National Advisory Committee For Aeronautics Score Research Articles

Emergency Medical Care Provided by North Shore Rescue Advanced Medical Providers.

The North Shore Rescue (NSR) Advanced Medical Provider (AMP) program is composed of physicians and nurses based in North Vancouver who attend high acuity medical search and rescue (SAR) callouts in British Columbia, Canada. This study aimed to analyze the medical care provided by AMPs with appropriate comparisons to non-AMP callouts. A retrospective review of all NSR callouts from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2022, was conducted. The analysis included AMP involvement, rescue logistics, subject demographics, activity, primary cause, provisional diagnosis, treatments, medical decision-making, and extraction means. National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) scores were assigned by physicians to evaluate medical acuity as well as under-triage and over-triage. Of the 767 NSR callouts over the 5-year span, 283 (37%) were medical, and of these, 35% (n = 99) involved AMPs. Seventy-five percent of AMP rescues involved traumatic injuries, and 31% involved nontraumatic medical illnesses. The mean NACA score for AMP callouts was significantly higher than non-AMP callouts (3.1 ± 1.3 vs 1.9 ± 1.3, p < .00001). Medications were administered in 40% of AMP rescues, procedures were performed in 54%, and 37% involved advanced medical decision-making. Over-triage occurred in 33% of AMP callouts, with under-triage in 10%. The AMP program provides a useful service when advanced medical care in wilderness environments is needed. AMPs coordinate appropriate medical response and ensure safe, comfortable, and efficient transport to definitive care. The NSR AMP program may act as a model for the development of similar programs by other SAR teams.

Use of bitemporal NACA score documentation in prehospital emergency medical services– a retrospective study

BackgroundThe assessment of illness severity in the prehospital setting is essential for guiding appropriate medical interventions. The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) score is a validated tool commonly used for this purpose. However, the potential benefits of using bitemporal documentation of NACA scores to capture the dynamic changes in emergency situations remain uncertain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential benefit of bitemporal NACA score documentation in the prehospital setting, specifically in assessing the dynamic changes of emergencies and facilitating quality improvement through enhanced documentation practices.MethodsIn this retrospective study, data from prehospital emergency patients were analyzed who received care from the physician response unit between January 1, 2018, and May 31, 2021. Patient demographics, NACA scores, indications for emergency care, and changes in NACA scores were extracted from medical records. Statistical analyses were performed to examine the associations between NACA scores, emergency categories, indications, and changes in NACA scores.ResultsThe study included 4005 patients, predominantly categorized as NACA III (33.7% at initial assessment, 41.8% at subsequent assessment) and NACA IV (31.6% at initial assessment, 22.4% at subsequent assessment). There was a significant improvement in NACA scores during the provision of prehospital care (p < 0.01). Notably, prehospital emergencies attributed to internal medical, neurological, traumatic, and paediatric causes demonstrated significant improvements in NACA scores (p < 0.01). Gender-specific differences were also observed.ConclusionOur study suggests that the bitemporal documentation of NACA scores can be advantageous in the prehospital setting and may have implications for research, practice, and policy.

Do we need pre-hospital resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) in the civilian helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS)?

Pre-hospital resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) can be a life-saving procedure for patients with non-compressible torso hemorrhage. We aimed to evaluate the potential eligibility for REBOA in trauma patients of a civilian helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) using a stepwise approach. A retrospective analysis using the electronic database (HEMSDER) of "DRF Luftrettung" HEMS covering the period from January 2015 to June 2021 was performed. Trauma patients aged ≥ 16years and with a National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) score of ≥ 4 were assessed for potential REBOA eligibility using two different decision trees based on assumed severe bleeding due to injuries of the abdomen, pelvis, and/or lower extremities and different vital signs on the scene and at hospital handover. Non-parametric statistical methods were used for comparison. A total of 22.426 patients met the inclusion criteria for data analysis. Of these, 0.15-2.24% were possible candidates for pre-hospital REBOA. No significant differences between groups on scene and at hospital handover regarding demographics, assumed injuries, and pre-hospital interventions were found. In the on-scene group, 21.1% of the patients remained unstable even at hospital handover despite pre-hospital care. In the handover group, 42.8% of the patients seemed initially stable but then deteriorated during the pre-hospital course. The number of potential pre-hospital REBOA in severely injured patients with a NACA score of ≥ 4 is < 3% or can be even < 1% if more strict criteria are used. There are some patients who may benefit from pre-hospital REBOA as a life-saving procedure. Further research on earlier diagnosis of life-threatening bleeding and proper indications of REBOA in trauma patients is needed.

