National Agricultural Cooperative Federation Research Articles

Assessment of growing condition variables on alfalfa productivity.

This study was conducted to assess the impact of growing condition variables on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) productivity. A total of 197 alfalfa yield results were acquired from the alfalfa field trials conducted by the South Korean National Agricultural Cooperative Federation or Rural Development Administration between 1983 and 2008. The corresponding climate and soil data were collected from the database of the Korean Meteorological Administration. Twenty-three growing condition variables were developed as explaining variables for alfalfa forage biomass production. Among them, twelve variables were chosen based on the significance of the partial-correlation coefficients or potential agricultural values. The selected partial correlation coefficients between the variables and alfalfa forage biomass ranged from -0.021 to 0.696. The influence of the selected twelve variables on yearly alfalfa production was summarized into three dominant factors through factor analysis. Along with the accumulated temperature variables, the loading scores of the daily mean temperature higher than 25°C were over 0.88 in factor 1. The sunshine duration at temperature between 0°C-25°C was 0.939 in factor 2. Precipitation days were 0.82, which was the greatest in factor 3. Stepwise regression applied with the three dominant factors resulted in the coefficients of factors 1, 2, and 3 for 0.633, 0.485, and 0.115, respectively, and the R-square of the model was 0.602. The environmental conditions limiting alfalfa growth, such as daily temperature higher than 25°C or daily mean temperature affected annual alfalfa production most substantially among the growing condition variables. Therefore, future cultivar selection should consider the capability of alfalfa to be tolerant to extreme summer weather along with biomass production potential.

Strategies for Sustainable Management of Agricultural Waste Vinyl in South Korea

Vinyl, such as those in the form of mulching and vinyl houses, is used to improve agricultural productivity. It is generated as an agriculture waste vinyl (AWV) after use. The collected AWV is transported to a recycling facility and shredded, washed, and compressed to be recycled. Recycled materials can contribute to the circular economy of agriculture as they are used again as an agricultural plastic product. However, in Korea, there are concerns about the illegal disposal (landfill, incineration) of AWV. So, a new management model is needed in which stakeholders voluntarily establish an AWV management system. In this study, a sustainable management strategy was proposed. This strategy is reinforcing the responsibility of the producers of AWV and forms a value chain in the proper discharge after consumption by applying the deposit system proposed to recover AWV. Local governments and the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation (NH) proposed education to curb the illegal disposal of AWV, and for managing areas where a collection system has not yet been established, biodegradable mulching vinyl (BMV) was proposed to minimize the environmental pollution caused by AWV. It was calculated that the EPR contribution was 0.16 USD/kg, and the introduction of BMV was 0.42 USD/kg in Korea. This study will provide a new alternative in countries struggling with AWV management.

A study on the relationship among Servant Leadership, Authentic Leadership, Perceived Organizational Support(POS), and Agile Culture using PLS-SEM: Mediating Effect of POS

Our study intended to review the characteristics of Agile Culture, which has attracted significant attention as an organizational culture suitable to deal with the recent changes in the management environment of enterprises and to reveal the role and interrelationships of leaderships, Agile Culture, and Perceived Organizational Support (POS). First, through previous studies, leaderships that influence Agile Culture were viewed as Servant Leadership and Authentic Leadership, and POS as an organizational characteristic that mediates the relationship between these two leaderships and Agile Culture. in addition, the sub-dimensions of Agile Culture were recognized as Empowerment, Continuous Learning, and Collective Intelligence. Based on these findings, a research model was developed to analyze the effect relationship among these variables. Our study was conducted mainly on the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation and its affiliated organizations in Korea and the SmartPLS 3.3.2 was used for statistical analysis of collected data. Both Servant Leadership and Authentic Leadership had positive effect on POS and POS had statistically significant effect on Empowerment, Collective Intelligence and Continuous Learning, all sub-dimensions of Agile Culture. The mediating effect of POS in the relationship between leaderships and Agile Culture was tested and POS mediated the positive effect of Servant Leadership and Authentic Leadership on two of the sub-dimensions of Agile Culture: Collective Intelligence and Empowerment. The samples of this study were restricted to specific organization, limiting the generalization to all industries. The future studies should include various industries, and the scope of research needs to be expanded to additional factors affecting Agile Culture.

