National Concept Research Articles

The Cognitive Trap of Rousseau's "Organic Metaphor" and the Construction of U.S. Policy in Europe and Eurasia

The ideological dimension of international relations and foreign policy represents a distinct area of interaction, often situated at the intersection of political theory and philosophy. This study explores how metaphors, particularly Rousseau’s Organic Metaphor and its adaptation by Woodrow Wilson in his conceptualization of nationalism, function as powerful cognitive tools within the political sphere. These metaphors can act as "cognitive keys" that shape the perception of socio-political realities, influencing both the understanding and actions of political actors. However, while they provide a framework for understanding the internal logic of events, they also limit cognitive freedom by acting as implicit filters. This article traces the instrumental use of these metaphors in U.S. foreign policy, particularly how Wilson’s conceptualization of nationalism, derived from Rousseau’s metaphor, was utilized to reshape the ideational landscape of European politics in the 20th century and is now being applied in Eurasia. The concept of nationalism allowed for the fragmentation of competing political entities, aligning with the U.S. strategy of divide et impera to oppose integration movements. The article further examines how these strategies, which once targeted European empires, are now being employed against emerging integration unions in Eurasia, thereby highlighting the continuity of ideological tools in American foreign policy across different historical contexts.

We are wales: taking the hospital to the community - an engagement experiment

Abstract In Wales we are facing two major barriers to public health engagement. The first is describing our communities as ‘hard to reach’ when in public service we make little effort to reach them, and second, we do not consider in population level research or practice how we are perpetuating the sense of, and real, inequality in our communities that our work on social determinants of health and health inequalities seeks to address. In Wales we want to take the ‘hospital to the community’; to meet people where they are at, where they live and work and where they experience barriers to inclusion, discrimination, lack of trust and fear. ‘We are Wales’ is is built on the Museum of the United Nations concept of a global we - except we will start small with a small nation that as yet has not worked out how to include and involve everyone in our communities in the policy and practice decisions that may help, or hinder us all from leading a healthier, happier life. ‘We are Wales’ is a simple concept; it is about amplifying and connecting people who would not normally do so, because they do not have the resources or capacity to travel or take time out. It is about equal power in a connection to find solutions to adversity and trauma caused by structural inequality; it is about relationships, inclusion, kindness and compassion - and listening, sharing and taking action without judgement. We have taken a dome to communities in economically deprived areas of Wales and stimulated conversation between politicians, young people and communities around the concept of home. Using a virtual reality dome to project images to encourage discussion we have provided a safe space to amplify and include the voices of those who want to be heard and deserve to be listened to. Key messages • ‘Take the hospital to the community’ - meet people where they are at and feel safe. • power sharing and an equal place at the table stimulates ideas and knowledge change in a trauma-informed way.

An ideology of deserving: A historical analysis of the United States' immigration policies governing forced migration and social welfare

AbstractLegislation governs both the admittance and treatment of forced migrants in the United States. Increasingly, many forced migrants are offered few welfare benefits, temporary protection, and no pathway to permanent residency. This paper explores forced migrants' legal categories and access to social welfare, focusing on five humanitarian protection statuses: Temporary Protected Status, Humanitarian Parole, Asylum Seeker, Refugee, and Asylee. Based on the concepts of welfare nationalism and the Protestant Work Ethic, our historical analysis examines the Welfare Reform Act of 1996 to see how this landmark legislation shaped access to welfare for noncitizens. We then focus on the emergence of humanitarian statuses since the 1950s and the legislation that constructed them. We conclude that immigration legislation governing forced migrants underlies an ideology of deserving, where some are treated as more meritorious than others. Thus, we call for welfare scholars to elevate immigration status as a key category in their research.

