National Committee Research Articles

THE (IN)EFFECTIVENESS OF REQUIRING PRIOR EXHAUSTION OF LOCAL REMEDIES IN INVESTMENT ARBITRATION

The international investment-law regime continues to be mired in a legitimacy crisis that has given rise to important multilateral reform efforts through the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law. A key reform proposal is centred on the introduction of an exhaustion-of-local-remedies requirement. This article critically evaluates the exhaustion-of-local-remedies rule in the context of international investment law, and challenges its interpretation where such clauses already exist in contemporary investment law. The article concludes that investment tribunals have subverted these clauses in various ways, and considers the legal challenges states would need to address to best prevent the subversion of these clauses by investment tribunals in future.

A Study on the Color Prediction of Ancient Chinese Architecture Paintings Based on a Digital Color Camera and the Color Design System

Color paintings such as painted facades and interiors are important decoration elements of ancient Chinese architectures. The color of the paintings usually fades over time due to exposure to strong light, high humidity, high temperatures, and other environmental factors. In order to restore or reproduce the color appearance of ancient architecture paintings correctly, it was necessary to study the color degradation process of such paintings. To meet the needs of on-site colorimetric measurement of the paintings on ancient Chinese architectures, we propose using a digital color camera and the CDS (Color Design System) to measure and evaluate the colors of such paintings. The CDS is a color order system recommended by the Chinese national technical committee for color standardization (SAC/TC 120) in 2017 (GB/Z 35473-2017). The current version of the CDS atlas contains about 2740 samples which were uniformly distributed on the whole color space, and can be used to set up the colorimetric characterization model for the digital camera. Particularly, the digital CDS lookup table contains over 400 thousand samples, and it can be used to express the color of paintings on ancient Chinese architectures. In the experiment, a digital color camera was used to capture the colors of the paintings on the ancient Chinese architectures of different years based on the CDS and polynomial transform method. Moreover, a linear interpolation method was proposed for calculating and predicting the color degradation of such paintings. The experimental results show that with the increase in years, the color hue of the paintings changes slowly, while the lightness and the chroma of them fade obviously. In the future, more ancient architectures of different years and from different places should be selected as experimental samples to improve the method and the results of the paper.

Kebijakan Pendidikan Pemerintahan Orde Lama Serta Pengaruhnya terhadap Pendidikan Islam di Indonesia

This paper discusses the education policies of the Old Order government and their influence on Islamic education in Indonesia. This paper aims to find out in depth about the Old Order government, the education policies of the Old Order government and the influence of Old Order education policies on Islamic education in Indonesia. During the Old Order era, Islamic education began to be fought for reform with the publication of various policies regarding the improvement of Islamic education, including compulsory Madrasah Learning (MWB). Indonesia became independent from Dutch colonial rule on August 17, 1945. The period of President Soekarno's reign, which spanned from 1945 to 1966, was referred to as the Old Order to differentiate it from the subsequent Order led by President Soeharto. In particular, the Old Order government's policy of paying attention to Islamic boarding schools and madrasas only began when the Central Indonesian National Committee Working Body (BP KNIP) 22 on December 27 1945 submitted recommendations to the government. The aim of this research is to understand the concept of government during the Old Order, and its influence on education in Indonesia. The research method used is a basic theory method that uses data from materials that are library research, where the author reads and studies books or literature related to the problem being studied. Regardless of the aspect The positive and negative sides of all the policies issued, it can be said that the development of madrasas is a brave effort by Islamic education to maintain its existence and identity while metamorphosing with the times.

Safety and Efficacy of Directly Acting Antiviral Drugs in Treatment of Chronic HCV Egyptian Patients

