. Totally 944 uninfected control participants were recruited. All participants completed ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaires, and DED symptoms were determined using OSDI scores. The demographic characteristics, length of hospital stay and in nasopharyngeal swabs were performed using questionnaires. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection was confirmed by nucleic acid-based detection in nasopharyngeal swabs using a 2019-nCoV nucleic acid detection kit. The risk factors for DED symptoms among patients with COVID-19 and control participants were determined by logistic regression analysis. Patients with COVID-19 showed a higher incidence of DED than controls (64.9% vs 55.1%, P<0.001). SARS-CoV-2 infection [odds ratios (ORs) (95%CI): 1.271 (1.038, 1.556)], use of contact lenses [ORs (95%CI): 9.350 (3.676, 23.783)], history of corneal refractive surgery [ORs (95%CI): 2.047 (1.494, 2.804)], poor sleep quality [ORs (95%CI): 2.657 (2.029, 3.480)], and video display terminal (VDT) use for more than 8h per day [ORs (95%CI): 6.348 (4.720, 8.538)] were found to be risk factors for DED symptoms in patients with COVID-19 as well as controls. For patients with COVID-19, the length of hospital stay [ORs (95%CI): 1.196 (1.134, 1.262)], use of contact lenses [ORs (95%CI): 20.423 (2.680, 155.632)], history of corneal refractive surgery [ORs (95%CI): 2.166 (1.321, 3.553)], poor sleep quality [ORs (95%CI): 3.650 (2.381, 5.597)], and VDT use for more than 8h per day [ORs (95%CI): 7.740 (4.918, 12.180)] were significant risk factors for DED symptoms. Patients with COVID-19 are more prone to develop symptomatic DED. SARS-CoV-2 infection and length of hospital stay are important risk factors for DED symptoms.

An Analysis of Donald Trump’s 2020 RNC Speech from the Perspective of Proximization Theory

The cognitive turn of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) marks the commencement of Critical Cognitive Linguistics (CCL), offering a disciplined theoretical perspective on the conceptualized linguistic choices which are identified as potentially ideological. Based on the newly developed theory of proximization in CCL, this paper sets out to analyze Donald Trump’s Speech delivered at 2020 Republican National Convention. It finds out that the former U.S. president Donald Trump is most skilled at construing spatial proximization in the discourse space to legitimate his behavior and ideological manipulation is subtly achieved by him through his combined use of spacial, temporal and axiological proximization strategies.

28th International Nuclear Physics Conference (INPC2022)

The 28th International Nuclear Physics Conference (INPC2022) was successfully held in Cape Town, South Africa from 11 to 16 September 2022, marking the first time the conference was held on the African continent. This event, overseen by the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP), coincided with three major scientific events: The International Year of Basic Sciences for Sustainable Development (IYBSSD), the centenaries of the Nobel Prize awarded to Niels Bohr and the establishment of IUPAP.The conference program spanned a wide range of topics across the breadth of Nuclear Physics, from hadrons to nuclei, from fundamental science to applications, covering topics such as Hadron Structure and Spectroscopy and QCD Partonic Phenomena, Hot and Dense Nuclear Matter, Nuclear Structure and Nuclear Reactions, Nuclear Astrophysics, Applications and Societal Impact, Neutrinos and Nuclei, Fundamental Interactions and Symmetries, New Facilities and Instrumentation, Outreach and Science Education, and Quantum Computing, Machine Learning, and Artificial Intelligence in Nuclear Physics.The in-person conference was the largest to bring our scientific community together since the COVID-19 pandemic, and provided an excellent opportunity for the 468 delegates to explore the latest progress in the field and reconnect with colleagues. The INPC2022 was a great success, providing an excellent platform for the delegates to share their latest research work, techniques, experiences, challenges, and innovative solutions with colleagues from around the world and provided an opportunity for over 40 African students to be exposed to the field. The conference coincided with the completion of many projects that constitute the pillars of the 2017-2022 Long-Range Plan of iThemba LABS. The delegates had the opportunity to visit the facility and appreciate the advancement and completion of many of these pillars.The INPC2022 was sponsored and supported by the South African National Convention Bureau, Department of Science and Innovation, National Research Foundation, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, University of the Witwatersrand, University of the Western Cape, University of Cape Town, Metrological and Applied Sciences University Research Unit, IUPAP, NuPECC, ACF Metals, XIA and IBA.List of Local Organizing Committee, International Advisory Committee, Session Conveners are available in this pdf.