A Study on Effect of Servant Leadership and Perceived Organizational Support on Characteristics of Agile Organizational Culture

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify factors of leadership and organizational support that have effect on establishing the characteristics of agile organizational culture adopted recently by many organizations as a way to deal with rapidly changing market.Methods/Statistical analysis: A research model was developed, based on previous studies, by selecting Empowerment, Use of Collective Intelligence, and Continuous Learning, selected as Characteristics of Agile Organizational Culture, and Servant Leadership and Perceived Organizational Support (POS) as the influencing variables. The relationships among variables were identified using regression analysis and mediating effect analysis. The subjects were workers working at headquarters of the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation and the Agribusiness Group. The questionnaire survey was conducted for about one month from Jan., 2020 and a total of 157 valid samples were obtained. SPSS (Ver. 22.0) was used in statistical analysis.Findings: The results showed that the Servant Leadership has statistically significant effect on Empowerment and Use of Collective Intelligence but not on Continuous Learning which are Characteristics of Agile Organizational Culture. The Perceived Organizational Support (POS) has statistically significant effect on all of the Characteristics of Agile Organizational Culture: Empowerment, Use of Collective Intelligence, and Continuous Learning. The results of mediating effect analysis showed that POS partially mediated the effect of Servant Leadership on Empowerment and Use of Collective Intelligence and fully mediated the effect on Continuous Learning. The results suggested that, for the establishment of agile culture in an organization, it is very important to exercise Servant Leadership, which is a leadership that maximize the potential of the members of the organization based on the spirit of human respect, and to give to members the perception of the full support and rewards provided by organization.Improvements/Applications: This study was conducted for employees working at a specific organization therefore it is difficult to generalize the results to overall industries and organizations. In the future, it is necessary to expand sample population and to conduct comparative studies between groups that have introduced agile organizational culture and ones that does not. It is also recommended to conduct additional studies on the factors of leadership and organizational support that have effect on the characteristics of agile organizational culture.

Causality between climatic and soil factors on Italian ryegrass yield in paddy field via climate and soil big data.

This study aimed to identify the causality between climatic and soil variables affecting the yield of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam., IRG) in the paddy field by constructing the pathways via structure equation model. The IRG data (n = 133) was collected from the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation (1992–2013). The climatic variables were accumulated temperature, growing days and precipitation amount from the weather information system of Korea Meteorological Administration, and soil variables were effective soil depth, slope, gravel content and drainage class as soil physical properties from the soil information system of Rural Development Administration. In general, IRG cultivation by the rice-rotation system in paddy field is important and unique in East Asia because it contributes to the increase of income by cultivating IRG during agricultural off-season. As a result, the seasonal effects of accumulated temperature and growing days of autumn and next spring were evident, furthermore, autumnal temperature and spring precipitation indirectly influenced yield through spring temperature. The effect of autumnal temperature, spring temperature, spring precipitation and soil physics factors were 0.62, 0.36, 0.23, and 0.16 in order (p < 0.05). Even though the relationship between soil physical and precipitation was not significant, it does not mean there was no association. Because the soil physical variables were categorical, their effects were weakly reflected even with scale adjustment by jitter transformation. We expected that this study could contribute to increasing IRG yield by presenting the causality of climatic and soil factors and could be extended to various factors.

