National Camp Research Articles

Music in the Woods of Michigan and Maine: A Review of the National and Eastern Music Camps

the Dallas meeting of the Department of Superintendence, one of the important parts of the program was the appearance of the National High School Orchestra. Tentative plans were discussed for the formation of a summer music camp which would extend the activities so well begun in the National High School Orchestra. A tentative announcement was made that the camp would be located somewhere in Maine. The final selection, however, rested upon Interlochen, Michigan, and there the National High School Orchestra and Band Camp, now known as the National Music Camp, was opened in the summer of 1928. Plans were made by another group in the east for establishing a camp in Maine in 1930, but the actual opening did not take place until 1931. The National Camp has, therefore, had five seasons, and the Eastern, two seasons. There are marked differences in the ownership and management of the two camps, although in their educational policies both camps are controlled by men who are closely associated with the actual music in the schools. The National Camp management and ownership rests with the same type of people. The Eastern camp has been financed by a group of public spirited Maine business men. The Na-

The National Camp

The National Camp

The Water Supply System of Camp McClellan, Alabama

The water supply system of Camp McClellan, Alabama, described in this paper, is the system designed and installed for the originally authorized national guard camp for one division, constructed during August, September and October, 1917, during which period the author served as engineer in charge for Morris Knowles, Inc., supervising engineers. Subsequently, after the author was called to active service with the Corps of Engineers in France, extensions and additions were made to the distribution system; and at the time of the signing of the armistice, a project for a new impounded supply and the reconstruction of a considerable part of the system, to take care of a proposed enlargement of the camp, was under consideration. But, in general, no extensive changes were made in the supply works or distributing reservoir, so that substantially the works described herein have continued to serve the camp up to the present time. The basic requirements for the water supply of the camp were largely fixed by the instructions to the Constructing Quartermasters issued by the Engineering Division of the Department of Cantonment Construction at Washington. This included the specification that the system should be capable of delivering an average of 30 gallons per capita on any one day and a maximum for one hour of 2.85 times the average. It was, of course, expected that the quality of the supply should be unobjectionable. The original instructions covered the construction of a camp to contain about 34,000 men, which at 30 gallons per capita, would require an average daily supply of 1,020,000 gallons per day. It was not clear whether the instructions contemplated that this

Water Supply and Sewage Disposal at the Military Aviation Fields, Posts, Depots, Etc., in the United States

The Department of Military Aeronautics was responsible for the location, design and construction of its aviation fields and other posts from the beginning of the emergency until October, 1917, when this work was turned over to the Construction Division of the Army by order of the Secretary of War. Even after this date, the engineering section of the Department of Military Aeronautics governed in a large measure the design of utilities. Water supply and sewage disposal problems were handled somewhat differently than in the larger national army and national guard camps. The water supply problem was marked by the development of a large proportion of ground water supplies. Sewage treatment was marked by the fact that there was no standard unit adopted by the Department of Military Aeronautics as was done by the Arrny Cantonment Construction Division in its use of the Doten tank.

Notes on the Water Supplies of Army Camps, Cantonments and Posts in the United States, with Particular Reference to Problems of Quality

The expansion of the military establishment following our entrance into the war necessitated an immense program of building in order to provide housing and accommodations for the new army during its organization and training. The first plans provided for 32 camps divided into two classes, 16 for the accommodation of drafted men, designated as national army camps, and 16 for the accommodation of the federalized state militia, designated as National guard camps. It was presumed that the period of the occupancy of the latter would be relatively short on account of the advanced training of the national guard, and they therefor were not constructed in as permanent a manner as the national army camps. Consequently they were generally located in the southern portions of the country in order to take advantage of the milder climate. They were commonly known as tent camps, and were not provided with water-carriage sewerage systems, heating plants, laundries, and other conveniences, and their water works plants and water distribution systems were not designed in as generous a manner as were those of camps of the first class.

Problems of the State Department of Public Health During the War

The Illinois State Health Department has probably not been generally regarded as vitally connected with war activities. As a matter of fact, however, it has been instrumental in minimizing the evils of poor sanitation and the spread of contagious diseases, by cooperating with the United States Public Health Service in preparing an army of the highest physical and moral efficiency. In addition to contributing toward the efficient mobilization of troops, this department has raised the standards of living of both the rural and civic population. Improvement in public health administration stands out prominently as one of the results of the world war. The establishment of national army camps near cities and small towns has forced these communities to recognize the necessity of protecting not only the health and lives of their citizens but also those of large numbers of soldiers and sailors. Military camps of some 40,000 or 50,000 men planted suddenly near towns of 15,000 to 50,000 population, together with thousands of workmen engaged in camp and in town work, as well as transient visitors, made the burden on the health organizations too great for efficient local handling. The establishment of camps was not new business for the military authorities; but in the light of modern knowledge of sanitary science, it was recognized that it was not enough to safeguard the camp proper. The entire community which was directly or indirectly connected with the cantonments, must be included also. Of what use is it to protect the soldier from impure water in the camp, if the nearby town has a contaminated water supply which is furnished him when he is away on a pass? The problem of camp sanitation, naturally was to be solved by the military sanitarians; but the case of the surrounding countrybelonged to the public. Early in the war the United States Public Health Service established extra cantonment zones which included

THE SURGERY OF CAMP WIKOFF.

The great national Camp Wikoff has been made the recipient of the returning army of Cuba. Three months ago the invasion of Cuba was ordered. Our troops left the different camps in excellent condition and good cheer to meet the Spanish army in the neighboring island, fully informed and impressed with the events that awaited them. The army of invasion considered it a privilege to be called to the front to represent the military prowess and power of this country. The outside world had no conception of what our army could accomplish at such short notice in a distant tropical country. The authorities, and particularly the medical department, were fully aware of the fact that the invasion of Cuba meant more a battle with climate and disease than the weakened, sickly, half starved Spanish forces. The invasion was planned on the spur of the moment, and the corps were rushed