Developing Effective Marketing Strategies for Herviolet After COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of Herviolet

The recent COVID-19 pandemic has limited many ethnic modern-style fashion brand’s selling and promotional activities to almost a halt. Their previous main source of income and publicity through national conventions and exhibitions, became unavailable due to pandemic policies and restrictions. These brands must now find a way to capitalize the usage of digital marketing as a way to promote and sell their product. Herviolet is one of the ethnic modern brands that were affected, and are struggling with their marketing efforts due to an ineffective marketing strategy. As stated by Herviolet’s owner, the company does not have a marketing department, goal, nor strategy. Therefore, this research is designed to create solutions towards Herviolet’s marketing strategy problems that will help them increase their brand awareness and product knowledge. An internal and external analysis will be conducted, with the latter using PESTEL and Porter’s Five Forces Analysis, and will be summarized with a SWOT Analysis. A qualitative methodology will also be conducted, using semi-structured interviews towards Herviolet’s owner and two regular customers, where the interview results will be analyzed using open coding. A monthly social media performance analysis will also be conducted, where the account insights, data, and performance will be analyzed to give an image of Herviolet’s current social media performance. From this research, 3 solutions were developed for Herviolet in order to improve their marketing strategy, brand awareness, and product knowledge.&#x0D;

Digital Transformation Stands Alongside Inclusive Education: Lessons Learned from a Project Called “Waking Up in the Morning”

AbstractThe right of people with special educational needs and disabilities to be educated alongside their typically developing peers is a fundamental human right protected by national laws and international conventions. However, education systems around the world still face the challenge of providing effective education for all children and young people. Nowadays, academic research on the implementation of inclusive education has shifted from “where” students should be educated to “what” and “how” they should be taught. Although teachers express willingness to implement inclusive education pedagogy, they nevertheless state that they lack educational materials and even encounter difficulties in creating their educational resources due to a lack of expertise. In this context and under the current research imperatives in inclusive education regarding the benefits of digital transformation, an inclusive transmedia application based on gamification techniques, called “Waking Up In the Morning” (WUIM), was designed and developed to supply an integrated educational method that can be applied in inclusive learning environments. The purpose of WUIM providing content for teaching Activities of Daily Living is to emphasize the participatory design for developing inclusive learning materials, while also using formative assessment elements that actively engage end-user. The conclusions of the formative assessment were drawn from the data collected to answer the main research question: “Can educational applications, based on transmedia learning principles, cutting-edge technology and game elements support inclusive education?“. Since for every educational innovation, it is necessary to identify teachers’ opinions about it, two parallel surveys were conducted on teachers’ attitudes towards inclusive education and digital games for learning and teaching. Based on the results, it can be concluded that teachers were hesitant in both cases, a reluctance that was not solely driven by ideological barriers but also by a lack of training in educational practices. This work highlights the lessons learned about teachers’ attitudes regarding inclusive education and digital educational games, the pedagogical foundations of game design, the power of transdisciplinary teamwork, and the affordances of virtual reality, augmented reality and digital games to support education and treatment of individuals with special educational needs and/or disabilities in inclusive settings.

Temporal and Spatial Distribution of SARS-CoV-2 Aerosols in a Large-Scale Fangcang Shelter Hospital in Shanghai, China

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by frequently mutating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has had a worldwide impact. However, detailed data on the potential aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in real-world and controlled laboratory settings remain sparse. During the COVID-19 pandemic in Shanghai, China in 2022, samples were collected in a Fangcang shelter hospital, a large-scale temporary hospital rapidly built by converting the existing National Exhibition and Convention Center (Shanghai) into a health care facility. Aerosol samples at different sites and intervals around patients and in public areas, surface samples, and pharyngeal swab samples from corresponding patients were included. Samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays, followed by sequencing if the cycle threshold (Ct) value was < 30. The positivity rate for SARS-CoV-2 in aerosol samples was high in contaminated zones (37.5%, 104/277), especially around the bed (41.2%, 68/165) and near ventilation inlets (45.2%, 14/31). The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 around the bed, public areas, and air inlets of exhaust vents fluctuated and was closely related to the positivity rate among patients at corresponding sampling sites. Some surface samples of different personal protective equipment from medical staff had high positivity rates. Sixty sequences of joined ORF1ab and spike genes obtained from sixty samples represented two main clusters of Omicron SARS-CoV-2. There was consistency in virus sequences from the same patient and their environment, and the detected virus sequences matched those of virus strains in circulation during the collection periods, which indicated a high likelihood of cross-contamination in the Fangcang shelter hospital. In summary, the results provide a quantitative and real landscape of the aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and a patient-centered view of contamination in large and enclosed spaces and offer a useful guide for taking targeted measures to avoid nosocomial infections during the management of SARS-CoV-2 or other respiratory virus diseases in a Fangcang shelter hospital.

