ABSTRACT The seemingly contentious insinuations on Nation-Nationalism often rely on certain ‘objective’ criteria to define this conceptual duo. This paper tries to demonstrate that more than the objective categories, the tumultuous upheavals in the socio-cultural-political realm augur the metamorphosis of the value structure in a society that paves the way for the emergence of a plausible new social order. That upended social order wherein homogenization of power within culture emerges as the nucleus, and that remains the axiomatic proposition for a community to imagine itself as Nationals. By invoking Ernest Gellner's framework, this study seeks to decode the contributions of an iconoclast E V Ramasamy in the Tamil-speaking region of India, whose attempts were not merely to ‘reform’ the caste structure but to reconstitute the society into national consciousness.

The relevance of the research. The full-scale war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine is not only military but also of a distinct civilizational, cultural and informational nature. The aggressor is systematically trying to destroy Ukrainian statehood, deny the identity of the Ukrainian people, destroy its language, historical memory and cultural heritage. In such conditions, education becomes of particular importance as a strategic space for the formation of national consciousness, civic responsibility, spiritual stability and value orientations of the young generation. One important means of implementing these tasks is Ukrainian studies, which is an integrative system of knowledge about Ukraine, the Ukrainian people, its historical path, culture, language, traditions, state-building processes, and modern social challenges. It is the Ukrainian studies content of education that contributes to the awareness of students of their own national belonging, the formation of historical memory, the development of critical thinking and resistance to destructive information influences. Of particular relevance is the study of practical approaches to introducing Ukrainian studies into the educational process, in particular through students' scientific and research activities, competitions, projects, and other intellectual initiatives. In this context, the analysis of the topics of students' works of the International Contest on Ukrainian Studies as a reflection of worldviews, social demands and values of modern youth is of significant scientific interest. The purpose of the article is to implement the role of Ukrainian studies in the formation of the national identity of students and the social consolidation of Ukrainianness, to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the topics of scientific and research works of students - winners of the XIX International Contest on Ukrainian Studies (2026) as an indicator of value orientations, national consciousness and civic maturity of students in the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war. Conclusions. Analysis of the topics of scientific and research works of the XIX International Contest on Ukrainian Studies showed a high level of social sensitivity of modern youth to the current problems of Ukraine. The priority areas of student research were issues of culture, language, historical memory, statehood, heroism of the defenders of Ukraine, social consolidation, information security and environmental responsibility. This indicates a deep awareness among schoolchildren of the importance of the humanitarian front in the struggle for state independence. It has been established that the participation of students in scientific and research activities contributes to the development of analytical thinking, skills in working with sources, a critical understanding of social processes, the ability to draw independent conclusions, and civic activity. At the same time, such activities perform an important educational function, forming patriotism, historical memory, and a sense of belonging to the Ukrainian political nation. It is determined that Ukrainian studies in the educational space of wartime are an effective tool for social consolidation, the formation of a stable national identity, and the upbringing of a generation of young citizens capable of acting responsibly in Ukraine's interests.

The nation and nation-ness have occupied an eminent place in the historiography of the Habsburg Monarchy. In early scholarly works, imagined as a natural form of human community, the nation was blamed for the downfall of the monarchy. More recently, scholars have convincingly argued that nation-ness was not relevant in all situations and for all people. However, less attention has been given to the attempts at seeding an “Austrian” (imperial) national idea in the minds of the empire’s inhabitants. The 1850s saw important developments in this regard: leading Austrian statesmen and public intellectuals recognized the need for a proper “Austrian consciousness.” One of them was the secretary of state under the minister for education, Joseph Alexander von Helfert. His main concern was an Austrian national history that would set the ground for a proper Austrian national consciousness. In this article, I will explore the Helfertian concept of the Austrian nation, paying special attention to its multi-layered contexts and the historian’s major project, Österreichische Geschichte für das Volk, a popularizing synthesis of Austrian history that was to nurture Austrian patriotism, but ultimately failed to transmit a coherent image of the empire’s complex history.