Abstract Background The emergence of direct antiviral agents (DAAs), and the campaign done by the National Committee for Control of Viral Hepatitis (NCCVH) have reduced chronic hepatitis C (CHC) prevalence in Egypt. Objectives evaluate the efficacy and safety of used DAAs in affiliated centers. Methods an observational prospective and retrospective study including140 eligible patients from October 2017 till December 2019 and who were either starting treatment or during follow- up for 1 year after the end of therapy (EOT). Patients were divided according to the treatment regimen into Group I (SOF/DAC for 12 weeks), Group II (SOF/DAC/RBV for 12 weeks), Group III (SOF/SIM for 12 weeks), Group IV (SOF/DAC for 24 weeks) and Group V (SOF/DAC/RBV for 24 weeks). Results DAAs were effective in all groups. Adverse effects occurred in 54 patients (38.6%). The most common complications that occurred were ascites (n = 18) followed by jaundice (n = 17) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (n = 14). Almost all patients (97.1%) in group IV complained of adverse effects compared to other groups with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). Hematemesis occurred in one patient among the whole groups and this patient had been in group IV. There was also a significantly higher proportion of ascites (38.2%) in group IV compared to other groups (p < 0.01), however no significant differences between groups regarding HCC and renal impairment (RI) (p-value= 0.316 and 0.758 respectively) were found. 49 naïve patients suffered from side effects, 31 patients were in group IV, followed by group I (n = 7) then group II (n = 6). 5 experienced patients reported side effects. RI was the most reported side effect (12.5%) among interferon (IFN) experienced and SOF/DAC experienced patients and who were treated among group IV and group V. Hepatic encephalopathy was equally reported (12.5%) in IFN experienced and SOF/RBV experienced patients among group IV or group V. Ascites (6.3%) and jaundice (6.3%) also were reported among group IV. No experienced patient has complained of hematemesis or HCC. Conclusion SOF/RBV treatment for 24 weeks had many side effects and should be used with caution.

Rethinking public service facility distribution and management strategies with the consideration of carbon peak – Insights from Suzhou, China

Existing practices have primarily focused on the accessibility and per capita indices of public service facilities (PSFs) in decision-making processes aimed at promoting social equity. However, the national commitment to achieving a carbon peak may induce additional considerations into the planning and policy decisions of PSFs for local governments. By conducting a two-stage simulation of carbon emissions (CEs) and correlation analysis, we identified uncertainties and confirmed the nonnegligible impact of land use structure, particularly PSF distribution, on achieving the urban transport-related carbon peak. Subsequently, we elaborated on the imperative of optimizing PSF distribution for carbon reduction, rather than solely depending on transport management strategies, through a case study of individual medical care travel characteristics. Moreover, a further discussion on the potential trade-offs and synergies between current and low-carbon-oriented PSF planning and policy decisions underscores the necessity of collaboration among decision-makers across pertinent administrative sectors.

When conspiracy theorists win

ABSTRACT ‘Generalists’ hold that conspiracy theories, as a class, have epistemic defects. Well confirmed theories that invoke conspiracies, such as the theory that the Nixon administration conspired to orchestrate the break in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex, on 17 June 1972, – the ‘Watergate theory’ – raise a problem for generalists as it’s hard to understand how such theories can have epistemic defects. The Watergate theory is often not considered a mere conspiracy theory, because it enjoys ‘official theory’ status and in folk usage that means it is not a conspiracy theory. However, most people concede that the Watergate theory was a conspiracy theory before obtaining official status. So, appealing to folk usage does not make the problem go away. Recently however, several generalist scholars including, Cassam, Mandik, Thalman and Butter, have argued that theories invoking conspiracies that enjoy official status were never conspiracy theories. I’ll consider their reasoning and show where they go wrong. I’ll work with the examples of the Watergate theory and the ‘false flag’ theory of the Mountain Meadows massacre of 1857, which has it that this massacre of over 100 people was led by white Utahn Mormons disguised as Native Americans.

46th biennial convention of Sigma Gamma Epsilon, University of Tennessee at Martin, September 16-18, 2022

The Society of Sigma Gamma Epsilon (SGE), the national honorary society for the Earth sciences, held its 46th biennial convention (September 16-18, 2022) at satellite facilities of University of Tennessee at Martin (UT Martin) located in Selmer, Tennessee. The convention was hosted by SGE’s Eta Alpha Chapter and the Department of Agriculture, Geoscience, and Natural Resources at UT Martin. Ten (10) of SGE’s approximately 60 active chapters sent delegates to the convention. The traditional convention field trip, an outing to UT Martin’s Coon Creek Science Center, focused on collecting and preparing marine fossils from the Upper Cretaceous Coon Creek Formation. Key accomplishments of the convention include amending the Society’s constitution to reflect changes in membership categories, the adoption of a new mission statement, and broad-ranging discussions related to the revitalization of local chapters following the COVID-19 pandemic. This report provides details about the convention proceedings and provides the various reports presented by national officers, individual chapters, and student committees.