A SWOT analysis of community-based forest management policy as a basis for REDD+ in Tanzania

In developing countries, the failure of the policing model of forest management whereby the central government protected forest reserves by preventing local communities from using them led to the emergence of the Participatory Forest Management (PFM) policy. In Tanzania, PFM takes two main forms; Joint Forest Management (JFM) in which central government or district council owns the forest and the local people are involved in conservation. Community Based Forest Management (CBFM) policy as the second form whereby community is given the right to own and use the forest in the general land. The paper discusses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the policy of community -based forest management in Tanzania. Among the strengths are the government structures with strong village’s administrative structure, willingness of people to participate in CBFM initiatives, community-village collaboration and ecological sustainability. The fact that the approach is exogenous both in conception and funding, inadequacy of technical knowledge at the community level, inequality in cost and benefit sharing, poor infrastructure and poor governance of revenue accrued from CBFM are seen as weaknesses of CBFM. Opportunities for CBFM include appropriate national policies and international conventions, and the existence of vast forest areas on general land that provide room for the implementation of the CBFM activities. Threats to CBFM include; conflict of interest with the district and higher-level government, poor governance, and human-wildlife conflicts. The paper concludes by suggesting the way forward for tapping the strengths and opportunities of CBFM and addressing its weaknesses and threats.

Effect of Sleep Duration on Blood Pressure in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Hypertensive Urgencies in Shanghai Fangcang Shelter Hospital.

To evaluate the effect of sleep duration on blood pressure in patients with hypertension urgencies combined with SARS-CoV-2 infection in a Fangcang shelter hospital. From April 10, 2020 to May 20, 2022, we statistically analyzed the blood pressure and sleep conditions of 52 patients with combined hypertension urgencies and SARS-CoV-2 infection admitted in Shanghai National Convention and Exhibition Center Fangcang shelter hospital. They were divided into the short-term (daily sleep duration: <7 h) and normal sleep group (7-9 h). We performed a comparison of the control effects of basic antihypertensive drugs. Additionally, patients in the short-term sleep group underwent drug therapy for sleep regulation and continuous monitoring of blood pressure. Among these patients, the blood pressure was higher in the short-term sleep group than that of the normal sleep group, and also more difficult to control (p <0.05). Furthermore, the blood pressure of the patients in the short-term sleep group was more easily controlled after treatment with drugs for sleep regulation and basic antihypertensive drugs (p <0.05). The blood pressure level in patients with combined SARS-CoV-2 infection and hypertension urgencies was higher in those with a shorter duration of daily sleep, and also more difficult to control in Fangcang shelter hospital. Drug therapy for sleep regulation should be administered early to obtain sufficient blood pressure control effects.

Stephen A. Swails: Black Freedom Fighter in the Civil War and Reconstruction by Gordon C. Rhea