This article examines the previously overlooked significance of Antonio Gramsci’s theorization of cosmopolitanism, proper to Italy’s nation formation, for the critical discourse on the Italian nation and diaspora. It argues that Gramsci’s perspective on Italian cosmopolitanism allows us to better understand the complex relationships between the two categories in both historiographical and theoretical terms and illuminate their definitions, shortcomings, and potentials. The essay approaches Gramsci’s shift from the cosmopolitanism of intellectuals to the modern cosmopolitanism of Italian emigrant workers and their organic intellectuals as a response to the liberal and fascist transnational nationalism that considered the Italian diaspora as an extension of the nation and Italian emigrants as agents of imperialist expansion. By contrast, Gramsci suggests that, given the failed nationalization of the masses, a distinct, cosmopolitan national consciousness of the Italian people can be formed in diaspora. Through the diasporic dimension, Gramsci reconceptualizes the Italian nation as cosmopolitan, constituting a different transnational formation beyond the nation-state, and reclaims modern cosmopolitanism as an alternative Italian national project. Gramsci’s account of cosmopolitanism and his notion of a cosmopolitan nation not only anticipate foundational works in Italian diaspora studies but, most importantly, constitute a crucial conceptual contribution to the field on its own terms.

Literature always played an important role in shaping societies, cultures, and nations. As a powerful tool for the transmission of ideas, values, and experiences, literature can serve as an educational medium, particularly for fostering national consciousness. Therefore, this study aims to identify, evaluate, and understands the role of literature as a tool of national education in raising national consciousness and shaping national identity. This qualitative study employs content analysis and library research methods based on Lukacs’ theory of realism, to examine Rahman Shaari’s perspectives on national identity in his novels Pernikahan di Lubuk Hantu, Semoga Molek, and Cengkaman Hasrat. The findings show that Rahman Shaari’s works truly emphasize efforts to educate society towards preserving and promoting Malaysian National Identity. His discourse on elevating Bahasa Melayu and preserving Malaysia’s cultural heritage underscores his commitment to national identity. The study concludes that Rahman Shaari’s portrayal of national identity is aligns with the realities of Malaysian society and Lukacs’ aesthetic principles, positively impacting and demonstrating the role of literature as an effective tool for national education. Subsequently, this study could serve as a resource for future studies specifically on how literature worldwide influences national identity across diverse societies.

Focusing on the issue of national cultural connotation and narrative strategy in Chinese modern novels in the early 20th century, this paper introduces digital humanities and text computing methods, and constructs an analysis framework composed of national cultural implication representation, narrative strategy structural identification, multi-dimensional feature correlation analysis and parameter adaptive adjustment. Based on the corpus of representative modern novels from 1918 to 1932, this paper jointly identified the cultural dimensions and narrative bearing modes such as national consciousness, ethical order, subject awakening, custom memory through text cleaning, hierarchical annotation, feature extraction and model training. The results show that the Accuracy of the proposed framework reaches 91.4%, the F1 value reaches 89.8%, and the RMSE is reduced to 0.146 under the condition of a unified corpus, which is better than the fixed threshold model, BiLSTM model and Text-GNN model. Ablation experiments and robustness tests further show that multidimensional association analysis and parameter adaptation mechanism play an important role in stable interpretation in complex literary contexts. The results show that computer-aided analysis can provide comparable and retractable structural evidence for the study of national culture of modern Chinese novels in the early 20th century, and also provide a new way for the integration of modern literature research and digital humanities methods.