Mechanism of strategic remoulding of high-dimensional industrial eco-economy and the reconstruction of carbon neutral industrial chain

Considerable changes in the international society, fierce international competition and unpredictable economic changes are currently observed. Since then, the epidemic has had a far-reaching impact, and many industrial and supply chains have suffered from ‘broken chains’, ‘blocked chains’ and ‘poor chains’. The European Union (EU) has also sounded the alarm on China’s ‘card neck’ restrictions and ‘entity list’. Therefore, pursuing the integration of dual carbon landscape planning and industrial chain and addressing the key high-dimensional ecological economy ‘neck-choking’ problem path have become important tasks. National ministries and commissions have issued a number of documents to promote the integration and innovation of the industrial chain, high-, medium- and low-dimensional enterprises, and guide such industries to take the road of ‘high dimensional’ development. This paper takes eco-economic strategy as the starting point to reshape the systematic theoretical analysis framework of economic strategy mechanism. In response to the high-dimensional industrial transformation adaptation path and carbon neutral industry chain development model of the academic inquiry, the ‘profit model’ is set as the core and configuration complementary, alternative management thinking analysis path and model. Simultaneously, the high-dimensional industrial eco-economic industrial chain adaptation path is identified. The effects of high-dimensional industry ‘five forces’, ‘colouring map’ and ‘new tools’ are explored and then integrated and refined to improve the implementation efficiency of the carbon neutral industrial chain. Finally, focusing on the high-dimensional ecological economic strategy reshaping mechanism, the formation of sustainable development of the ‘carbon neutral’ industrial chain, unified standards and the realisation of the chain length system is investigated.

Echoes of the “Azdarar” Newspaper in Kuwait Concerning the Activities of the Armenian National Committee on the Issue of Recognition of the Armenian Genocide (2014-2017)

Key words: Kuwait, Armenian Genocide, Armenian National Committee, Diaspora, weekly newspaper “Azdarar”, demand The Armenian National Committee stands out for its role and significance among the many Armenian lobbying organizations operating in the modern Diaspora. Promoting the process of international recognition and condemnation of the Armenian Genocide is the key activity of the latter. The Armenian National Committee is highly influential in the Armenian communities of the Diaspora. The activities of the Committee are actively covered on the pages of the newspaper “Azdarar” published in Kuwait. Since 1996, the socio-political weekly “Azdarar” has been published at the republican level. The newspaper covers the life of the local Armenian community, publishes news from Armenia and various Diaspora communities, conducts analysis and covers important international events. After the events in Yerevan in 1965 the process of recognition and condemnation of the Armenian Genocide resumed. It entered the modern stage after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Armenia on August 23, 1990. Since 1998, the issue of international recognition of the Armenian Genocide has a permanent place on the foreign policy agenda of the Republic of Armenia. The weekly newspaper “Azdarar” covers the activities of the Armenian National Committee for the recognition and condemnation of the Armenian Genocide from the standpoint of national ideology. The newspaper does not consider the advancement of Armenian demands to be a monopoly of Diaspora Armenians and Armenian lobbying structures operating in the Diaspora, but considers it a process reflecting the unity and efforts of all Armenians.

Measuring pharmacy clinical workload in the emergency department: Current status and a plan for action