Trauma Scores and Their Prognostic Value for the Outcome Following Pediatric Polytrauma.

Purpose: The management and prognostic assessment of pediatric polytrauma patients can pose substantial challenges. Trauma scores developed for adults are not universally applicable in children. An accurate prediction of the severity of trauma and correct assessment of the necessity of surgical procedures are important for optimal treatment. Several trauma scores are currently available, but the advantages and drawbacks for use in pediatric patients are unclear. This study examines the value of the trauma scores Injury Severity Score (ISS), Pediatric Trauma Score (PTS), National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), and Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) for the assessment of the polytraumatized child.Methods: In a retrospective study, 97 patients aged 0–17 years who presented with polytrauma and an ISS ≥16 in the trauma bay were included in the study. Patient records including radiological studies were analyzed. Pathological imaging findings and emergency surgery were assessed as outcome variables and the predictive value of the trauma scores were analyzed using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves. Statistical significance was set at an alpha level of P ≤ 0.05.Results: In this study, 35 of the 97 studied children had pathological cranial computed findings. These either underwent craniectomy or trepanation or a parenchymal catheter was placed for intracranial pressure monitoring. Abdominal trauma was present in 45 patients, 16 of which were treated surgically. Forty-three patients arrived with thoracic injuries, 10 of which received a thoracic drainage. One child underwent an emergency thoracotomy. Predictive accuracy for emergency surgery calculated using receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curves was highest for ISS and NACA scores (0,732 and 0.683, respectively), and lower for GCS (0.246) and PTS (0.261).Conclusion: In our study cohort, initial ISS and NACA scores better predicted operative interventions and outcome than PTS or GCS for polytraumatized pediatric patients.

Crevasse accidents in the Swiss Alps Epidemiology and mortality of 405 victims of crevasse accidents from 2010 to 2020

IntroductionThe clinical spectrum of injuries in crevasse accidents can range from benign to life-threatening, even including death. To date, little is known about incidence and causes. MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed mountain rescue missions that included crevasse accidents and took place in Switzerland from 2010 to 2020. Demographic and epidemiological data were collected. Injury severity was graded according to the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) score. Winter season was defined as December to May, and summer season as June to November. ResultsA total of 321 victims of crevasse falls were included in the study. The median age of victims was 41.2 years (interqauartile range [IQR] 31.3 to 51.6), with 82% (n=260) being male and 59% (n=186) foreigners. The typical altitude range at which rescue missions were performed was between 3000 and 3499m (44% of all cases). The median depth of the fall was 15 meters (IQR 8 to 20) during the winter season compared to 8 meters (IQR 5 to 10) during the summer, p<0.001. Overall mortality was 6.5%. The NACA score was ≥4 for 9.4% (n=30) of the victims. 55% (n=177) had a NACA score of 0 or 1. There was a significant positive correlation between the depth of fall and the injury severity (Pearson`s correlation r=0.35, 95%- confidence interval: 0.18 to 0.51), p<0.001. ConclusionMore than half of victims fallen into a crevasse are uninjured or sustain mild injury. Life-threathening injuries were found in about 10% of victims and the crevasse fall was fatal in 6.5% of cases. Injury severity positively correlates with the depth of fall, which is higher during winter season.

Retrospective Analysis of Geriatric Major Trauma Patients Admitted in the Shock Room of a Swiss Academic Hospital: Characteristics and Prognosis.

Increased life expectancy exposes a great number of elderly people to serious accidents, thus increasing the amount of major geriatric trauma cases. The aim of our study was to determine the profile of elderly patients undergoing major trauma, and the contributing factors predicting mortality in this specific patient group, compared to the younger population. Retrospective analysis of 1051 patients with major trauma admitted over ten years in a Level-1 trauma center was performed. Data collected were: history, nature and type of trauma; age and sex; vital signs on admission; injury severity score; shock index; comorbidities; coagulation diathesis; injury patterns; emergency measures taken; main diagnosis; mortality; and length of hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) stay. Geriatric patients admitted for major trauma have a mortality rate almost four times greater (47%) than their younger counterparts (14%) with the same ISS. According to statistical regression analysis, anti-platelet therapy (OR 3.21), NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics) score (OR 2.23), GCS (OR 0.83), ISS (OR 1.07) and age (OR 1.06) are the main factors predicting mortality. Conclusion: Geriatric major trauma patients admitted to our trauma resuscitation area have a high mortality rate. Age, GCS, ISS and NACA scores as well as anti-platelet therapy are the main factors predicting mortality.

