National Attitudes Research Articles

The challenges of communicating vaccination benefit and risk in the family

Abstract Public perceptions of vaccination are complex and ambivalent. People often fear the vaccine more than the disease itself. They fear the unknown substance or adjuvants, worry that vaccines weaken their immunity system, or resent the involuntariness of mandated vaccination. The risk of the disease, on the other hand is often attenuated. Many vaccine-preventable diseases are rarely encountered in everyday situations and remain abstract concepts. Others, like influenza, may not be taken seriously; it is often seen as nothing worse than a “bad cold”. The sensationalist coverage of disease outbreaks is often perceived first as apocalyptic, then as “false alarms”. To fight these cognitive biases many risk communicators have focused on top-down persuasion, for instance telling parents that they must give the vaccine to their children and blaming them for not doing so. From a risk science perspective, however, it is well established that top-down persuasion that neglects to address negative perceptions is counter-productive. Any effort to bridge cognitive gaps and improve vaccine communication requires to understand perceptions. It is essential to understand the drivers that motivate parents' decision making and the dilemma they face between vaccinating and not vaccinating. The immunisation of children is particularly difficult because the communication's recipient are typically adults, which calls for strategies to talk to parents as well as reach children. Variations are observed across age as well as countries, which raises questions about national attitudes towards different types of vaccination affecting different age groups. This creates a more complex environment that is particularly challenging for healthcare professionals who have been identified as the primary “go to” authoritative source of information for adults. Obstacles to effective communication therefore needs to be addressed in a science-informed manner, if the objective is truly to ensure better uptake rates.

“My Country is Better Than Yours”: Delineating Differences Between Six Countries’ National Identity, Fan Identity, and Media Consumption During the 2018 Olympic Games

Nationalistic notions are embedded within every part of the Olympic Games, inculcating feelings pertaining to one’s nation. Previous research examined the degree to which one is affected by portrayals of nationalism during international sporting events, finding that media consumption and results increase nationalistic feelings. However, such analyses rarely infused overarching fandom into the equation and failed to make global comparisons. This study surveyed 2,245 people from three continents in six different nations (Canada, China, Germany, Japan, Sweden, and the United States) to examine nationalistic attitudes during the 2018 Winter Olympics and subsequent effects. Significant differences between nationalized qualities manifested between each continent, as did their paths to becoming a fan and consuming content.

Correction: More than a Wall: The Rise and Fall of US Asylum and Refugee Policy

This article uses a multidisciplinary approach — analyzing historical sources, refugee and asylum admissions data, legislative provisions, and public opinion data — to track the rise and fall of the US asylum and refugee policy. It shows that there has always been a political struggle between people who advocate for a generous refugee and asylum system and those who oppose it. Today, the flexible system of protecting refugees and asylees, established in 1980, is giving way to policies that weaponize them. It offers a historical analysis of US refugee and asylum policies, as well as xenophobic and nativist attitudes toward refugees. It places Trump administration refugee policies in three categories: those that abandon longstanding US legal principles and policies, most notably non-refoulement and due process; those that block the entry of refugees and asylees; and those that criminalize foreign nationals who attempt to seek asylum in the United States. The article concludes with an analysis of public opinion research to square the growing public support for refugees and asylees shown in polling data with the subgroup popularity of Donald Trump’s harsh xenophobic rhetoric and policies. These seemingly contradictory trends are consistent with research on right-wing populism. It argues that the restoration of generous humanitarian policies requires robust civic engagement and steadfast legislative efforts.

Nationalism and Its Effects on Attitudes About Trade, Cooperation, and Immigration

With the rise of populist leaders over the last 20 years, this paper examines whether we have seen a corresponding increase in the distribution of nationalist sentiments in a country, a strengthening of the effect of those sentiments on attitudes toward free trade, cooperation, and immigration, and nationalism conditioning the effect of education on those three attitudes. Using data from the ISSP, we show that while the distribution of nationalist attitudes in countries has not changed much and the effect of nationalism on those three attitudes has not changed, nationalism conditions the effect of education on trade and immigration and that effect is increasing over time.