BackgroundInpatient pharmacy productivity workload ratios historically encompass dispensing functions including numbers of medication orders verified, dispensed, and billed for and full-time equivalents (FTEs) but do not include pharmacy clinical activities. Clinical pharmacy activities are difficult to capture because they generally require manual documentation and vary among health systems. The emergency medicine pharmacists’ (EMPs) role adds additional complexity to capturing clinical activities given that bedside response and verbal recommendations are difficult to capture outside of manual documentation. It is unknown how many health systems use EMP-specific workload metrics. ObjectivesThe purpose of our survey was to determine the percentage of hospital pharmacies that use EMP-specific workload metrics, to describe workload metrics used by EMPs and to quantify time spent on clinical activities, and to describe methods for implementing EMP metrics. MethodsA 13-item questionnaire was developed, pretested, and sent to EMPs practicing in hospitals in the United States through 2 EMP national committee e-mail listservs. Survey completion online included questions on hospital characteristics, number of EMP FTEs, clinical services provided and time spent on these tasks, and current workload metrics used. ResultsFull responses to the survey were received from 100 pharmacists, with an overall response rate of 9.8%. Workload metrics specific to EMP activities were used by 15.1% of responders. Workload metrics were used but not tailored to EMP activities for 43% of responders, and 41.9% responded that no metrics were used whatsoever. Ten responders provided commentary on types of EMP activities tracked, which included bedside response for critical patients, culture callback, drug information and dosing, time to antibiotic administration, and medication histories. No universal software for metric tracking was identified. ConclusionA survey of EMP clinical services and workload metrics indicated that although 43% of responders use non-EMP-specific metrics, only 15.1% reported workload metrics that capture EMP clinical activities.

ICC 국제표준은행관행(ISBP 821) 개정사항에 관한 고찰

Purpose: This paper introduces the ICC opinions related to the revision of ISBP 821 and the content of the ISBP revision to trade and finance practitioners who handle letters of credit. Hence, they can apply the latest ISBP when examining documents related to letters of credit and reviewing the presented documents. Research design, data, and methodology: This paper analyzed the ICC opinions and related cases and revised paragraphs of ISBP 821. Results: ISBP 821 is the latest guidance for reviewing documents under the letters of credit, reflecting the practices agreed upon by the ICC National Committee, and is a must-know for letter of credit beneficiaries to prepare and present documents to the nominated bank or issuing bank. Therefore, financial institutions, including banks, and traders that handle letters of credit, must be aware of the revised ISBP 821. Conclusions: ISBP 821 is a rule that must be observed when presenting and reviewing a letter of credit in accordance with UCP 600. If the parties to the letter of credit do not abide by ISBP 821, they will be judged accordingly by the ICC Banking Committee, and there is a high likelihood of losing in court.

ISLAMIC MORAL IDEAS AND POLITICS: ULAMA ACTIVIST HADRATUS SHEIKH HASYIM ASY'ARI AND SHEIKH NAWAWI AL BANTANI

The article aims to provide an overview of the fundamental ideas in Indonesian national political settings, as well as their significance in solidifying the four pillars of Indonesian identity. Based on a library study of the works of two great Indonesian Ulama, Sheikh Nawawi al-Bantani and Sheikh Hasyim Asy'ari, which were later analyzed using the content analysis method, the results revealed that the theological principles of the masters' actions in both the Qur'an and the hadith remained the basis of obedience, unity, brotherhood, and solidarity. Sheikh Nawawi al-Bantani generally supports components of national commitment, conservation, and natural resource management in the political Islamic framework, and he does not oppose the concept of truth. While Sheikh Hasyim Asy'ari emphasized characteristics of government management such as leadership maturity, unity, and brotherhood, which resulted in the formation of the four national pillars as a consensus among the nation's citizens.

Implementasi Moderasi Beragama Pada Era MBKM Terhadap Mahasiswa Perguruan Tinggi Agama di Bali

The aim of the research is to examine the implementation of religious moderation at religious universities, especially Hinduism, for students in the era of independent learning at independent campuses. This research is a type of experimental research using a quantitative approach. The research subjects for the existence of religious moderation in the MBKM era were 350 students from four religious universities in Bali and the object of the research was religious moderation in MBKM. The data obtained in this research was collected using a questionnaire method. Before using the questionnaire, an expert/judge validity test was carried out using the Gregory formula. The item validity test shows that 25 questionnaires are valid with a reliability of 0.81 in the very high category. The data analysis method is quantitative descriptive. The results of research on the implementation of religious moderation in the independent campus era have been very well carried out in religious universities in Bali. This is proven by data from moderation indicators including national commitment, tolerance, non-violence, and accommodating to local culture. The average national commitment data is 26.32 and if this mean is converted into a Liket scale table it is in the very high category. The average tolerance data is 27.45, if converted into a table it is in the very high category. The average anti-violence is 26.91, if this mean is converted into a table it is in the very high category. And the average accommodative to local culture = 30.48, if converted into the very high category. From the four mean results on the moderation indicators above. So it can be concluded that the implementation of religious moderation at religious universities, especially PTKH in the MBKM era, was carried out very well.