Oligoanalgesia in Patients With an Initial Glasgow Coma Scale Score ≥8 in a Physician-Staffed Helicopter Emergency Medical Service: A Multicentric Secondary Data Analysis of >100,000 Out-of-Hospital Emergency Missions.

Oligoanalgesia, as well as adverse events related to the initiated pain therapy, is prevalent in out-of-hospital emergency medicine, even when a physician is present. We sought to identify factors involved in insufficient pain therapy of patients presenting with an initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of ≥8 in the out-of-hospital phase, when therapy is provided by a physician-staffed helicopter emergency medical service (p-HEMS). This was a multicenter, secondary data analysis of conscious patients treated in primary p-HEMS missions between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2017. Patients with a numeric rating scale (NRS) pain score ≥4, GCS score ≥8 on the scene, without cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and a National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) score <VI were included. Multivariable logistic binary regression analyses were used to identify characteristics of oligoanalgesia (NRS ≥4 at handover or pain reduction <3). Linear regression analysis was used to identify changes in pain treatment within the study period. We analyzed data from 106,730 patients (3.6% missing data at variable level). Of these patients, 82.9% received some type of analgesic therapy on scene; 79.1% of all patients received analgesic drugs, and 38.6% received nonpharmacological interventions, while 37.4% received both types of intervention. Oligoanalgesia was identified in 18.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 18.1-18.6) of patients. Factors associated with oligoanalgesia were a low NACA score and a low NRS score, as well as central nervous system or gynecological/obstetric complaints. The use of weak opioids (odds ratio [OR] = 1.05; 95% CI, 0.68-1.57) had no clinically relevant association with oligoanalgesia, in contrast to the use of strong or moderate opioids, nonopioid analgesics, or ketamine. We observed changes in the analgesic drugs used over the 12-year study period, particularly in the use of strong opioids (fentanyl or sufentanil), from 30.3% to 42.3% (P value <.001). Of all patients, 17.1% (95% CI, 16.9-17.3) did not receive any type of pain therapy. In the studied p-HEMS cohort, oligoanalgesia was present in 18.4% of all cases. Special presenting complaints, low NACA scores, and low pain scores were associated with the occurrence of oligoanalgesia. However, 17.1% of patients received no type of pain therapy, which suggests a scope for further improvement in prehospital pain therapy. Pharmacological and nonpharmaceutical pain relief should be initiated whenever indicated.

Characteristics of patients treated by the Danish Helicopter Emergency Medical Service from 2014-2018: a nationwide population-based study

BackgroundA national Helicopter Emergency Medical Service (HEMS) was introduced in Denmark in 2014 to ensure the availability of physician-led critical care for all patients regardless of location.Appropriate dispatch of HEMS is known to be complex, and resource utilisation is a highly relevant topic. Population-based studies on patient characteristics are fundamental when evaluating and optimising a system. The aim of this study was to describe the patient population treated by the Danish HEMS in terms of demographics, pre-hospital diagnostics, severity of illness or injury, and the critical care interventions performed.MethodThe study is a retrospective nationwide population-based study based on data gathered from the Danish HEMS database. We included primary missions resulting in a patient encounter registered between October 1st 2014 and April 30th 2018.ResultsOf 13.391 dispatches registered in the study period we included 7133 (53%) primary missions with patient encounter: 4639 patients were air lifted to hospital, 174 patients were escorted to hospital by the HEMS physician in an ambulance, and in 2320 cases HEMS assisted the ground crew on scene but did not escort the patient to hospital. Patient age ranged from 0-99 years and 64% of the population were men. The median age was 60 years.The main diagnostic groups were cardio-vascular emergencies (41%), trauma (23%) and neurological emergencies (16%). In 61% of the cases, the patient was critically ill/injured corresponding to a NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics) score between 4 and 7 (both included). In more than one third of the missions a critical care intervention was performed. Ultrasound examination and endo-tracheal intubation were the critical care interventions most frequently performed (21% and 20%, respectively).ConclusionThe national Danish HEMS primarily attends severely ill or injured patients and often perform critical care interventions. In addition, the Danish HEMS provides rapid transport to highly specialised treatment for patients in the more rural parts of the country.Patients with cardio-vascular emergencies, trauma and neurological emergencies are among those patient groups most commonly seen.We conclude that the overall dispatch profile appears appropriate but emphasise that continuous development and refinement is essential.