This article examines the decisive role of Heydar Aliyev, the National Leader of Azerbaijan, in preserving and promoting the literary and cultural heritage of Nizami Ganjavi within the broader context of Soviet ideological constraints and post-independence nation-building. It argues that Aliyev’s strong political will, strategic vision, and national consciousness enabled the institutionalization of Azerbaijani classical literature as a core element of national identity. Particular attention is given to the unprecedented celebration of Nizami Ganjavi’s 840th anniversary during the Soviet period, which marked a significant ideological and cultural breakthrough. The article highlights how Aliyev’s initiatives—ranging from state decrees and preservation of cultural monuments to the promotion of literary scholarship—laid the foundation for modern Nizami studies (Nizami studies) and fostered a new generation of nationally oriented scholars. Furthermore, the study explores the continuity of this cultural policy under Ilham Aliyev, emphasizing the institutional expansion of Nizami’s global recognition through international forums, translations, and commemorative events. The declaration of 2021 as the “Year of Nizami Ganjavi” is interpreted as a culmination of this long-term cultural strategy. The article concludes that the “Heydar Aliyev stage” in Nizami studies represents a pivotal turning point in the nationalization, globalization, and sustainable development of Azerbaijani literary heritage.

The socio-psychological and political-legal transformation of religion is studied through the prism of spiritualcultural, socio-political and security manifestations that determine the current state and prospects for the development of Ukraine in the near future. Changes in religious identity are analyzed and the specifics of the interaction of religious institutions with state structures, their influence on the formation of national consciousness and the cultivation of moral and ethical values are determined. The main attention is focused on the religious studies objectification of key factors of the revitalization of religion (the growth of the role of religious organizations and institutions, the restoration of their viability and the strengthening of their influence on the socio-political and spiritual-cultural life of the Ukrainian people, the choice of their moral and spiritual imperatives etc). The regularity of the growth of the potential of religion (Church) at the individual and collective levels is substantiated, which is largely due to the Russian-Ukrainian war and the many challenges determined by it in various spheres of our social existence. An attempt has been made to verify the place of religious organizations, in particular Orthodox churches, their positions, ideological and value orientations, narratives and participation in modern state-building processes, as well as their readiness to respond to post-materialist trends and political transformations, which are especially pronounced during serious threats, military conflicts and the preservation of national spiritual and cultural identity on this basis, ensuring social stability and security.

ABSTRACT This paper examines the evolution of modern Chinese nationalism, highlighting the predominance of Han 漢 nationalism and Zhonghua Minzu 中華民族 nationalism in contemporary Chinese historiography. Employing text analysis as the principal research methodology, this study analyses Chinese history textbooks from several mainstream publishers in Hong Kong since the 1960s. This paper focuses on the representation of race and ethnic identity in Hong Kong's textbooks, underscoring the central role of the Han in Chinese historical narratives. This explores how notions such as ‘Sinicization 漢化’ and ‘cultural superiority’ have historically framed the Han's ‘assimilation’ and ‘incorporation’ of other ethnic minorities, thereby shaping the nationalistic concept of Zhonghua Minzu as articulated by modern China and constructing a narrative akin to the ‘Han Man's Burden’. This paper argues that Hong Kong's Chinese history textbooks reflect dual forms of Chinese nationalist consciousness: Han nationalism and Zhonghua Minzu nationalism. Over time, Zhonghua Minzu nationalism has supplanted Han nationalism as the prevailing nationalist ideology within the Chinese history curriculum. The historical and national perspectives of the new curriculum reflect Hong Kong's education and ideology, which are increasingly aligned with those of mainland China.

Literary works produced during colonial periods often function as sites where language, ideology, and resistance intersect. In Indonesian literary history, the poetry of Chairil Anwar occupies a central position in articulating nationalist consciousness during the late colonial era. While existing scholarship has extensively discussed the thematic dimensions of Anwar’s poetry, comparatively limited attention has been given to how linguistic form itself contributes to the construction of resistance and nationalism. Addressing this gap, the present study aims to examine how stylistic features in Chairil Anwar’s patriotic poetry linguistically represent colonial resistance and national identity. The study adopts a qualitative stylistic research design. Data consists of selected patriotic poems by Chairil Anwar sourced from authoritative published collections. Using a stylistic framework informed by established models in literary linguistics, the analysis focuses on lexical choice, figurative language, and syntactic structure. Data were analyzed through systematic identification, close interpretation, and contextualization of linguistically salient features within the sociohistorical context of colonial Indonesia. The findings reveal that nationalism and resistance are constructed through dense resistance-oriented lexicon, symbolic imagery grounded in collective experience, and syntactic patterns emphasizing agency, urgency, and unity. These stylistic strategies work cohesively to embed ideological meaning within poetic form rather than presenting it explicitly. The study demonstrates that language functions as an active ideological resource in Anwar’s poetry. This research contributes to Indonesian literary studies by providing a linguistically grounded analysis of nationalist poetry and highlights the value of stylistics for examining non-Anglophone literary traditions within postcolonial scholarship.