The relationship between book reading, national identity, and nationalism among secondary school students

ABSTRACT The current study focused on the education-nationalism relationship and aimed to understand whether the positive influence of education in the reduction of nationalist attitudes simply relies on the educational level reached, or is related to the kind of school attended to reach the level. Moreover, we were interested in understanding if book reading has a role in reducing nationalism. Seven hundred twenty Italian students (female = 59%; mean age = 18, SD =.5) attending their senior year of secondary school (lyceum = 49%, technical = 51%) completed a questionnaire that included blind and constructive nationalism scales, ethnic national identification and book reading behaviour. We performed a structural equation model. Results showed that 1) lyceum students are less nationalistic than technical students are; 2) ethnic national identity drives both nationalism and patriotism; 3) lyceum attendance and book reading prevent ethnic national identity. Overall, the study highlighted that the strongest effect of education on nationalism pertains only to students with higher educational expectations, suggesting that the role of educational systems as diffusor of liberal values needs to be rethought.

Aksjologiczne i antropologiczne uwarunkowania tożsamości narodowej młodych Polaków w świetle badań własnych. Implikacje dla bezpieczeństwa narodowego

Kształtowanie patriotyzmu i tożsamości narodowej ma kluczowe znaczenie dla przetrwania narodu. Ważnym obszarem budowania i wzmacniania patriotyzmu jest sport, który stanowi spoiwo tożsamości narodowej oraz wzmacnia takie wartości jak solidarność i tolerancja, co buduje aktywne postawy obywatelskie w społeczeństwie. Niniejszy artykuł ma w swym zasadniczym celu omówienie istoty patriotyzmu, tożsamości narodowej i tolerancji, które stanowią wymiar postawy jednostki wobec innych narodów oraz sportowego patriotyzmu, który stanowi istotne spoiwo tożsamości narodowej. Badanie przeprowadzono przy użyciu metody sondażu diagnostycznego. Analiza uzyskanych danych wskazuje na bardzo silne poczucie patriotyzmu, tożsamości narodowej i patriotyzmu sportowego wśród respondentów (N=508). Skala patriotyczna znacząco wpływała na wyniki skali tożsamości narodowej i sportowego patriotyzmu, nie różnicowała natomiast postawy tolerancji. Z kolei skala tolerancji istotnie korelowała ze skalą patriotyzmu, sportowego patriotyzmu, tożsamości narodowej. Jak wskazuje Strategia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, ochrona i umacnianie tożsamości narodowej stanowi ważne zadanie państwa. Cele te można osiągnąć poprzez pielęgnowanie kultury narodowej, ochronę dziedzictwa kulturowego, aktywizację kapitału społecznego oraz wzmacnianie postaw patriotycznych.

Responding to the commodity boom with varieties of resource nationalism: a political economy explanation for the different routes taken by Africa's new oil producers

The institutional responses of Africa's new producers to the early 21st century commodity boom differed both between and within countries over time. Despite making similarly sized discoveries in the mid-2000s, Ghana and Uganda took different routes, with Ghana oscillating between a neoliberal modality and a soft version of resource nationalism (depending on which party was in power), whilst Uganda adopted a more consistent and robust resource nationalist position. Current explanations for varieties of resource governance tend to focus on either institutions or ideas. We argue for an alternative theoretical perspective that locates the entwined role of both institutions and ideas within a deeper analysis of a country's ‘political settlement’. This offers a more compelling explanation for the varied responses to the commodity boom in sub-Saharan Africa, and suggests that different types of political settlements have had significant implications for how oil governance has progressed in different contexts.

Elite stigmatization of the unemployed: The association between framing and public attitudes.

This paper uses a multi-methods approach to explore the social psychological construction of stigma towards the unemployed. Study 1a uses thematic analysis to explore frames used by political elites in speeches at U.K. nationalparty conferences between 1996 and 2016 (n=43); in study 1b, we track the usage of these frames in six national newspapers (n=167,723 articles) over the same period showing an increase in the use of negative frames. Study 1c shows that these are associated with national attitudes towards welfare recipients using the British Social Attitude Survey. We find the 'Othering' frame is correlated with negative attitudes towards the unemployed, even when controlling for the unemployment rate. This finding supports the claim that social attitudes are related to frames produced in the political and media spheres. We provide theoretical integration between social representationstheory and framing which affords development in both domains.