Reviewed by: Stephen A. Swails: Black Freedom Fighter in the Civil War and Reconstruction by Gordon C. Rhea J. Brent Morris (bio) Stephen A. Swails: Black Freedom Fighter in the Civil War and Reconstruction. Gordon C. Rhea. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2021. ISBN: 9780-807176269. 200 pp., cloth, $29.95. Reconstruction was hotly contested even as the United States took the first steps to rebuild—physically and ideologically—in the midst of the Civil War. The historical memory of the era has been just as fiercely debated. In the middle of both fights has been the subject of Gordon C. Rhea’s newest biography Stephen A. Swails: Black Freedom Fighter in the Civil War and Reconstruction. In his own lifetime, Swails became one of the most prominent politicians and community leaders in South Carolina, yet he was largely forgotten after the South’s counter-revolutionary “Redemption” of the late nineteenth century. His name and life story have occasionally resurfaced as the historiography of the era continues to move away from the Dunning school, and Rhea’s biography now serves as the [End Page 101] most powerful reminder yet of the part played by Stephen A. Swails in America’s “new birth of freedom.” After a brief preface, Rhea introduces his subject to his readers with a precis of Swails’s early life. He then follows his subject through his service in the Civil War. Swails was among the first northern African Americans to volunteer to serve in the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Regiment and fought with distinction in that unit for the duration of the Civil War. He was quickly promoted to the regiment’s highest noncommissioned rank—first sergeant, the highest then available to an African American soldier—and eventually became the first African American in a combat role to be appointed a commissioned officer in the US Army. After the war, Swails worked for the Freedmen’s Bureau in South Carolina, where he built a reputation as a strong and effective spokesman for both Black rights and fairness and efficiency when dealing with whites in his district. This skillset helped launch him into the forefront of Reconstruction politics in the Palmetto State and earned him the reputation as the “political boss” of Williamsburg District. Swails represented Williamsburg District at the 1867 constitutional convention, where he served on two prominent committees, chairing one. Once the new state constitution was in place, Swails was elected to represent his county in the state senate (an office he held for eight years) as well as concurrently serve as county auditor. In May 1868, he represented South Carolina at the Republican National Convention in Chicago, where Ulysses S. Grant was nominated for the presidency. And when South Carolina cast its electoral votes for Grant, Swails was one of the state’s official electors (a role he would assume again in 1872). He was also elected the mayor of Kingstree and served as Republican Party chairman for the South Carolina First Congressional District, a state Republican executive committeeman, Williamsburg County’s representative to the state party convention, agent for the state land commission, commander of the state militia, and trustee of South Carolina College. Rhea attributes Swails’s success to several factors. As a Freedmen’s Bureau agent, he had developed close relationships with his county’s Black majority. His responsiveness to issues of housing, employment, and disputes over labor contracts had proven him an advocate for the Black voters of his constituency, and few voters would have not been aware of his role in coordinating the distribution of rations in the times of greatest need. He was a decorated war hero who had shed blood for his country and for the freedom of formerly enslaved African Americans, and his status as the first African American commissioned as an officer in the US Army gave him an unmatched level of prestige in the community. Formally educated, intelligent, Swails communicated effectively with constituents Black and white. Indeed, he also openly courted the white vote in [End Page 102] Williamsburg County and brought together an uncommon multiracial coalition of politicians from the Republican and Democratic Parties to facilitate the efficient governance of his constituency. Like...

A Study on the Development of Tourism in Pu'er Tea Culture based on Rural Revitalization

Over the past few years, the overall trend in the socioeconomic development of Japan has kept rising, and the rapid development of the economy has raised the quality of people's lives and led to the development of the third industry. Based on the contents of the activity report of the 19th national convention of China, The content of the report is to develop tea culture tourism projects with the goal of realizing rural revitalization, so as to promote the development of rural economy. Therefore, this paper presents the relevant concept of tea culture tourism and analyzes the importance of developing rural tea culture tourism, and proposes a rural tea culture tourism marketing strategy based on the background of rural development. This paper reviews the development of rural tourism in China through the method of literature analysis and examines the present state and problems of the development of rural tourism in Pu'er tea culture.To study the current situation and existing problems, analyze relevant strategies and solutions, and promote rural tea culture under the background of rural revitalization,the sustainable development of tourism provides new ideas.

Beyond OPOSA: Courts reinforcing intergenerational equity as customary international law

AbstractIn recent years, children across the globe, such as Greta Thunberg and Kelsey Juliana, are seen at the front line of efforts to hold governments accountable for environmental damage. In the Philippines, the case of Oposa v. Factoran gave legal standing to minors and unborn generations invoking their constitutional right to a balanced and healthful ecology. The Philippine Supreme Court based its decision on intergenerational equity—a principle stating that every generation has an obligation to protect the environment for the next.Representation of future generations in courts is not a new concept, nor is it unique to the Philippines. By examining national laws, treaties and conventions and court decisions by both domestic and international courts, this article aims to show how intergenerational equity has been widely recognised by almost all countries globally as evidence of state practice and opinio juris.This article argues that the principle of intergenerational equity is ripe for consideration as customary international law and discusses how domestic and international courts and tribunals have been instrumental in establishing such and recommends that children and unborn generations be given legal standing as a necessary consequence.

Clara Luper, Freedom's Classroom, and the Civil Rights Movement: A Conversation with Marilyn Luper Hildreth