This study examines the revitalization of Pancasila values in the digital era as a strategic framework for strengthening moral and civic awareness among Indonesian youth. Amid rapid technological development and globalization, national identity, social cohesion, and ethical values face increasing challenges. Using a descriptive-analytical method with a conceptual and normative legal approach, the study explores how digital transformation influences moral reasoning, social behavior, and national consciousness. The revitalization of Pancasila is implemented through digital literacy programs, ethical education, and civic engagement reflecting the principles of humanity, unity, democracy, and social justice. Grounded in the 1945 Constitution and Law No. 20 of 2003 on the National Education System, the study highlights the importance of integrating civic, moral, and digital ethics education. It also identifies digital threats such as misinformation, cyberbullying, and online radicalization. A multi-sectoral strategy involving government, educators, and digital communities is proposed to strengthen ethical awareness and ideological resilience among youth.

Carrying out the construction of campus culture in colleges and universities from the perspective of strengthening the consciousness of the Chinese nation's community is not only a practical need for colleges and universities to strengthen national unity education in the new era, but also an inherent requirement to continuously strengthen socialist ideological education. By creating material carriers, strengthening cultural creation, improving system construction and building brand activities, we can achieve the integrated development of education for the consciousness of the Chinese nation community and the construction of campus culture in colleges and universities from multiple dimensions such as material culture, spiritual culture, institutional culture and behavioral culture, so as to better exert the educational effectiveness of colleges and universities and improve the level of campus cultural connotation construction.

ABSTRACT This article examines the concept of temporal liminality in post-Oslo Palestine as referenced in the life-writings by Mourid Barghouti, Ghada Karmi, and Sari Nusseibeh. These testimonial texts depict the precarious and complex postcoloniality introduced by the Oslo Accords in 1993. Specifically, they document, historicize, contextualize, and complicate the unprecedented overlap of settler colonialism, postcolonialism, and anti-colonialism. The article investigates the narration of the inconsistent and incomplete transformation of the Palestinian political movement from an anti-colonial resistance organization to an accommodating postcolonial polity, a problematic conversion that accentuates what Franz Fanon calls the “pitfalls of national consciousness”. Drawing on these narratives, it critically interrogates the transformation’s aftermath, arguing that Oslo entrenched a permanent colonial state of suspension, institutionalizing liminality as the defining condition of Palestinian political life. The concept of liminality is employed to scrutinize the discontents and complications that arise from an interim phase that lingered beyond its intended temporality.

ABSTRACT Accounts of Achmat Dangor’s Bitter Fruit have tended to focus on its engagement with gender violence and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. This article approaches the novel from a wider historical frame, looking back to the 1970/80s mass democratic movement and contextualizing Dangor’s writing and politics within the grass-roots activism and anti-elite cultural work that characterized the period. In this way, it shows how the silence and failures of dialogue that mark Bitter Fruit index the dismantling of mass politics that attended the formal ending of apartheid. Approaching this structure through Frantz Fanon’s account of national consciousness, the article engages with contemporary revisions of Fredric Jameson’s thesis on national allegory in Third-World Literature, arguing that the novel presents a transitional or vestigial national allegory. Silence thus reflects the political retreat of the new nation, while simultaneously undermining the public consciousness of the allegorical form itself.