EFEKTIVITAS PEMBELAJARAN PKN TERHADAP PENGEMBANGAN SIKAP NASIONALISME SISWA DI KABUPATEN MANGGARAI

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of the effectiveness of PKN learning towards the development of student nationalism in Manggarai Regency. By knowing the effectiveness of PKN learning, the government and educational institutions should specifically pay attention to the whole process of organizing learning. This type of research used in this research is descriptive qualitative conducted in schools from elementary school to high school in Manggarai Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. Data collection techniques in this study were observation and questionnaire. Data analysis techniques include the analysis of student responses and activities. Based on the results of research students in Manggarai Regency have an attitude of nationalism known thanks to the learning PKN obtained during their education. The spirit of student nationalism is reflected in the attitude of creating harmony in religious life, upholding the law, being active in national development and feeling proud as an Indonesian citizen.

Ключевые особенности патриотизма в «пандемическом» обществе

This paper is focused on the analysis of the specif-ics of the transformation of patriotism and patriotic values in a critical situation of a "pandemic" society on the example of the spread of a new virus – COVID-19. The pandemic is presented as a global external factor that has a significant impact on pat-riotic attitudes in the social environment and under-standing of patriotism in general at this stage of society's development. There is a need to consider those aspects of the impact of the epidemic and pandemic that lead to social cohesion, strengthen-ing of social ties or, conversely, to a certain social decomposition. The authors considered the theoret-ical concepts of patriotism and social risks, which resulted in an analysis of possible changes in patri-otic attitudes of persons in pandemic conditions. The history of the development of the category "pat-riotism" is presented, its various forms and types are highlighted. Such types of social reactions as soli-darization, polarization and atomization were con-sidered. Special emphasis is placed on the first type of reaction, external and internal factors that con-tribute to the rise or decline of patriotic sentiment. Seven conditions for the emergence of solidarity, the presence or absence of which determines the vector of development of patriotism, are denoted according to P. Baehr. The authors propounded a hypothesis that a tough state policy of measures to prevent the pandemic, such as the introduction of quarantine and self-isolation, as well as the unstable economic situation in the world, can contribute to the separation of society and reduce the level of social consolidation. It is revealed that the formation of a "postpandemic" society and the transformation of various social phenomena, including patriotism, directly depend on the qualitative indicators of soli-darity and its conditions.

Speed, law and the global economy: How economic acceleration contributes to inequality and precarity

AbstractThe law is implicated in many of the relations that produce inequality and precarity in the global economy. It contributes in different ways to the unequal bargaining power between states, capital, and labour. One way that has attracted less attention so far relates to how the law accelerates economic relations. This article examines the role of law in the global economy not by focusing on the international economic institutions, such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), the European Union (EU) or the International Monetary Fund (IMF), but on the transactions that plug maquila workers and freelancers into the global economy. The argument is that the speed of these economic relations favours those who command international production, creating what Hartmut Rosa calls a ‘frenetic standstill’. Importantly, the law can also contribute to changing these bargaining dynamics by slowing down some of these transactions and facilitating their territorial re-embedding. This strategy, however, requires a better understanding of the role of law in transnational networks of contracts as well as more state and non-state international co-ordination: The opposite of nationalist attitudes, such as Brexit and Trump’s trade policy.

Understanding Indonesian history, interest in learning history and national insight with nationalism attitude

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of understanding Indonesian history, interest in learning history and national insight with the nationalism attitude among State Senior High School students in Ngaglik subdistrict, Yogyakarta. The data collection used tests and questionnaires distributed to 126 students who were the respondents, the data were analyzed quantitavely using SPSS version 21. The validity test of the instrument employed biserial point correlation and reliability test using the Kuder–Richardson Formula 20 (KR 20) formula. Analysis prerequisite tests include normality test, linearity test, and multicollinearity test. The hypotheses were tested using Pearson’s product moment correlation and multiple correlation The results of the data analysis shows: (a) there is a positive and significant relationship between understanding Indonesian history with nationalism attitude; (b) there is a positive and significant relationship between interest in learning history and nationalism attitude; (c) there is a positive and significant relationship between national insight and nationalism; and (d) there is a simultaneously positive and significant relationship between understanding of Indonesian history, interest in learning history, and national insight with nationalism attitude.