Clara Luper, Freedom's Classroom, and the Civil Rights MovementA Conversation with Marilyn Luper Hildreth Editorial note: The University of Oklahoma Press's new edition of Behold the Walls is forthcoming in August 2023. Click for larger view View full resolution Ebony Iman Dallas, Songs of Freedom (2021), acrylic and Ghanaian textiles on hand-carved birchwood / Portrait of activist and teacher Clara Luper singing with members of the NAACP Youth Council [End Page 14] BEARING WITNESS In his ongoing column, which appears in every other issue, Karlos K. Hill highlights the efforts of cultural figures doing works of essential good around issues of social justice. ON AUGUST 19, 1958, a high school history teacher named Clara Luper and thirteen members of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Youth Council, ranging in age from seven to fifteen, organized a sit-in at a segregated Katz Drug Store in downtown Oklahoma City. Within two days, the Katz Drug Company had desegregated not just this one local store but more than fifty locations in states across the Midwest. One of the first sit-ins of the civil rights movement, this peaceful protest by a small group of young activists would galvanize future demonstrators in Oklahoma City and throughout the nation. Over the next six years, Clara Luper and her students organized sit-ins, layins, and boycotts that would eventually lead to the desegregation of white downtown stores and restaurants in advance of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. By courageously fighting against injustice while simultaneously centering youth activism, Luper created an enduring legacy of nurturing social change through nonviolent civil disobedience. Clara Luper passed away in June 2011. On May 3, 2023, she would have turned one hundred years old. Additionally, August 19, 2023, will mark the sixty- fifth anniversary of the historic Katz Drug Store sit-in. In anticipation of these upcoming commemorations, I talked with Clara Luper's daughter, Marilyn Luper Hildreth, who participated in the Katz Drug Store sit-in, to help me understand its significance. Click for larger view View full resolution Karlos Hill: To start with a simple question, can you explain to readers who Clara Luper was to you? Marilyn Luper Hildreth: Clara Luper was my mother. And not only was she my mother, but she was a mother to many other children, both in our community and in our society. She would always make room for another child. Mom was a teacher before she became the Youth Council adviser, and she was really popular with her students. She enjoyed creating experiences for young people that they otherwise could never have had, and that was especially true in the classroom. She had a way of bringing history alive in her classes. For example, in order that they could better understand the functions of the government in Washington, DC, she had her students take part in mock elections, where they cast votes to elect fellow classmates as senators, members of the House of Representatives, and president. And for fifty years she took young people to the NAACP National Convention, including people who I call the "have-nots." They did not have a lot of money and did not have a lot of things, but she wanted to give them that opportunity, because she was able to see things in young people that others overlooked. [End Page 15] She believed that all children can learn, so she had to find out how best to teach those young people in order to motivate them to be the best that they could be. She remembered every one of her students for the rest of her life. She had a real concern for them and felt deeply committed to them, and they felt the same way about her. They knew that she would always be honest with them. Even when she was correcting them, they knew that she was trying to help guide them in the right direction. She tried to bring out the best in everyone she dealt with. Hill: Can you share a favorite story about your mother, perhaps a time when she helped to guide you in that same kind of way? Luper Hildreth: Mom...

"Criminal" Law Politics Regarding the Legalization of Citizenship Documents (Apostille) in Indonesia

The legalization of citizenship documents is not only an administrative matter in countries whose administrative systems exist throughout the world. Philosophically, the purpose of legalization is to protect and create legal certainty for every user. Therefore it is necessary to analyze the political role of criminal law about the apostille and which citizenship documents are part of the apostille. Because Indonesia's international interaction policy resulted in the ratification of many national conventions, including the Congress on the Elimination of Legalization of Foreign Public Documents. The use of all documents is the right and obligation of each person to comply with all applicable regulations in different countries. The use of documents and their evidentiary system regulated in the Decree of the Minister of Law and Human Rights Number 6 of 2022 is a national policy that provides legal protection and certainty to all users and those who have the authority to legalize citizen documents. The practices offered are administrative and public (criminal) rights. The emergence of a criminal justice policy regarding the authentication of citizenship documents that applies in 121 countries is urgently needed to protect, for example, parties or bodies authorized to carry out authentication. One of the state institutions authorized to legalize civil documents is a notary. Based on the Notary Law, the position of Notary is called an official who has the authority to handle special requests from the public related to Notaries. It should be noted that documents that can be used both domestically and abroad must be legalized by 5 (five) authorities, namely the Document Authority, the Indonesian Ministry of Law and Human Rights, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Consulate. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the destination country and Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the destination country.

Lex Mercatoria as Substantive Applicable Law of International Sale and Purchase Contracts

This study aims to analyze lex mercatoria as a substantive applicable law international sale and purchase contract. The research method used is a qualitative method. The research results show that international trade activities often lead to disputes between the parties. And the choice of dispute settlement can be made either in court or in arbitration. There are two types of law that apply and are used in international arbitration, namely arbitration procedure law and arbitration substantive law. The substantive law is in the form of a country's national law and/or international conventions related to contracts and lex mercatoria. Lex mercatoria is the law of traders derived from trade usages and general principles of law. CISG can be classified as one of the lex mercatoria because there are principles that generally govern sales and purchase contracts which are referred to as the general principles of international contract law so that the general law principles in this contract are applied as substantive law by arbitrator judges in deciding contract disputes, international sale and purchase in international arbitration.