Time Course of Hoist Operations by the Search and Rescue Helicopter Service in Southeast Norway

Optimal dispatch of emergency medical services relies on accurate time estimates of the various prehospital stages. Hoist rescue work time intervals performed by the search and rescue (SAR) helicopter service in Norway have not been studied to date. We aimed to describe the epidemiologic, operational, and medical aspects of the SAR service in southeast Norway. To complement the prehospital timeline, we performed simulated hoist operations. We reviewed time and patient descriptors and medical interventions in hoist operations performed at a SAR base over 5 y. In addition, a simulation study measuring hoist rescue time intervals was performed. Data are presented as mean±SD, except National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) scores, which are presented as modes. There were 148 hoist operations performed during the study period, involving 180 patients. Time to take-off was 13±7 min. There were 88 patients (49%) who were injured; 53 (29%) had a medical condition, and 39 (22%) were evacuees. The mode of the NACA score was 3. Forty-five patients (25%) had an NACA score of 4 to 6. Medical interventions were performed on 77 patients (43%) in 73 operations (49%). Nine patients (5%) were endotracheally intubated, and 1 thoracostomy was performed. The simulated rescuer access time was 4±2 min, the simulated anesthesiologist access time was 6±2 min, and the simulated hoist extrication time was 13±2 min. Hoist rescue was performed in 10% (n=148) of the SAR operations. New information about hoist extrication time intervals can improve rescue helicopter dispatch accuracy.

Static Rope Evacuation by Helicopter Emergency Medical Services in Rescue Operations in Southeast Norway

Physician-staffed helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) in Norway are an adjunct to existing search and rescue services. Our aims were to study the epidemiological, operational, and medical aspects of HEMS daylight static rope operations performed in the southeastern part of the country and to examine several quality dimensions that are characteristic of this service. We reviewed the static rope operations performed at 3 HEMS bases during a 3-y period and applied a set of quality indicators designed for physician-staffed emergency medical services to evaluate the quality of care. Data are presented as medians with quartiles, except National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) scores, which are presented as mean (SD). Fifty-nine static rope operations were identified, involving 60 patients. Median (quartiles) age was 43 (27-55) y. Median (quartiles) take-off time was 9 (5-13) min. Trauma-related injuries were found in 48 patients. The main conditions were lower limb injuries, found in 32 patients. Ten patients experienced medical conditions. Mean (SD) NACA score was 3.3 (1.3). A potential or actual life-threatening diagnosis (NACA score: 4-6) was reported among 15 patients. The main interventions were intravenous lines (19 patients), analgesics (17), and oxygen treatment (14). Four patients were intubated, and 1 thoracostomy was performed. Static rope operations are rarely performed. The quality indicators suggest that the service is safe, available, and equitable. Its main benefit seems to be evacuation and the maintenance of readiness before rapid transport of the physician to the scene or the patient to the hospital.

Merger of two dispatch centres: does it improve quality and patient safety?

BackgroundDispatch centres (DCs) are considered an essential but expensive component of many highly developed healthcare systems. The number of DCs in a country, region, or state is usually based on local history and often related to highly decentralised healthcare systems. Today, current technology (Global Positioning System or Internet access) abolishes the need for closeness between DCs and the population. Switzerland went from 22 DCs in 2006 to 17 today. This study describes from a quality and patient safety point of view the merger of two DCs.MethodsThe study analysed the performance (over and under-triage) of two medical DCs for 12 months prior to merging and for 12 months again after the merger in 2015. Performance was measured comparing the priority level chosen by dispatcher and the severity of cases assessed by paramedics on site using the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) score. We ruled that NACA score > 3 (injuries/diseases which can possibly lead to deterioration of vital signs) to 7 (lethal injuries/diseases) should require a priority dispatch with lights and siren (L&S). While NACA score < 4 should require a priority dispatch without L&S. Over-triage was defined as the proportion of L&S dispatches with a NACA score < 4, and under-triage as the proportion of dispatches without L&S with a NACA > 3.ResultsPrior to merging, Dispatch A had a sensitivity/specificity regarding the use of lights and sirens and severity of cases of 86%/48% with over- and under-triage rates of 78% and 5%, respectively. Dispatch B had sensitivity and specificity of 92%/20% and over- and under-triage rates of 84% and 7%, respectively. After they merged, global sensitivity/specificity reached 87%/67%, and over- and under-triage rates were 71% and 3%, respectivelyConclusionsA part the potential cost advantage achieved by the merger of two DCs, it can improve the quality of services to the population, reducing over- and under-triage and the use of lights and sirens and therefore, the risk of accidents. This is especially the case when a DC with poor triage performance merges with a high-performing DC.