French gastronomy is a significant aspect of French life, combining culture and language, providing plenty food for thought and analysis on their interaction, interpenetration, and mutual influence. In this article, the author proposes to consider the phenomenon of synergy in the development of French gastronomy and gastronomic literature. The gastronomic tradition in France developed not only as a culinary art, but also thanks in large part to the works of culinary critics and the literary works of chefs themselves. The article diachronically examines national characteristics and the broad genre palette of this interaction. Language captured culinary ideas, methods, and knowledge, transmitted and disseminated them through intellectual literary forms, and cemented them in the national consciousness. The empirical material for this article includes cookbooks, philosophical works, works by chefs and literary critics, and journalistic materials from the printed press, which have not previously been published in Russian and are unfamiliar to Russian readers, which determines the novelty of this study. The methodological framework of the work relies on an interdisciplinary approach and incorporates a range of scientific methods, including contextual-interpretive analysis, historical description, a diachronic approach, cultural-background interpretation, and an axiological method related to the study of culture as a set of values. The relevance of the topic stems from the linguistic and cultural focus of the study: the French gastronomic tradition has been understudied from a linguistic perspective. At the same time, gastronomic discourse in France is socially significant, embodying value-oriented categories of interest to researchers in various fields of the humanities.

Objective: This article presents ideas and reflections on the necessity, methods, and consequences of balancing the relationship between technogenic and national consciousness. Furthermore, it analyzes the social consequences of the erosion of national consciousness under the conditions of a technogenic civilization, based on scientific literature. Method: This article utilizes theoretical analysis, comparative analysis, a systematic approach, and logical generalization to study the issue of ensuring a balance between technogenic and national consciousness. Results: From the views expressed by various scholars on the concept of technogenic consciousness, we can understand that it is: a positive phenomenon; a factor in technological and economic development; a form of social consciousness inherent in people; a set of creative elements associated with human mental activity; and a form of social consciousness that teaches the use of technology and techniques. The advancement of techniques and technologies outpacing people's consciousness and thinking can lead to negative social impacts, dependency on technology, and the formation of a technocratic environment. At the same time, technogenic consciousness contributes to material well-being, labor productivity, intellectual growth, and social development, while globalization, automation, and artificial intelligence accelerate its formation. Novelty: To preserve national consciousness, it is advisable to ensure that technogenic consciousness develops in tandem with national consciousness. It is crucial that this process unfolds not by eroding the national consciousness, but by enhancing it, positioning technogenic consciousness as a key force in aligning human development with technological progress.

ABSTRACT This article examines Gandhi’s conception of Hindustani as a unifying national language during India’s independence movement and investigates why this inclusive linguistic project failed to secure institutional support. By analyzing colonial records, freedom movement debates, and institutional networks, I argue that political dynamics (within and outside the Congress), administrative policies (colonial and postcolonial), and ideological divisions (in education, cultural organizations, and others) systematically fragmented Hindustani into religiously divided Hindi-Urdu varieties. Competing visions of linguistic nationalism transformed language policy into sectarian politics, with the ‘ghost of Hindustani’ representing an unrealized framework for cultural synthesis.