Comrades' Courts in the Soviet Period of Russian Statehood as a Form of Non-Professional Justice

The formation and development of comrades’ justice in the Soviet period of Russian statehood is associated with the implementation of the unified national concept of the court, conditioned not so much by professional justice as by the mass participation of non-professional judges from the people in court. The jurisdiction of cases heard in public courts was regulated by the relevant provisions and criminal codes, providing that these courts considered minor crimes, both by virtue of a direct indication in the law, and by way of delegation of the function of justice by the courts or the prosecutor’s office in each specific case. The activities of the comrades’ courts are divided into three periods. The first period — from 1919 to 1922 — is characterized by the disciplinary orientation of the comrades’ courts authorized to consider all violations of labor legislation. The second period — from 1928 to the beginning of the Great Patriotic War — is characterized by a variety of comrades’ and public courts that covered various spheres of economic, social and political activities, from Soviet enterprises and institutions to collective farms. Its main purpose was to free public courts from a mass of minor offenses and property disputes, as well as ensuring productivity growth and combating disruptors of production in enterprises and institutions. The third period — from the late 1950s to 1991 — set the goal of strengthening socialist democracy by involving a wide range of workers in the management of public affairs, including through comradely justice, which defined comrades’ courts as quasi-judicial bodies of public and state power, intrinsically inscribed in the concept of a socialist national state.

INDONESIAN NATION BUILDING DISCOURSES IN JAPANESE NEWSFILMS, 1942–1945

As an important chapter in Indonesia's modern history, Japanese occupation had profound impacts on every aspect of the nation's culture and society. It was at this time that Japan started to develop and manage Indonesian film industry which was crucial in providing the idealized and positive role models needed to strengthen and reaffirm Indonesian nationalism. Considering the importance of this industry, this paper aims to investigate how the concepts of nationalism and national characters unique to Indonesia are defined and reinforced in wartime newsreels used as social communication tools under Japanese imperial control. The method used in this study is discourse analysis to observe the ideological messages inside the newsreels important for nation building. The result of this study shows that the main elements in films of this period are systemically designed to construct narrative in line with Indonesia’s nation building despite its nature as media of Japanese propaganda. Through the use of cinematic discourses, newsreels tend to visualize images of an emerging nation having successfully developed a sense of identity and national belonging. This analysis is further contextualized with the propaganda reports of the time to identify how the Japanese inspired nationalism is still embodied in modern texts.

Classical Sociologists' views of the Nation and its Main Paradigms About the Origin of the Kurds

This interdisciplinary article addresses two primary investigations: the sociological standpoint on the notion of nation and fundamental approaches concerning the Kurds' origin. Consequently, we seek responses to the following pair of inquiries: Firstly, it delves into the foundational aspects of understanding the origin of Kurds and Kurdish nationalism, questioning its historiography. Secondly, it investigates the categorization of fundamental ideas and approaches regarding nation and nationalism and examines the extent of their influence on Kurdish literature in the related field. The study takes a dual perspective. Initially, it explores the perspectives of classical sociologists such as Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, and George Simmel on the concept of nation. In contrast to historical perspectives, sociologists analyze the notion through the prisms of social solidarity, moral environment, citizenship, Western rationality, and the nation as a superstructure. The second part of the article delves into the core approaches of primordialism, constructionism, and ethno-symbolism. The study concludes that the investigation into the origins of Kurds is a relatively recent development, influenced by a myriad of external and internal factors. Kurdish researchers have conducted their studies within the framework of the three above-mentioned methods, with visible differences of opinion regarding the origin of Kurds and Kurdish nationalism. Simultaneously, a distinct approach is emerging, asserting the uniqueness of the Kurdish issue and suggesting it transcends common modern paradigms.

CLASSIFICATION OF SIMPLE AND COMPLEX PAREMIOLOGICAL UNITS

In this article, simple and complex paremiological phraseological combinations, concepts of nationality, culture, mentality are inextricably linked with language, and they are analyzed in different genres of paremiological language.

Nacionalismus vs. internacionalismus. Karel Hlaváček mezi Moderní revue a sokolstvím

The paper deals with the concept of nation, or Czechness, in the views of the poet, theoretician and artist Karel Hlaváček (1874–1898). In the mid-nineties of the 19th century, Hlaváček belonged to the inner circle around the magazine Moderní revue. In this environment, issues related to national identity, especially in the field of art and culture, but also in the political and social context, were often discussed. At that time, however, Hlaváček was also active in the Sokol association, whose national, i.e. Czech, dimension was not negligible. The texts he published in the Sokol press often differed significantly from those in the pages of Moderní revue, even in terms of the concept of the nation. The difference between the well-known text Nacionalism a internationalism (Moderní revue, December 1896) and his extensive study of Sokol as a social movement, which he published a few months later in the magazine Sokol (October 1897), is absolutely crucial. Hlaváček’s views will be placed in the broader intellectual context of European decadent art.