Evaluating helicopter emergency medical missions: a reliability study of the HEMS benefit and NACA scores.

The benefits of the Helicopter Emergency Medical Service (HEMS) and dispatch accuracy are continuously debated, and a widely accepted score to measure the benefits of the mission is lacking. The HEMS Benefit Score (HBS) has been used in Finnish helicopter emergency medical services, but studies are lacking. The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) score is widely used to measure the severity of illness or injury in the pre-hospital setting, but it has many critics due to its subjectivity. We investigated the inter-rater and rater-against-reference reliability of these scores. Twenty-five fictional HEMS missions were created by an expert panel. A total of 22 pre-hospital physicians were recruited to participate in the study from two different HEMS bases. The participants received written instructions on the use of the scores. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and mean differences between rater-against-reference values were calculated. A total of 17 physicians participated in the study. The ICC was 0.70 (95% CI 0.57-0.83) for the HBS and 0.65 (95% CI 0.51-0.79) for the NACA score. Mean differences between references and raters were -0.09 (SD 0.72) for the HBS and 0.28 (SD 0.61) for the NACA score, indicating that raters scored some lower NACA values than reference values formed by an expert panel. The HBS and NACA score had substantial inter-rater reliability. In addition, the rater-against-reference values were acceptable, though large differences were observed between individual raters and references in some clinical cases.

Prehospital triage accuracy in a criteria based dispatch centre.

BackgroundPriority dispatch accuracy is a key issue in optimizing the match between patients’ medical needs and pre-hospital resources. This study measures the accuracy of a Criteria Based Dispatch (CBD) system, by evaluating discrepancies between dispatch priorities and ambulance crews’ severity evaluations.MethodsThis is a retrospective study conducted from January 2011 to December 2011. We ruled that a National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) score > 3 (injuries/diseases which can possibly lead to deterioration of vital signs) to 7 (lethal injuries/ diseases) should require a priority dispatch with lights and siren (L&S), while NACA scores < 4 should require a priority dispatch without L&S. Over triage was defined as the proportion of L&S dispatches with a NACA score < 4, and under triage as the proportion of dispatches without L&S with a NACA score > 3.ResultsThere were 29,008 primary missions in 2011, 1122 were excluded. Of the 15,749 L&S missions, 12,333 patients had a NACA score < 4, leading to an over triage rate of 78 %; 561 missions out of 12,137 missions without L&S had a NACA score > 3, leading to an under triage rate of 4.6 %. Sensitivity was 86 % (95 % confidence interval: 85.6–86.4 %), specificity 48 % (47.4–48.6 %), positive predictive value 21.7 % (21.2–22.2 %), and negative predictive value 95.4 % (95.2–95.6 %).ConclusionThe rates of over triage and under triage in our CBD are 78 and 4.6 % respectively. The lack of consistent or universal metrics is perhaps the most important limitation in dispatch accuracy research. This is mainly due to the large heterogeneity of dispatch systems and prehospital emergency system.

Epidemiology and mortality of glacier crevasse accidents

IntroductionCrevasse accidents can lead to severe injuries and even death, but little is known about their epidemiology and mortality. MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed helicopter-based emergency services rescue missions for crevasse victims in Switzerland between 2000 and 2010. Demographic and epidemiological data were collected. Injury severity was graded according to the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) score. ResultsA total of 415 victims of crevasse falls were included in the study. The mean victim age was 40 years (SD 13) (range 6–75), 84% were male, and 67% were foreigners. The absolute number of victims was much higher during the months of March, April, July, and August, amounting to 73% of all victims; 77% of victims were practicing mountaineering or ski touring. The mean depth of fall was 16.5m (SD 9.0) (range 1–35). Overall on-site mortality was 11%, and it was higher during the ski season than the ski offseason (14% vs. 7%; P=0.01), for foreigners (14% vs. 5%; P=0.01), and with higher mean depth of fall (22 vs. 15m; P=0.01). The NACA score was ≥4 for 22% of the victims, indicating potential or overt vital threatening injuries, but 24% of the victims were uninjured (NACA 0). Multivariable analyses revealed that depth of the fall, summer season, and snowshoeing were associated with higher NACA scores, whereas depth of the fall, snowshoeing, and foreigners but not season were associated with higher risk of death. ConclusionThe clinical spectrum of injuries sustained by the 415 patients in this study ranged from benign to life-threatening. Death occurred in 11% of victims and seems to be determined primarily by the depth of the fall.

