Nation-state Formation Research Articles

Исторический нарратив как вызов для национальных государств

Over the past forty years, the concepts of ‘historical narrative’ and ‘historical discourse’ became present in historical science. The former means the interpretation of a text by its author or narrator, whereas the latter stands for a set of conceptually related historical texts integrated into a particular historical context. Analysing the theory of historical discourse, modern scholars came to the conclusion that the contemporary historiography of nation-states (national and territorial states) is nothing but a certain discourse. This scientific discourse broadens and/or forms a corresponding sociopolitical discourse, and it also brings structure to the national (national and state) self-identity of a political nation. New scientific findings and shifts in the political environment lead to certain changes in this discourse, and these changes may have hard-to-predict consequences. The narrative of the presentation and interpretation of national history, which emerged in the early 19th century, was created for the purposes of a specific nation-state and it was integrated into the compulsory education. Therefore, with the use of the historical discourse theory, the author considers two interrelated problems: 1) the impact of ‘historical discourse’ on the formation of national (national and territorial) identity; 2) the impact of ‘historical discourse’ on the position of the state in the system of international relations. The author goes on to show three key types of historical discourse based on the example of different countries, both Western and not: the so-called problematic (France, Britain), constructed (Italy, Germany) and selected (Russia, China). The author makes it evident that nation-states in modern political theory seem as a constant, coming from medieval even. Meanwhile, the formation of nation-states is incomplete and for its completion both reforming of existing national history discourses and creating new ones are required.

Perversion: Possibilities of A Decentralized Democracy

In this article, we discuss a function of the “perversion” which, although there are in the basic concepts of psychoanalysis, from Freud to Lacan, but in the continues of article it “perverse” from that path to expand and develop from within and articulate itself with some concepts from other realms and look for an alternative approach to explain and intervene in the theoretical and practical world. This approach is a montage of the concepts of psychoanalysis, philosophy, politics and sociology, that the main problematic of which is obtain a critical understanding of our current social situation in the context of the transformations of contemporary history and finally to think about the “politics of the future”. For this reason, wherever we talk about “perversion”, we should absolutely not rely on its pathological meaning, but should see it as a pure form and process. With this perspective, we will first discuss Freud’s formulation of fetishism and we trace it in Lacan’s works and the distinction he makes between desire and drive. In the following, we try to keep going on our argument by a pluralistic point of view, in accordance with the plurality of drives, instead of a unitarian point of view to man and society. For this purpose, we go beyond psychoanalysis and discuss the concept of the drive according to Leibniz and Nietzsche, as well as the concept of “Becoming-Woman” by Deleuze and Guattari and we fold it again on the concept of “feminine jouissance’s Lacan to measure that’s relationship with queer feminism and its social and political implications. The central question of this article is what effect does the decline of patriarchal functions and Oedipal structures in the late modernity have on the dynamism of desire and drive and various social and political morphogenesis based on it? The political claim of this article is that theology, patriarchy, and capitalism are historically integrated in the nation-state form and then by looking at the experience of the revolutionary movement of “woman, life, freedom” in Iran, we seek to provide a new analytical and discursive framework to think about anti-authority social movements which seeks to establish a horizontal and egalitarian social geometry instead of the vertical and oppressive ruling geometry.

Symposium Review: Exiled Among Nations: German and Mennonite Mythologies in a Transnational Age—John P.R. Eicher

In his book Exiled Among Nations: German and Mennonite Mythologies in a Transnational Age, historian John P.R. Eicher chronicles the stories of two Mennonite colonies transplanted during the rise of nationalism. As the introduction makes clear, though, the book is more than a mere record of history; it aims to show how “mobile populations fashion collective narratives as nations, religions, and diasporas.” The book can therefore be understood on two different levels. It acts as a straightforward history from 1874 to 1945, of the migrant Menno Colony’s (from Canada) and the refugee Fernheim Colony’s (from Russia) inception in Paraguay. As an explanation, it also attempts to, through the microcosm of the two colonies, “uncover the insecurities and ambiguities that accompanied the formation of modern nation states, which was the largest and most destructive experiment in the history of social engineering.”