Methodological analysis of theories of the concept of nation

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the main theoretical frameworks, taking a deeper look at theories related to the understanding of the issue of nationhood. Concepts and works of scientists who founded this concept were distinguished. Various perspectives on the formation of ethnic identity in modern societywere explored.Because the nation is a complex and multifaceted structure that includes various disciplines and has attracted the attention of researchers. Any kind of understanding of the problem of the nation creates certain methodological difficulties during its research. It is important to compare the ways of understanding it and to identify the relevant points of view.The article analyzes the approaches of primordialism, constructivism and instrumentalism. And in the course of the discussion, theories that offer opposing views on ethnic identities will be discussed. Through this multidimensional analysis, the article attempts to provide a comprehensive account of the study of ethnic identity.Combining insights from various theoretical perspectives, it offers insights into the dynamic nature of ethnic identities and their relationship to social cohesion and cultural diversity in contemporary societies. The importance of combining different theories for a comprehensive understanding of the nation is emphasized and recommendations are made for developing an appreciation of cultural diversity

Udělování československého státního občanství „krajanům vracejícím se do vlasti“ podle ústavního zákona č. 74/1946 Sb.

The aim of this article is to highlight certain aspects of the application of Constitutional Act No. 74/1946 on the granting of citizenship to compatriots returning to their homeland, and to present some of the research brought to light from archival collections of the post-war Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare and of the Czechoslovak Foreign Institute. The article points out that remigration under article 1 of the above-quoted Constitutional Act was not merely a privileged naturalization as was remigration under article 2 – compatriots were legally entitled to citizenship. Attention is paid especially to the contemporary extensive interpretation, which we could capture through the maxim in favorem remigrationis. Hence, for example, the legal terms “liberation of Czechoslovak territory from enemy occupation” and “Czechoslovak resettlement action” used to be interpreted remarkably broadly in the administrative practice of the post-war republic. In addition, the study reflects on the concepts of nation that have been crucial in determining the state’s policy on compatriots and remigration, and it looks for parallels with the recent compatriot policy of the Government of the Czech Republic.

Ecosystem accounting as a component of managing Ukraineʼs recovery on the basis of sustainable development

In the context of global and national goals of sustainable development, the data of the traditional accounting system is not enough to assess the benefits that society receives from ecosystems and their services, as well as the analysis of anthropogenic impact on the natural environment. In this regard, the international communityʼs efforts formed the concept of ecosystem accounting, the data of which characterize the importance of ecosystems for national economies and humanity. The article aims to reveal the conceptual foundations, objects and accounts of ecosystem accounting and identify the factors that determine the need for its implementation as an essential component of managing the recovery of Ukraine based on sustainable development. The research is based on the method of analogy and abstract thinking. The research hypothesis – the feasibility of introducing ecosystem accounting in Ukraine – was proven using the methods of analysis and synthesis, induction, deduction and comparison based on the results of previous studies on the assessment of the effectiveness of ecosystem accounting concepts in some countries and information requests from the government, investors and international partners regarding the state of ecosystems in Ukraine in wartime. The article reveals the principles that are the basis for the development of national concepts of ecosystem accounting. The key objects of ecosystem accounting are ecosystems as a set of assets that form natural capital and ecosystem services, i.e. unique public goods. The structure of ecosystem accounts was presented, accumulating the information necessary to measure natureʼs contribution to the economy and human well-being. This approach allows taking into account the many advantages of nature, which are often not valued in the market in the traditional accounting system and, accordingly, are ignored when making economic decisions. The factors determining the need to develop a national concept of ecosystem accounting and its practical implementation as soon as possible have been identified. The flexibility of the ecosystem accounting concept, which consists of the possibility of forming ecosystem accounts according to the specifics of the countryʼs natural capital, taking international principles as a basis, will allow for an objective assessment of the national wealth and ensure its restoration, rational distribution and accumulation.