Notärztliche Einschätzung der klinischen Weiterversorgung von Notfallpatienten

Prehospital assessment of illness and injury severity with the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) score and hospital pre-arrival notification of a patient who is likely to need intensive care unit (ICU) or intermediate care unit (IMC) admission are both common in Germany's physician-staffed emergency medical services (EMS) system. This study aimed at comparing the prehospital evaluation of severity of disease or injuries by EMS physicians and the subsequent clinical treatment in unselected emergency department (ED) patients. This study involved a prospective observational analysis of patients transported to the ED of an academic level I hospital escorted by an EMS physician over a period of 6 months (February-July 2011). The physician's qualification and the patient's NACA score were documented and the EMS physician was asked to predict whether the patient would need hospital admission and, if so, to the general ward, IMC or ICU. After the ED treatment, discharge or admission, outcome and length of hospital and ICU or IMC stay were documented. A total of 378 mostly non-trauma patients (88 %) treated by experienced EMS physicians could be enrolled. The number of patients discharged from the ED decreased, while the number of patients admitted to the ICU increased with higher NACA scores. Prehospital prediction of discharge or admission, IMC or ICU treatment by EMS physicians was accurate in 47 % of the patients. In 40 % of patients a lower level of care was sufficient while 12 % needed treatment on a higher level of care than that predicted by EMS physicians. Of the patients 39 % who were predicted to be discharged after ED treatment, were admitted to hospital and 48 % of patients predicted to be admitted to the IMC were admitted to the general ward. Patients predicted to be admitted to the ICU were admitted to the ICU in 75 %. Higher NACA scores were associated with increased mortality and a longer hospital IMC or ICU length of stay, but significant differences were only found between patients with NACA V versus VI scores or patients predicted to be treated on the IMC versus the ICU. Prehospital NACA scores indicate the need for inpatient treatment, but neither hospital discharge or admission nor need of IMC or ICU admission after initial ED treatment could be sufficiently predicted by EMS physicians. Thus, hospital prenotification in order to predispose IMC or ICU capacities does not seem to be useful in cases where an ED can reassess admitted EMS patients.

Use of lights and siren

The objective of this study was to analyse the use of lights and siren (L&S) during transport to the hospital by the prehospital severity status of the patient and the time saved by the time of day of the mission. We searched the Public Health Services data of a Swiss state from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2010. All primary patient transports within the state were included (24 718). The data collected were on the use of L&S, patient demographics, the time and duration of transport, the type of mission (trauma vs. nontrauma) and the severity of the condition according to the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) score assigned by the paramedics and/or emergency physician. We excluded 212 transports because of missing data. A total of 24 506 ambulance transports met the inclusion criteria. L&S were used 4066 times, or in 16.6% of all missions. Of these, 40% were graded NACA less than 4. Overall, the mean total transport time to return to the hospital was 11.09 min (confidence interval 10.84-11.34) with L&S and 12.84 min (confidence interval 12.72-12.96) without. The difference was 1.75 min (105 s; P<0.001). For night-time runs alone, the mean time saved using L&S was 0.17 min (10.2 s; P=0.27). At present, the use of L&S seems questionable given the severity status or NACA score of transported patients. Our results should prompt the implementation of more specific regulations for L&S use during transport to the hospital, taking into consideration certain physiological criteria of the victim as well as time of day of transport.