농업협동조합의 조직효과성 평가모형 개발

농업협동조합의 조직효과성 평가모형 개발

농업인 안전보험의 가입 현황 및 영향요인

This study examined the insurance status and influencing factors of farmers’ safety insurance in Korea. An interview survey through farm-house visits was conducted on 10,020 representative samples of farm houses across all provinces except for Jeju-do. A total of 9,970 farmers over 19 years of age responded to the survey. Among the respondents, 70.7% answered that they need farmers’ occupational compensation insurance. On the other hand, only 36.3% and 32.0% of all respondents were aware of and had farmers’ safety insurance, respectively, which has been operated by the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation and partially supported financially by the government. Females, farmers over 70 years of age, farmers with a low income, and those with shorter period of farming showed a significantly lower proportion of being aware of and having farmers’ safety insurance than the other groups. The farmers’ awareness and the need for farmers’ safety insurance and experience of farm safety and health education were significantrelated to the higher probability of having farmers’ safety insurance. To increase number of farmers’ safety insurance policy holders, public relations on the insurance are needed, particularly for farmers with low information strength, such as females, elderly, low-income farmers, and beginning farmers. In addition, education on farm safety and health, including insurance information, would be an effective way to improve awareness and the need for insurance among farmers as well as sound finances of the insurance by contributing to a decrease in the agricultural injury and disease rates.

Do Incumbents Take Advantages in Highly Restricted Elections? Empirical Analysis on Cooperative Union Presidential Election in 2015 National Agricultural Cooperative Federation

Do Incumbents Take Advantages in Highly Restricted Elections? Empirical Analysis on Cooperative Union Presidential Election in 2015 National Agricultural Cooperative Federation

Models for Estimating Genetic Parameters of Milk Production Traits Using Random Regression Models in Korean Holstein Cattle.

The objectives of the study were to estimate genetic parameters for milk production traits of Holstein cattle using random regression models (RRMs), and to compare the goodness of fit of various RRMs with homogeneous and heterogeneous residual variances. A total of 126,980 test-day milk production records of the first parity Holstein cows between 2007 and 2014 from the Dairy Cattle Improvement Center of National Agricultural Cooperative Federation in South Korea were used. These records included milk yield (MILK), fat yield (FAT), protein yield (PROT), and solids-not-fat yield (SNF). The statistical models included random effects of genetic and permanent environments using Legendre polynomials (LP) of the third to fifth order (L3–L5), fixed effects of herd-test day, year-season at calving, and a fixed regression for the test-day record (third to fifth order). The residual variances in the models were either homogeneous (HOM) or heterogeneous (15 classes, HET15; 60 classes, HET60). A total of nine models (3 orders of polynomials×3 types of residual variance) including L3-HOM, L3-HET15, L3-HET60, L4-HOM, L4-HET15, L4-HET60, L5-HOM, L5-HET15, and L5-HET60 were compared using Akaike information criteria (AIC) and/or Schwarz Bayesian information criteria (BIC) statistics to identify the model(s) of best fit for their respective traits. The lowest BIC value was observed for the models L5-HET15 (MILK; PROT; SNF) and L4-HET15 (FAT), which fit the best. In general, the BIC values of HET15 models for a particular polynomial order was lower than that of the HET60 model in most cases. This implies that the orders of LP and types of residual variances affect the goodness of models. Also, the heterogeneity of residual variances should be considered for the test-day analysis. The heritability estimates of from the best fitted models ranged from 0.08 to 0.15 for MILK, 0.06 to 0.14 for FAT, 0.08 to 0.12 for PROT, and 0.07 to 0.13 for SNF according to days in milk of first lactation. Genetic variances for studied traits tended to decrease during the earlier stages of lactation, which were followed by increases in the middle and decreases further at the end of lactation. With regards to the fitness of the models and the differential genetic parameters across the lactation stages, we could estimate genetic parameters more accurately from RRMs than from lactation models. Therefore, we suggest using RRMs in place of lactation models to make national dairy cattle genetic evaluations for milk production traits in Korea.

Genetic Relationship of Productive Life, Production and Type Traits of Korean Holsteins at Early Lactations.