National Identity & Historical Memory: Functionality of Historical Memory in the Formation and Development of National Identity

Historical memory, which is shaped within the scope of the value judgments of the society in which an individual lives in the historical process, is an active past that forms the personality of the individual. This historical past has many dynamics, variables, and essential formations shaped by it. National/national identity, one of them, reflects a type of identity that emerges and develops according to the historical memory of the individual. The study focused on the functions of historical memory in forming and developing national identity. In this direction, the main questions addressed by the article are what are the effects of historical memory on the formation of national identity based on the concepts of identity, national identity, nationalism, memory, collective memory, and historical memory?

Sima Qian s National View and His Writing on the Image of the Huns -- Focusing on The Biography of the Huns of Records of the Grand Historian

After experiencing The Tragedy of Li Ling in the Western Han Dynasty, Sima Qian crated The Biography of the Huns to express his real political views and national thought. The first part of He s work records the historical evolution of the Huns; the second part records the customs and habits of the Huns society; and the third part describes Sima Qian s views on the results and influence of the Han-Hun War. The above three parts are interlinked around the relationship between Han and the Huns, and the judgment is based on the preface, which jointly reflects Sima Qian s national concept of homology of all races, national equality and harmonious coexistence . At the same time, it is of far-reaching significance to the evolution and formation of the idea of the unification of the Chinese nation.

Combating Corruption in Business: A Comparative Analysis of National and International Efforts

We have identified that the research problem lies in the limited focus of most international and national concepts and efforts on combating corruption, which mainly aim to preserve public money and the prestige of public office. This is reflected in the issuance of legislation and the development of plans and policies that primarily target prevention and law enforcement in the face of corruption. However, these efforts are relatively narrow and do not adequately address the need to protect the private sector, private funds, and individuals who are not public employees in the business field. It is important to correct these concepts and trends to support better anti-corruption efforts more objectively and comprehensively. Keywords: Corruption, Development, Business Environment, Egypt.

The Method of Civil Law: Regulation, Evaluation or Modeling?

Introduction: the paper discusses the problems of reevaluating the methods of civil regulation. The author argues with the researchers who speak in favor of rejecting the use of the term “regulation” in a private law context and replacing it with modeling or evaluating public relations regarding property and non-materialized goods. The author of the paper believes that the issue of replacing the term “regulation” with “modeling” or “evaluation” is a dispute over terms. Law, as a social phenomenon, regulates public relations; however, the degree of influence of law on public relations depends on the national concept of legal regulation and the recognition of legal statuses for subjects of legal relations. Purpose: to prove the possibility of applying socio-legal methodology with attention to the social factors of the operation of legal norms, with preference over the prevailing normative and dogmatic understanding of law. Methods: the main research method used in the paper is the sociological method in jurisprudence, which allows a comprehensive assessment of the activities of the subject of legal relations, endowed with a situationally necessary civil status, and implementing this status in a specific legal context, established taking into account the interests of the subject and the existing legal order. Results: the author investigates the problem of exhausting the scientific and regulatory resources of the dogmatic understanding of law with its inherent metaphysical constructions of “method” and “subject” in favor of “revitalizing” the legal matter and overcoming the isolation of law on itself, to the detriment of the interests of society and the individual. Conclusions: as a result of the research, the author has developed a point of view on the need for a critical revision of the views prevailing in modern Russian civil law on how law operates in society, which generates legal “fetishism” that contradicts the principles of civil law. Russian civil law has sufficient potential to grant freedom to its subjects; in order to implement it, it is necessary to ensure the harmonious functioning of substantive and procedural law, convincing the judicial community of the value of the subjects of civil relations but not the forms of their participation in them.