Prehospital Injury Severity of Children Evacuated by Helicopters from Combat Zones: A Retrospective Report

BackgroundIn Israel, the Airborne Rescue and Evacuation Unit (AREU) provides prehospital trauma care in times of peace and during times of armed conflict. In peacetime, the AREU transports children who were involved in motor vehicle collisions (MVC) and those who fall off cliffs (FOC). During armed conflict, the AREU evacuates children who sustain firearm injuries (FI) from the fighting zones. ObjectiveTo report on prehospital injury severity of children who were evacuated by the AREU from combat zones. MethodsA retrospective comparative analysis was conducted on indicators of prehospital injury severity for patients who had MVC, FOC, and FI. It included the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) score, the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score on scene, and the number of procedures performed by emergency medical personnel and by the AREU air-crew. ResultsFrom January 2003 to December 2009, 36 MVC, 25 FOC, and 17 FI children were transported from the scene by the AREU. Five patients were dead at the scene: 1 (2.8%) MVC, 1 (4%) FOC, and 3 (17.6%) FI. Two (11.7%) FI patients were dead on arrival at the hospital. MVC, FOC, and FI patients had mean (±SD) NACA scores of 4.4 ± 1.2, 3.6 ± 1.2, and 5 ± 0.7, respectively. Mean (±SD) GCS scores were 8.9 ± 5.6, 13.6 ± 4, and 6.9 ± 5.3, respectively. Life support interventions were required by 29 (80.6%) MVC, 3 (12%) FOC, and 15 (88.2%) FI patients. ConclusionsIn the prehospital setting, children evacuated from combat zones were more severely injured than children who were transported from the scene during peacetime.

NACA-Scoringsystem

BackgroundObjectification of the spread of National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) scoring system for selected homogeneous groups based on retrospective data, and diagnosis and analysis of the influence of a given validatation date to the valuation accuracy based on prospective data.Material and MethodsRecords of emergency operations from the data pool of the NACA-X database of emergency medical systems (EMS) Innsbruck and surroundings with a retrospective study period over 6 years and a prospective study period of 9 months with the possibility to record the NACA score on three different time points.ResultsAll diagnostic groups with 2596 records show a striking retrospective dispersion in the NACA evaluation. Prospectively “hypoglycemia” (n=31) and “intoxication” (n=93) show a highly (p <0.01) while “acute coronary syndroms (ACS)” (n=87) and “cardiopulmonary resuscitation/arrest (CPR)” (n=68) show a significant change (p <0.05) in the distribution of NACA evaluation between the evaluation time points.ConclusionsDepending on the classification stage partly significantly different NACA-values are assigned. The NACA system requires a clear definition of the classification time. For the intended aim of being used as a severity score, the time of maximum threat to emergency patients should be chosen.

Duration of mission time in prehospital emergency medicine: effects of emergency severity and physicians level of education

BackgroundPrehospital emergency care is provided in many European countries by specialised emergency physicians. However, little is known about the impact of experience and educational level of emergency physicians on providing...

Injury-Risk Evaluation in Water Ice Climbing

Introduction: Ice-climbing is widely considered to be a hazardous sport with a high risk of injury. To date, there has been no scientific analysis to characterize and reveal the prevalence of injury in this sport. The purpose of this study was to quantify and rate ice-climbing injuries. Methods: Eighty-eight ice-climbers (water ice) (13 female, 75 male, mean age 34.6 years) from nine countries completed a comprehensive questionnaire on ice-climbing accidents and injuries, climbing frequency and risk taking behaviour. Iceclimbing hours were quantified and injuries rated according to the NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics) score. To enable comparison to other sports, the injury risk was calculated per 1000 hours of participation in a given sport. Results: Seventeen athletes (19%) reported a total of 35 overuse syndromes resulting from ice-climbing. Ninety-five injuries were retrospectively reported for a consecutive 3-year period. The incidence and respective grading of the acute injuries were: 67 for NACA 1, 24 for NACA 2, and 4 for NACA 3. Most acute injuries were open wounds (55.2%) and haematomas (21.9%). These injuries occurred 61.3% of the time while lead climbing, 23.8% while following and the rest during belaying, approach or return. The incidence of overuse injury syndromes was 0.77/1000 hours of sports participation. The injury incidence was 4.07/1000hr for NACA 1-3 with 2.87/1000hr in NACA 1, and none in NACA 4-7. Body mass index (BMI) correlated significantly (P<0.05) with an increased risk of injury. Overuse syndromes correlated significantly with training hours (P<0.01), ice-climbing level (P<0.01) and the risk willingness while lead climbing on ice (P<0.01). Conclusion: Contrary to the popular perception, our study demonstrated that ice-climbing is not a sport with a high risk of injury. All NACA I injuries are of minor medical relevance and would normally not need special treatment or a doctor’s attendance. The results of injury risk per 1000 hours of participation in ice-climbing was comparable to that of indoor competition climbing and to other outdoor sports (hiking, mountain biking, kayaking). The injury risk was also much less than a standard sport such as soccer.