INSTITUTIONS OF PUBLIC POWER AMONG THE MANCHU-MONGOLIAN PEOPLES OF EAST ASIA IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. PART 2: POSTIMPERIAL POLITICAL ORDER

The author attempts to characterize the public-power institutions of the Manchu-Mongol peoples after the collapse of the Qing Empire, reflected in little-known academic Russian-speaking emigrant sources of the first half of the twentieth century. The revolutionary events in China in 1911-1912 and the abdication of the infant emperor from the throne gave rise to the problem of the legitimacy of the new central government. Not solved from the point of view of law, it led the country to the actual disintegration of the country and the formation of new nation-states. China itself in 1912 It became a republic, and a struggle for the formation of two regional orders unfolded on its borders: between Russia, imperial, and then Soviet, and Japan. The regional order in the zone of Russian interests was based on the statehood of Khalkha-Mongolia, the northernmost part of the Mongolian world, which at the end of 1911 chose the path of the theocratic monarchy, to which Barga tried to join in 1912-1915. The regional order in the zone of Japanese interests has always been associated with Manchuria, which declared independence as Manchukuo with the invasion of the Japanese on the continent. Inner Mongolia also falls into its orbit, forcibly divided into 3 special regions in 1914, and later, with the help of the Japanese, declared sovereignty as the state of Mengjiang. The institutions of public power built up in these policies are characterized by an attempt to restore ancient state traditions, but the key tools in the formation of order and in the change of statuses are the statehood accumulated by these peoples and demonstrating the "ability" to have state sovereignty and international recognition, as well as autonomy, which in some cases was the starting point when falling away from the former empire, and in others - the final one while remaining part of republican China.

Men, Women, … Tribes, Peoples: What Does a Person’s Life Look Like Among His/Her Constructs?

The article is the second (final) part of the essay devoted to the analysis of social constructivist explanations of gender and ethno-national phenomena. In particular, the author refers to the ideas of the classics of ethno-sociological constructivism – B. Anderson, E. Gellner and E. Hobsbawm, including the argumentation presented in the concept of «imagined communities». A general description of the mechanisms and technologies of practical (including symbolic and discursive) «production» of ethnic identities, construction and «invention» of nations and peoples is given as procedures carried out by intellectuals and politicians in different regions of the world. A specifically «modern» (rooted in the nature of modern societies) context for the formation of nation-states and nationalism as a special political movement and ideological doctrine is revealed.

ETHNO CULTURAL COMPONENT OF HUMANITARIAN FIELD SPECIALISTS’ ACTIVITIES

The author investigated the importance of the ethno cultural component in the activities of humanitarian specialists; it is emphasized that in a multi-ethnic society, an ethno cultural component in the humanitarian specialists’ activities is an essential condition for their training. In the context of international cooperation, this contributes to the establishment of productive forms of interaction, and business relations ensure effective partnership relations with foreign colleagues, etc. The ethno cultural component of humanitarian specialists’ professional activity with people of other nationalities helps to understand the needs of the representatives of different nationalities and to develop the ability to interact with them. The formation of the ethno cultural component of activity enables humanitarian field specialists to understand people's behavior or activities, which are determined by the traditional culture of the ethnic group, have particular discrimination against other people or even danger. The ethno cultural component of a humanitarian field specialist’s work as a teacher or lecturer will provide them with an influence on the negative displays of the ethnic culture of youth and the opportunity to prevent these phenomena. Therefore, this component of the professional activity of specialists is defined as a crucial component of its effectiveness and quality. The study convinces that the formation of the ethno-cultural component of the activities contributes to the cultural integration of representatives of different nationalities into Ukrainian society, and activities related to the implementation of this direction require humanitarian field specialists’ knowledge of the peculiarities of the cultural of many peoples against the background of a deep understanding of Ukrainian culture.
 The article proves that the formation of the ethno cultural component as a necessary element of specialists’ activities in the educational process of humanitarian specialties is essential, to begin with, the study of the issue of ethnic cultures and religions of the world, the peculiarities of the psychology of different ethnic groups, migration processes in the world, intercultural communication, ethnic tolerance, national consciousness, identity, history of national state formation. It is possible to implement this task both by introducing new subjects into the curriculum of specialists in the humanitarian field and by adding relevant modules to the content of the educational disciplines available at the HEI («History of Ukraine», «Philosophy», «Cultural Studies», «The Ukrainian Language», «Religious Studies», «Psychology», «History and Theory of Foreign Culture», etc.). Approaches to the study of some specific disciplines are proposed: «Ethno Cultural Studies», «Peoples and Cultures of the World», «Basics of Ethno Psychology», «Migration Processes and Intercultural Communication», «History of Ukrainian Statehood and Culture», which should contribute to the high-quality humanitarian field specialist training and the acquisition of the proper ethno cultural component in their activities.