MUSLIM INTELLECTUAL THOUGHT IN THE SOCIAL SPHERE: THE CONCEPT OF THE STATE IN POLITICAL THOUGHT AL-FARABI, AL-MAWARDI, IBN KHALDUN

This article discusses the concept and urgency of the State for human life and the characteristics of heads of State based on the political thoughts of Al-Farabi, Al-Mawardi, and Ibn Khaldun. Islam, being a religion sprung from Allah, does not limit itself to discussing issues of faith and morality but also delves into all aspects of life, including the government. But it is believed that there is clearly no concept of government or kingship in Islam, nor is there a concept of nation-state in the concept of Islam. Understanding the concept of nation will be easier when we use various angles and viewpoints. Since the verses of the Holy Quran and the Hadith of the Prophet Muhammad do not mention a nation that does not have a ruler. However, we rush to the AlQuran and Hadist when we want to know the organs of that country. Islam is a comprehensive religion that addresses all issues, both external and internal. Issues of ketatanegaraan, including issues of national concept according to Islam, are likely to be addressed in this duniawi. This kind of study is known as library research using a descriptive-qualitative approach. Researchers Al-Farabi, Al-Mawardi, and Ibnu Khaldun set out to fill a gap in our knowledge by analysing the political theories of the three major Islamic thinkers

Enemy narratives

Abstract Within the fields of narratology, cognitive linguistics and discourse analysis, this article studies how “Vote Leave” – the “respectable” side of the pro-Brexit debate –, used storytelling to frame an exclusionary conception of the British nation. To do so, the article relies on a critical narrative analysis of the storytelling elements at the heart of a corpus of official documents from the 2016 campaign, and argues that those Brexit narratives were instrumental in the creation of a nativist conception of the British nation. The paper contributes to the rich literature on Brexit narratives by adopting an original approach focusing on what we call “enemy narratives” and on how this type of narratives helped construct a restrictive understanding of the British nation. The result will be correlated with the growing political polarization of post-Brexit British society and the emergence of what some researchers consider as a culture war

TRANSFORMATION OF THE CULTURE OF PATRIOTISM AND MILITARY PATRIOTISM

The concepts of patriotism and military patriotism have undergone significant transformations over time, influenced by sociopolitical changes, globalization, and the evolving nature of warfare. This article explores the historical evolution of these concepts, analyzing how the culture of patriotism and military patriotism has been shaped by various factors. The article also examines the current state of these concepts and discusses their implications for national identity and security in the 21st century.

Research on the Path and Practice of Ideological and Political Construction in the Course of Water Resources and Hydropower Planning

Through the construction path of courses’ ideological and political teaching objectives, education goals, teaching methods, assessment systems, etc., the corresponding knowledge points of course ideological and political education are constructed in this course, and ideological and political elements are integrated into the teaching module. Find the right entry point for ideological and political education based on the course content and infiltrate ideological and political education in a targeted manner. Integrating ideological and political practice cases of comprehensive utilization of water resources, regulation of benefits, flood regulation, and water energy calculation into the entire teaching process. Fully utilize the advantages of professional course resources and combine them with the needs and development resources of the country, transforming them into unique advantages in ideological and political education through courses. At the same time, we will deeply explore and extract the core values and concepts of patriotism, social responsibility, and cultural confidence contained in professional courses, ensuring that ideological and political education can be fully integrated into all aspects of this course teaching. By integrating the connotation of teaching and educating people into the main aspects of classroom teaching, we can enhance the attractiveness of ideological and political education in the Water Resources and Hydropower Planning professional course and effectively promote the construction and development of this professional course.

A METAPHOR STUDY ON THE CONCEPTS OF STATE, NATION AND DEMOCRACY

The concepts of state, nation and democracy, which are among the subjects of political science, are among the most controversial topics in the literature. There are different definitions and approaches to all three concepts in the literature. Therefore, it is curious how these concepts are perceived by the society. The aim of this study is to determine university students' perceptions of the concepts of state, nation and democracy. The method of the study was designed in a phenomenological pattern from qualitative research methods. The metaphors produced for state, nation and democracy and the reasons for these metaphors and perceptions towards these concepts were tried to be determined. As a result of the study, it was seen that university students' perceptions of the state and nation were mostly explained with metaphors such as father, mother, unity, togetherness, and protector. However, it was concluded that the metaphors for democracy were different from each other. As a result of the study, it is suggested that the public's view of concepts should also be taken into consideration when looking at metaphors related to concepts in current literature discussions.