The present study was performed to study the genetic relationship of productive life with production and type traits of Korean Holsteins at first three lactations. The data for the analysis from 56,054, 28,997, and 11,816 animals of first, second and third parity cows which were born from 2006 to 2011 were collected by Dairy Cattle Improvement Center, National Agricultural Co-operative Federation. Milk, protein and fat yields adjusted for 305 days and average somatic cell score considered as production traits and analyzed type traits were stature, strength, body depth, dairy form, rump angle, rump width, rear leg side view, foot angle, front attachment placement, rear attachment height, rear attachment width, udder cleft, udder depth, front teat placement and front teat length. A multi trait genetic analysis was performed using Wombat program with restricted maximum likelihood animal model composed of fixed effect of birth year, farm and the random effect of animal and random residual effect according to the traits. Heritability estimates of productive life were between 0.06 and 0.13. Genetic and phenotypic correlations between production and productive life traits ranged from 0.35 to 0.04 for milk, 0.16 to 0.05 for protein and 0.18 to 0.02 f 15-0034 (2nd) 150520 or fat. Somatic cells score showed a negative genetic and phenotypic correlation with productive life and also udder type traits, indicating that the selection for higher udder traits will likely to improve resistance to mastitis and persistence in the herd. Among all dairy form type traits, udder characters such as udder cleft showed a significant relationship with productive life. However, a specific change of heritabilities or correlations were not observed with the change of parity. Moreover, further studies are needed to further confirm the significance of the above traits and the effect of parity on above relationships in order to minimize both voluntary and involuntary culling rates while improving herd health and maintaining high yielding dairy cows.

Demand and Supply Trend of Agricultural Machinery

Purpose: This study was performed in order to obtain basic data for policy development and R&D to sharpen competitiveness in domestic agricultural machinery industry by analyzing the recent status of demand and supply for tractor, rice transplanter(riding type), and combine. Methods: Basic data from 199,275 units of tractor, rice transplanter (riding type), and combine was offered by the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation and Korea Agricultural Machinery Industry Cooperative. Those agricultural machines were supplied by the government`s loan support from 2003 to 2012. Results: Recent supply of tractor is only 13,000 units or so per annum, thereby being stagnated. Rice transplanter and combine in 2012 corresponded to 3,810 units and 2,490 units, respectively. The domestic market share of the imported agricultural machinery accounted for 60.0% in tractor, 99.5% in saddle rice transplanter, and 80.9% in combine, thereby having been sharply increased 33.1%p, 42.0%p and 53.6%p compared to the ones in 2003. Life spans of tractor, combine and saddle rice transplanter are 3.7, 3.7 and 4.2 years, respectively. Among the discontinued models, the one less than 300 units supplied was occupied up to 70~85%. Conclusions: The domestic demand and the export expansion are needed through developing a model of agricultural machinery of having competitiveness to domestically activate agricultural machinery industry.

National Agricultural Cooperative Federation Issues and Solution of Financial Holding Companies

National Agricultural Cooperative Federation Issues and Solution of Financial Holding Companies