Enhancing the Education of Community Health Workers on Health Literacy and Cultural Humility in Times of COVID-19

ABSTRACT Background Community Health Workers (CHW) play a critical role in promoting the health of their communities. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the need to educate CHW on health literacy and cultural humility became pivotal. Purpose The purpose of this paper was twofold: First, to evaluate the impact of training CHW on health literacy and cultural humility and second, to explore the views of CHW regarding their experience. Methods A multi-method approach that included a pre- and post-evaluation questionnaire and several open-ended questions was utilized to gather data. Seventy-three CHW participated in the training and a small group participated in a follow-up consultation session. Results Confidence in defining health literacy and Social Determinants of Health and identifying health literacy and cultural humility practices improved after the training. CHW also identified action steps they plan to implement in their daily work, as well as some challenges in implementing strategies. Discussion The authors make a call to providing CHW with ongoing training and support to enhance their capacity to impact their communities. Translation to Health Education Practice This article emphasizes several sub-competencies of the National Commission for Health Education Credentialing Inc. (NCHEC), such as creating an environment conducive to learning and developing culturally responsive content.

Purchasing Behaviour and Satisfaction Level of Farmers Regarding Groundnut Seeds

India's agricultural sector is a vital pillar of the economy, contributing significantly to the nation's GDP. As the world's largest producer of various commodities like pulses, milk, tea, and spices, and ranking second in fruits, vegetables, and grains, India's agricultural prowess is undeniable. One of the pivotal reasons to this success is the role of seeds, serving as the genetic foundation for plant growth and development. The Indian seed industry, valued at nearly 9000 crores and growing at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 12.43%, reflects the nation's commitment to agricultural innovation and advancement. Hybrid seeds, occupying 65% of the market share, are preferred over open-pollinated varieties, driving growth and efficiency in crop production. The study was undertaken with aim and objectives to study the socio-economic profile, purchasing behaviours, satisfaction level and problem faced by the farmers during groundnut crop establishment. A survey of 200 respondents from 10 villages of Dhoraji Taluka, Rajkot district, Gujarat, provides insights into the diverse agricultural community. The study covers demographics, education, income, landholding, cropping patterns, gender distribution, family types, irrigation sources, seed procurement, awareness of agricultural products, promotional influences, factors affecting seed purchases, satisfaction levels, and challenges in crop establishment. Respondents had income mostly between 1-5 lakhs per year. Landholding of the respondents was 1-5 acres. Groundnut was cultivated mainly in the kharif season. Farmers were using various irrigation sources like tube well, open well and canal. Seeds were mainly purchased through various channels like retailers, Agricultural universities, owned seeds and cooperative societies and oil mills. Farmers were facing major problems like higher input costs and prevalence of various disease & pest attack on groundnut crop.

Analysing Greenhouse Gas Emission Trends of Indian Companies Through Their Disclosures

With the increasing trend of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions worldwide and the subsequent evolution of new national and international commitments related to climate change, corporates have started to limit and disclose their emissions. This paper analyses the comprehensiveness of disclosures on Scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions of the top 100 Indian companies by market capitalisation and their trend compared to the previous reporting year through their publicly available reports/ websites. The analysis revealed that 66 of these companies reported their scope 1 & 2 emissions, whereas 48 reported on all three scopes, with 35 companies making emission reduction targets voluntarily. This shows that Indian companies are increasingly becoming self-aware of their responsibilities. The analysis of emission targets showed that companies with carbon reduction targets scored better in disclosures than those without foreseeable targets, suggesting that these targets motivate corporates to calculate emissions and report more transparently. Additionally, a rating score of 1 to 5 was assigned to all the National Stock Exchange Fifty (NIFTY) 100 companies to assess their GHG emission disclosure performance, which could be important for setting the benchmark for different sectors/industries on emission reduction targets in India. Furthermore, the study discusses the significance of such analysis in anticipation of India’s regulation on domestic and voluntary carbon markets

Antihypertensive drug prescription patterns and their impact on blood pressure outcomes in a tertiary care teaching hospital