Adaptation or Historical Anomaly?: Partition Narratives and Their Visual Counterparts

This research accentuates the presence of multi-layered histories within partition literature and its adaptations as a historiographic mise en abyme— an interpretive multiplicity of historical narratives. The aim is to highlight, probe and eventually determine the significance of addressing multivocality within sensitive historical accounts when told through the aesthetic mediums of fiction and film. In the context of this research, the traditional narrative of the partition of the Subcontinent includes political and nationalistic attitudes on both sides of the divide. The research sets out to explore the extent to which these overreaching accounts and wide-ranging versions of the partition empower the concerned entities to give subjective meanings to their partition experiences. Gurinder Chadha’s film Viceroy’s House (2017), which is partly based on the memoirs of Louis Mountbatten, documented in Freedom at Midnight by Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre (1976) is taken as the case study, with reference to its source text. The primary trigger of this research is the debate between the Traditionalist and Revisionist school of Historiography, as it seeks to examine the inherent problematic nature of revisionist partition history on text and on screen. This research presents the textual and film narratives of partition as alternative archives, whose authenticity and validity is yet to be established, in comparison with the historical documents/texts. It advocates the necessity to constantly re-evaluate and reinterpret history in the light of new facts; however, all attempts to revise history in the name of aesthetics, without merit and evidence, should be recognized as subjective versions.

Signals and Metrics Identifying Partnerships for Innovation

The global science and technology landscape is rapidly changing. In an environment where collaboration is necessary for scientific and technological innovation, it is nonetheless challenging to identify and establish relationships between international partners, especially in emerging technological fields where no country has yet demonstrated a clear advantage. This article describes a model to facilitate a quantitative assessment and ranking of national innovation potential based on the integration of established measures (e.g., patents and peer-reviewed publication counts) as well as nonobvious or subjective measures (e.g., national attitudes toward particular veins of research) to predict future performance. Such an assessment can provide a helpful step toward improving projections of scientific performance, particularly for those countries with a relatively limited footprint in the scientific landscape. Modeling can help identify and engage newcomers early in the innovation process to maximize benefits from a potential bilateral or multilateral relationship.

Impact of coronavirus pandemic on social processes in Germany

Coronavirus restrictions initiated by the German government are not widely approved and supported in the country. Dissatisfaction expressed by certain groups of citizens finds reflection in various protests and acts of violence against representatives of the law enforcement agencies, which are regarded to be the main institutions overseeing adherence to the COVID-19 guidelines. The police have less room for maneuver because of the growing pressure amid the possible spread of nationalist and racist attitudes among the employees. The epidemic increases social and economic tensions, hostility in the society, the number of criminal acts especially in the field of street and financial crime. Apart from the locals, people with a migration background, refugees and in particular representatives of ethnically bound criminal groups commit felonies. The pandemic has an influence on the German foreign politics on a wide range of issues.

PENDIDIKAN MULTIKULTURAL DALAM BINGKAI ISLAM NUSANTARA PERSPEKTIF KH. SAID AQIL SIROJ

This study aims to analyze the thinking of KH. Said Aqil Siroj about multicultural education in the frame of Islam Nusantara, where KH. Said Aqil Siroj is a phenomenal figure in the community, and has an open mind to the dynamics of differences in Indonesia. This study uses a qualitative approach with library research, in which researchers attempt to collect data derived from books, scientific journals, speeches and statements of KH. Said Aqil Siroj in various media, both print and electronic media, and other documents. The data analysis technique uses content analysis. The results showed that; multicultural education in the frame of Islam Nusantara Islam, according to KH. Said Aqil Siroj can be implemented in a way; mobilize and optimize the role of Kiai in the community, strengthen the curriculum in Islamic educational institutions based on multiculturalism, carry out regeneration to strengthen organizational solidarity, and instill and teach the attitude of nationalism to the community

Exploring nationality and social identity to explain attitudes toward conservation actions in the United States and Australia.