월동작형 배추와 무의 생산량에 영향을 미치는 기상요인 분석

본 연구는 급격한 가격변동으로 소비자 물가에 직접적인 영향을 미치고 있는 배추와 무를 선정하여 단위면적당 수확량과 기상요소의 관계를 밝히고자 하였다. 기존에 농작물과 기상요소의 관계를 분석한 연구들은 넓은 지역을 대표하는 특정 지점의 기상자료를 사용하였으나 본 연구에서는 개별 농경지에서 가장 가까운 지점의 기상자료를 사용하였다. 특히 지역의 계약재배 담당자들과의 인터뷰에 기반하여 수집된 농업자료를 그대로 사용하지 않고, 농업과 기상자료의 가공을 통해 좀 더 세부적인 분석을 시도하였으며, 도출된 유의한 기상요소들은 기존의 연구들에서 제시한 상관계수들보다 높게 나타나 농산물의 단수추정에 기상요소가 중요하게 활용될 수 있음을 보였다. 분석 결과 월동배추 무의 생육기간 동안 각각 최저기온과 최고기온이 단수와 관련이 많은 것으로 드러났는데, 향후 기상청과 같은 기상정보 제공자들은 재배 지역에 농업기상정보를 제공하고자 할 때, 농산물과 지역의 특성을 고려한 세부기상요소를 중점적으로 제공하면 효과를 거둘 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. Among many factors, especially meteorological conditions can impact agricultural productivities. This study was conducted to analyze the relationships between crop yield and meteorological factors. We collected meteorological data (i.e., temperature and precipitation) from the Automated Weather System (AWS) of Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) and the yield data of Chinese cabbage and Radish from local Nonghyup (NCAF:National Agricultural Cooperative Federation) and Farmers' Corporate Association. The agricultural data were classified into two groups. These groups are comprised of the farmers who produced a crop under 30 kg per <TEX>$3.3m^2$</TEX> and over 30k g per <TEX>$3.3m^2$</TEX> respectively. The daily meteorological data were calculated from the average value for ten days. Based on the regression analysis, we concluded that the yield of Chinese cabbage (Haenam) was related to average temperature, minimum temperature, precipitation, and number of days with precipitation, whereas that of Radish (Jeju) was related to average temperature, maximum temperature, and minimum temperature. The result suggests that these meteorological data can be used more effectively for the prediction of crop yield.

홀스타인의 국제유전평가를 위한 모형개발에 관한 연구

본 연구는 국내 국가단위 평가결과의 문제점을 해결하면서 유전 능력평가시스템을 고도화하고 우리나라가 국제유전평가에 참여하기 위하여 국제평가기구에서 요구하는 검증작업을 통과하기 위하여 수행하였다. 본 연구에 이용된 자료는 농협중앙회 젖소개량부에서 수집한 분만일이 2001년부터 2009년까지의 검정성적으로 총 1,416,589개이며 산차는 5산으로 제한하였으며, 누적착유일은 75~305일로 제한하였고, 전체 혈통자료는 2,279,741개이며 부모를 갖는 개체는 535,409개이고 아비소는 2,467두로 구성되어 있는 기록들을 이용하였다. 유량, 유지방, 유단백에 대한 육종가는 신규로 개발한 다형질모형(Multiple traits model)을 이용하여 육종가를 구하였으며 기초작업은 SAS version 9.2와 R프로그램을 이용하였으며 유전모수를 추정하기 위하여 VCE 6.0을 이용하였다. 전반적으로 유전적 추세는 꾸준히 지속되어 오고 있으며 산차별 차이가 두드러지게 나타나지는 않았다. 유지방을 제외하고 유량과 유단백 형질의 추세가 잘 추정되었음을 알 수 있다. 유전평가분석결과 상위 1000두의 랭킹안에 최근의 생년을 갖는 딸소가 기존에 사용한 모수로 분석한 결과보다 딸소가 증가했음을 알 수 있다. 국제유전평가모형을 통해 새로 평가한 결과 씨수소상위 100두를 기존 평가모형에 의한 평가결과와 비교했을 때, 2006년생은 23두에서 28두로 2007년생은 12두에서 20두로 2008년생은 2두에서 8두로 증가하였다. 이는 최근의 딸소나 씨수소의 유전능력이 우수함에도 불구하고 상위에 랭크되지 못했던 결과가 새 모형의 적용으로 보완하여 새로운 평가분석에 적용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 기존의 단형질 모형 대신 다형질 모형을 이용한 분석방법으로 평가를 실시하고 국제유전평가에도 다형질 모형을 이용한 육종가를 제시함으로써 다형질 선발의 정확도가 향상될 수 있을 것이다. This study was aimed to solve the problems of current national genetic evaluation systems in Korea and its development to pass the verification processes as required by International Bull Evaluation Service (Interbull). This will enable Korea to participate in international genetic evaluation program. A total of 1,416,589 test-day milk records with calving dates used in this study were collected by National Agricultural Cooperative Federation from 2001 to 2009. Parity was limited up to fifth calving and milk production records were adjusted to cumulative 305 day lactation. The pedigree consisted of 2,279,741 animals where 2,467 bulls had 535,409 parents. A newly developed multiple trait model was used in calculation of breeding values for milk yield, milk fat, and protein yield. Data were edited with SAS (version 9.2) and R programs, and genetic parameters were estimated using VCE 6.0. Results showed a continuous increase in genetic potentials, in general, and no remarkable differences were found between performances by parity. Except fat yield, potentials in milk yield and protein yield were well calculated. We found an increased number of daughters per each top ranked 1,000 bulls in recent years of calf births compared to the cases of previous evaluations. Of the bulls ranked top 100 by our new models (multiple-trait models) we found that increased numbers of bulls were included. Of twenty eight bulls born in 2006, twenty bulls born in 2007 and eight bulls born in 2008 that were listed by new models, only 23, 12, and 2 bulls born in respective years were represented on top 100 by old single-trait models. Re-ranking of the daughters or sires by multiple-trait models suggest that this new multiple trait approach should be used for dairy cattle genetic evaluation and seed-stock selection in the future to increase the accuracy of multiple trait selection. Breeding values for these traits should also be calculated by new method for international genetic evaluation.