Statement of the problem. The work of the outstanding Chinese composer and pianist Chu Wanghua (储望华) played a key role in the formation of national piano music, but the musician’s appeal to the genre model of capriccio requires in-depth understanding. The analysis is made of “Xinjiang Capricio” (1978) and “Capriccio Suite – Sounds of Lin’yin” (1982), which represent two different periods in the artist’s creative biography. Objectives, methods, and novelty of the research. The purpose of the article is to identify the specifics of the composer’s interpretation of the capriccio genre in Chu Wanghua’s piano works. Research methodology is based on a comprehensive approach and historical-typological, genre-stylistic, interpretative, comparative, philosophical-aesthetic methods. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the study of the features of the embodiment of the capriccio genre in Chu Wanghua’s piano work. Research results. When comparing the earlier “Xinjiang Capriccio” with the work of the new stage “Capriccio Suite – Sounds of Lin’in”, the transformation of the capriccio genre in Chu Wanhua�s piano music can generally be defined as a movement of national consciousness from emotional and spontaneous expression to rational and philosophical generalization. “Xinjiang Capriccio” represents the ethnographic and virtuoso Listian type of the genre, demonstrating rhapsodic changes of contrasting dance episodes. The work relies on a tonal and harmonic system, direct quotation of Uyghur folklore, imitation of folk dance rhythms and bravura pianistic virtuosity. In contrast, “Capriccio Suite – Sounds of Lin’in” demonstrates a psychological and philosophical type of capriccio, where the composer refuses direct quotation of folklore and tonal certainty. Chu Wanhua takes national identity to a deeper, structural level: he finds the national in the specific construction of dodecaphonic series through hidden pentatonicity and unique colorism, imitating the timbre of the guqin and bells through second clusters and melismatics. Using strict Western dodecaphonic, the artist paradoxically achieved absolute creative freedom, creating a work in which Western modern composition techniques perfectly combined with the Chinese national spirit. Conclusion. Chu Wanghua proved that the capriccio genre in Chinese music can reveal a multitude of artistic ideas – from the spectacular presentation of folklore material to the expression of extremely complex philosophical concepts.

В статье рассматривается значение проблем образования и воспитания в контексте тюркского мировоззрения как ключевого фактора формирования национального духа казахской молодежи. Автор подчеркивает, что, несмотря на признание образования и воспитания фундаментальными основами развития общества, их эффективность раскрывается лишь в сочетании с нравственными и духовными ценностями, составляющими ядро тюркской философии. В ходе исследования проводится анализ духовного наследия выдающихся мыслителей — Аль-Фараби, Ахмета Яссауи, Шакарима, Абая и других представителей тюркской интеллектуальной традиции. Особое внимание уделяется их взглядам на гармонию знания и нравственности, духовное совершенствование личности, воспитание ответственности и стремления к общественному благу. Проблема сохранения национального сознания и культурной целостности в условиях глобализации рассматривается через призму идей тюркской философии, где устойчивость духовных основ общества определяется преемственностью ценностей. Доказано, что учение Яссауи о добродетели, духовной зрелости и социальной ответственности может служить методологической опорой в воспитании современной молодежи. В статье также раскрывается роль национальных ценностей, родного языка и духовно-нравственного воспитания в системе образования. На основе анализа делается вывод о том, что духовно-нравственное воспитание, основанное на тюркском мировоззрении, является важнейшим механизмом укрепления национального иммунитета, сохранения идентичности и формирования устойчивого национального духа.

The 20th century went down in history as an era of totalitarianism, when in many countries of the world, primarily in the USSR, the state machine completely subjugated society and the individual. To show how, as a result of the export of the power of Russian Bolshevism to most of the Ukrainian lands and the involvement of the quasi-state of the Ukrainian SSR in the new neo-empire in the form of the USSR, a purposeful destruction of the remnants of the sovereignty of national statehood and the washing out of national consciousness unfolded, a component of which was the destruction of the foundations of Ukrainian identity. Novelty. The features of the development of the dissident movement are revealed, conditionally along the following lines: national-cultural, political, human rights, and religious. Attention is drawn to the fact that, initiated primarily by poets, the sixties movement soon acquired an artistic, philosophical-ideological, scientific, and socio-political direction. Methods. In covering this issue, methods of historicism, anthropology, systematicity, complexity, continuity, objectivity, refutation of false statements and distortions were used. The tools of Ukrainian studies as a comprehensive system of knowledge about Ukraine and Ukrainianness played a major role. Conclusions. The article emphasizes that the «cognitive rebellion» that arose in the 1960s witnessed the growth of the role of the intelligentsia, which began to shake the colossus called the “USSR”, which turned out to be on clay feet and, naturally, fell, scattering into pieces.