Background: The guidelines from the Joint National Committee (JNC-8) emphasize the importance of rapid blood pressure (BP) control to reduce morbidity and mortality. The success of hypertension treatment depends on various factors, with irrational prescription being strongly linked to poor BP control. This study aimed to evaluate the patterns of antihypertensive drug prescriptions among patients in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Methods: A hospital-based observational study was conducted in 2018, including all hypertensive patients on medication. Their prescription patterns were analyzed. Results: The study analyzed prescriptions from 240 hypertensive patients. The mean ages for male and female patients were 56.68±15.32 and 62.29±12.65 years, respectively. Physicians commonly prescribed monotherapy (34.60%) followed by two-drug (18.40%), three-drug (11.80%), and four-drug combinations (3.00%). The most frequent two-drug combination was ACE inhibitors + diuretics (4.40%), followed by angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) + diuretics (3.60%) and calcium channel blockers (CCBs) + ACE inhibitors (2.60%). Adherence to JNC 8 guidelines was 19.3% for pre-hypertension, 88.70% for stage 1 hypertension, and 73.29% for stage 2 hypertension. Conclusions: Monotherapies were the most commonly prescribed regimens. Twice-daily dosing and monthly appointments were associated with lower incidences of uncontrolled BP. However, complete adherence to standard guidelines was not observed in all cases, especially in patients with comorbid conditions.

Cirebon Regency’s National Commission for Child Protection’s role in handling sexual violence against children

Sexual violence against children is a violation of human rights that has a long-term traumatic impact. The phenomenon of increasing cases of sexual violence against children has become a global problem that requires serious attention. This increase continues to occur in various regions, including Cirebon Regency. The role of the Regional Indonesian Child Protection Committee (KPAID) of Cirebon Regency in handling this case is very important. This study analyzes the role of KPAID Cirebon in overcoming sexual violence against children, identifies the factors that cause an increase in child sexual violence, and examines the role of KPAID Cirebon Regency in dealing with child sexual violence cases, focusing on prevention, case handling, and challenges faced. This study uses a qualitative method with a case study approach. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with the Chairman of the Cirebon Regency KPAID, the victim's family, and other related parties. The results of the study show that KPAID Cirebon Regency plays an active role in receiving reports, providing legal and psychological assistance and advocating to protect the rights of victims. However, KPAID faces challenges that affect its effectiveness in carrying out its role, such as limited resources, lack of public awareness and weak coordination between institutions. And this phenomenon continues to increase supported by many external and internal factors such as environmental factors and the victim's own family factors.

A Study of Lipid Profile and the Correlation of Serum Uric Acid Levels in Patients With Hypertension.

Aim We examine the lipid profile and correlation of serum uric acid (SUA) levels in cases of hypertension and normotensives. Methods The current observational study spanned between April 2022 and April 2024. Throughout the research, 200 patients were examined; 100 of these patients were classified as Stage 1 or Stage 2 hypertensive (as per the seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure), while the other 100 served as controls, meaning they did not have hypertension or any other medical condition that could lead to elevated SUA levels. Results It was revealed that the proportion of hypertension was higher in males compared to females. Of the total male patients, most (41.1%) patients had grade 1 hypertension and grade 2 hypertension, while among females, 20%had grade 1 hypertension. It was seen that as age increases, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) also rise among the two study groups, although the correlation was not statistically significant between blood pressure level and age of study subjects. The hypertensive patients have increased SBP and DBP levels when compared to the control group, which issignificant. The lipid profile shows that the hypertensive subjects had significantly higher mean low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and triglyceride levels than controls. SUA levels were observed to be elevated in the hypertensive subjects implying a positive correlation between the level of uric acid and blood pressures. Conclusion We found evidence that hyperuricemia and hypertension go hand in hand. A statistically noteworthy positive connection was found between the systolic blood pressures and lipid profiles of the patients. Hypertensive patients were found to have hyperlipidemia, whereas normotensive controls had normal lipid profiles. Moreover, it was seen that there was a positive correlation between SBP and chronological age in hypertensive cases, although this was statistically not significant.

Reducing intersectional stigma among transgender women in Brazil to promote uptake of HIV testing and PrEP: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial of Manas por Manas

IntroductionGlobally, transgender (‘trans’) women experience extreme social and economic marginalisation due to intersectional stigma, defined as the confluence of stigma that results from the intersection of social identities and positions...