National genetic evaluation (system) of hanwoo (korean native cattle).

Hanwoo (Also known as Korean native cattle; Bos taurus coreanae) have been used for transportation and farming for a long time in South Korea. It has been about 30 yrs since Hanwoo improvement began in earnest as beef cattle for meat yield. The purpose of this study was to determine the trend of improvement as well as to estimate genetic parameters of the traits being used for seedstock selection based on the data collected from the past. Hanwoo proven bulls in South Korea are currently selected through performance and progeny tests. National Hanwoo genetic evaluations are implemented with yearling weight (YW), carcass weight (CW), eye muscle area (EMA), backfat thickness (BF) and marbling score (MS). Yearling weights and MS are used for selecting young bulls, and EMA, BF, and MS are used for selecting proven bulls. One individual per testing room was used for performance tests, and five individuals per room for progeny tests. Individuals tested were not allowed to graze pasture, but there was enough space for them to move around in the testing room. Feeds including roughages and minerals were fed ad libitum, and concentrates were provided at the rate of about 1.8% of individual weight. Overall means of the traits were 352.8±38.56 kg, 335.09±44.61 kg, 77.85±8.838 cm2, 8.6±3.7 mm and 3.293±1.648 for YW, CW, EMA, BF and MS. Heritabilities estimated in this study were 0.30, 0.30, 0.42, 0.50 and 0.63 in YW, CW, EMA, BF and MS, respectively, which are similar to results from previous research. Yearling weight was 315.54 kg in 1998, and had increased to 355.06 kg in 2011, resulting in about 40 kg of improvement over 13 yrs. YW and CW have improved remarkably over the past 15 yrs. Breeding values between 1996 and 2000 decreased or did not change much, but have moved in a desirable direction since 2001. These improvements correspond with the substantial increase in use of animal models since the late 1990s in Korea. Hanwoo testing programs have practically contributed to the improvement in aspects of quality and quantity. In sum, the current selection system is good enough to accommodate circumstances where fewer sires are used on many more cows. Although progeny tests take longer and cost more, they seem to be appropriate under the circumstances of the domestic market with its higher requirement for better meat quality. Consequently, accumulative data collection, genetic evaluation model development, revision of selection indices, as well as cooperation among farms, associations, National Agricultural Cooperative Federation, universities, research institutes, and government agencies must be applied to the Hanwoo selection program. All these efforts will assist the domestic market to secure a competitive position against imported beef under Free Trade Agreement trade system and will provide farmers with higher profits as well as the public with a higher quality of beef.