Understanding human attitudes toward wildlife management is critical to implementing effective conservation action and policy. Understanding the factors that shape public attitudes toward different wildlife management actions is limited, however, which can result in unpredictable public responses to interventions. We drew on comparisons between residents of 2 countries on separate continents to explore differences in attitudes toward wildlife management and determine factors important in shaping these attitudes. We surveyed representative publics via market research panels in Australia (n = 881 respondents) and the United States (n = 1287). We applied a social-identity approach and demography to identify factors that explained variance between responses about wildlife management. We compared responses between countries overall and within subgroups of respondents who strongly identified as environmentalists, animal rights activists, wildlife conservation advocates, and farmers. We created aggregate scores for the management-related response items per respondent and used regression analyses to identify the relative importance of country, identity, age, and gender in explaining variance between responses. These factors accounted for 15.3% of variance among responses. Australians overall were generally more accepting of lethal wildlife management actions than U.S. respondents. Differences in national attitudes reflected differences between United States and Australian wildlife management and policy, highlighting the importance of understanding social attitudes in shaping conservation policy. Identifying as a farmer followed by identifying as an animal rights activist most shaped attitudes toward wildlife management. Identity-related conflicts could be initiated or exacerbated by conservation interventions that fail to consider identity-related processes.

A Californiana in Two Worlds

Anita de la Guerra of Santa Barbara married Boston merchant Alfred Robinson in 1836. Taken to the East Coast the following year, she diligently pursued her education and she acculturated while retaining her own priorities, including a patriotic position on Mexican California opposed to her husband’s espousal of “American colonization.” She also facilitated East Coast educations for her children and several nephews that would enhance their opportunities in the new U.S. state of California. In 1852 she was finally able to reunite with her family and fit back into Californio society. The author bases this Californiana’s character and cultural agility on a cache of letters written by Anita de la Guerra, complemented by those written by Robinson and the de la Guerra family.

Effect of biography-based values education on the attitudes of 4th grade primary school students towards the value of patriotism

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of biography-based values education on the attitudes of 4th grade students towards the value of patriotism. A semi-experimental design with pretest-posttest control group was used to find out differences concerning attitudes towards patriotism value between students in the experimental group in which biography-based values education was implemented and those in the control group where biography-based values education was not used. “Patriotism attitude scale” was used for quantitative data and “interview forms” were used for qualitative data in this study in which quantitative and qualitative research techniques were employed together. In this study, biographies of Halide Edip, Münevver Saime, Kara Fatma, Nene Hatun, Şerife Bacı, Tayyar Rahmiye, Gördesli Makbule, Kılavuz Hatice, Binbaşı Ayşe, Nezahat Onbaşı, Elif Bacı and Halime Çavuş, some women heroes of the Turkish independence, were used. After the implementation of biography-based values education, a significant difference was found between students' attitude scores concerning patriotism value in favor of the experimental group. In addition, there was a significant difference between students' attitude scores and their gender in favor of the experimental group while no significant difference was detected between students' attitudes regarding variables of parental education level and family income level.

Global Disparity and Solidarity in a Pandemic.

While the domestic effect of structural racism and other social vulnerabilities on Covid‐19 mortality in the United States has received some attention, there has been much less discussion (with some notable exceptions) of how structural global inequalities will further exacerbate Covid‐related health disparity across the world. This may be partially due to the delayed availability of accurate and comparable data from overwhelmed systems, particularly in low‐ and middle‐income countries. However, early methods to procure and develop treatments and vaccines by some high‐income countries reflect ongoing protectionist and nationalistic attitudes that can systemically exclude access for people in regions with weaker health systems. What's needed is a global coordinated effort, based on the principle of solidarity, to foster equitable health care access.