Development Strategies for Fruit and Vegetable Wholesaling Business of National Agricultural Cooperative Federation

Development Strategies for Fruit and Vegetable Wholesaling Business of National Agricultural Cooperative Federation

한우 검정우의 일당증체량에 관한 연구

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to identify the characteristics and estimate the genetic parameters of average daily gain (ADG) and carcass traits of Hanwoo. The data used in this study were 4,681 heads which were performance-tested and 4,442 heads which were progeny-tested in test station of National Agricultural Cooperative Federation. The means and standard deviations of ADG between 6~9 months (ADG:6-9), ADG between 9~12 (ADG:9-12) and ADG between 6~12 (ADG:6-12) from the performance test were 1.04 ± 0.16, 1.11 ± 0.17 and 1.07 ± 0.11, respectively. The phenotypic correlations of ADG:6-9 and ADG:9-12, ADG:6-9 and ADG:6-12, ADG:9-12 and ADG:6-12 were －0.03, 0.66 and 0.65, respectively. The phenotypic correlations of ADG:6-12 with carcass weight (CW), eye muscle area (EMA), backfat thickness (BF), and marbling score (MS) from progeny test were 0.446, 0.199, 0.0266 and 0.045, respectively. Estimated heritabilities from the pooled data were 0.251 (ADG:6-12), 0.298 (CW), 0.424 (EMA), 0.503 (BF) and 0.626 (MS), respectively. Estimated genetic correlations of ADG:6-12 with CW, EMA, BF, MS were 0.606, 0.292, －0.095 and －0.007, respectively. From these results, it could be suggested that selection for ADG significantly affects CW, EMA and BF by correlated response to selection.(

국내 Holstein종 젖소의 경제형질과 착유량에 따른 소득의 유전모수 추정

Korean Animal Improvement AssociationABSTRACTThe data including milk yields, fat and protein percent for 628,395 heads collected by National Agricultural Cooperative Federation, 15 type traits and final score for 62,262 heads collected by Korea Animal Improvement Association, which were born in 1998 to 2004, and net profits calculated from milk price and raising expenses of individuals were used to estimate genetic parameters. The highest positive genetic correlation, 0.81, was shown between body depth(BD) and loin strength(SR). Genetic correlations between body depth(BD) and udder depth(UD), front teat placement(TP) and front teat length(TL) were '0.23, which were lowest among the linear type traits. Furthermore, medium level of negative genetic correlations were shown the milk yield with milk contents rate traits. Mostly low level of positive genetic correlations were shown between the milk traits and linear score traits except milk yield and stature. Most of the genetic correlations of between the linear score traits and net profit were low level of positive or negative genetic correlations. Among the genetic correlations, body depth(BD), angularity(DF) and rear attachment width(UW), and final score(FS) with net profit were high as 0.17, 0.17, 0.18 and 0.18, respectively. Finally all of the genetic correlations between net profit and milk traits were positive and higher than the linear traits with positive genetic correlations. The results of this study suggest that net profit has been related with the linear traits, such as body depth(BD), angularity(DF) and rear attachment width(UW) traits, and furthermore, milk traits including yield and contents rates influence positively and greatly on net profit. (Key words :Milk yield traits, Linear type traits, Net profit, Genetic parameter, Genetic parameter)

First Detection of Penicillium fellutanum from Stored Rice in Korea

A representative isolate KU53 of the predominant Penicillium species was obtained from rice samples from rice processing complexes of National Agricultural Cooperative Federation in Korea. In this study, isolate KU53 was identified by its morphological and molecular characteristics. The macro- and microscopic characteristics of isolate KU53 were compared with the P. fellutanum reference isolate KCTC16913 on different media; isolate KU53 was generally identical to those of the reference isolate KCTC16913. In a molecular-based identification, the <TEX>${\beta}$</TEX>-tubulin and translation elongation factor 1-alpha sequences of isolate KU53 was most closely related to those of P. fellutanum. Thus, isolate KU53 from stored rice could be identified as P. fellutanum, some isolates of which are known to produce mycotoxin-related metabolites. To our knowledge, this is the first detection of P. fellutanum from stored rice in Korea.

An Analysis on the Job Attitude of the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation’s Employees

An Analysis on the Job Attitude of the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation’s Employees