The phenomenon of nationalism in nation-state

Following dissolution of empires, nation-states appeared on the stage of history in the 19th century when they were established as a result of nationalism that came into prominence based on unity of common language and history. it would not be wrong to say that the nationalist movements that started in the 19th century and the transition period to the nation-state structure took place simultaneously. Nationalism has an important role in the process of losing the legitimacy of traditional structures and the emergence of modern states. The nationalist movement and its studies, which gained momentum especially after the world wars, were gen-erally evaluated together with modernism. Even if nationalism is not an ideology, it is undeniable that the na-tion form has existed in social life since ancient times. In addition to the economic, social and cultural reasons and changes that helped the emergence of the nation-state, there is also the concept of "nationalism", which was of interest to sociology at the end of the 19th cen-tury and at the beginning of the 20th century. The nation-state differs from previous state structures with its nationalist nature. Reasons such as changing economic functions, their organization and social change have found reality in the nation-state structure on the political axis and have also formed the cultural essence. It would be appropriate to emphasize that nationalism is undoubtedly the dominant element in the structuring of the nation-state, whether it is based on blood ties, language or cultural unity. The nation-states, which we accept as the modern period state structure, have formed today's modern nation-state structure by adopting nationalism as an ideology in order to integrate their people. This study seeks to answer certain questions such as whether the idea of nationalism influences the for-mation of nation-state and whether nation-states play an active role in the rise of nationalism. As a result of evaluations, it appears that the idea of nationalism, on one hand, has an active role in the formation of nation-state and nation-state, on the other hand, plays a role in the rise of nationalism as an ideology for keeping together the population living within its territory after its formation process.

Influence of Crime Reduction Initiatives on Maintenance of Law and Order. A Critical Literature Review

Purpose: Since the formation of nation state until 1980’s and 1990’s, strong national governments have dominated the world resulting to either absentee or weak regional governments. Apart from Austria, Germany, Switzerland and Yugoslavia, all other European Countries as well as in Africa and Asia, have had central governments throughout the post-world war II. The overall objective of this study was to examine influence of crime reduction initiatives on maintenance of law and order in Kenya. A critical literature review
 Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps.
 Findings: The study concluded that on crime reduction initiatives, the government does not provide opportunities for the members of the public to report crime, and does not encourage public participation on matters affecting the public. The county government also does not support formation of social groups for purposes of promoting social values and is not involved in reconciliation of conflicting communities.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: This study recommended that the government should focus on management of public transport and give the youth support in the sporting activities. It should also focus on campaigning against drug abuse, alcoholism and publicizing the sports calendar. The government should put measures in place to reduce the number of reported crimes and resolve social issues quickly to avoid conflicts in the county. The existing laws need amendment to be supportive enough for the county government on maintaining law and order. The national government should also provide more supportive role in ensuring the county governments succeed in their mandate of maintaining law and order.

Petitions, Propaganda, and Plots: Transnational Dynamics of Diplomacy During the Turkish War of Independence

ABSTRACT The international recognition of Turkey through the Treaty of Lausanne is often seen as the foundational moment of Turkey in international diplomacy. This article approaches diplomatic history from a decentred perspective. It highlights the activities of various non-state actors and semi-official figures who became engaged in international politics during the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923). They used citizen diplomacy, public propaganda, as well as other clandestine and public channels of transnational diplomacy to strive against the Allied peace terms. Notwithstanding their divergent political visions and agendas, these unofficial diplomats strengthened—though not always intentionally—the international recognition of the Turkish nation-state formation, only to be absorbed by the Ankara government’s growing monopoly on foreign policy. Informed by the New Diplomatic History approach, this article illustrates the important role of unofficial, transnational dynamics that escapes state-centred accounts of Ottoman-Turkish diplomacy during the aftermath of the First World War.

National Identity and State Formation in Africa

National Identity and State Formation in Africa

NEW COOKBOOKS FOR THE NEW COUNTRY : LATVIAN NATIONAL CUISINE IN THE MAKING

The concept of national cuisine is inextricably linked to national consciousness and the formation of national states. While there are many ways in which national cuisine can be represented in culture, the written depiction in cookbooks will be studied in this article. A specific period in Latvian history has been chosen for this purpose: the interwar period following the establishment of the Latvian State. The example of Latvia demonstrates that national cuisine is a set of defined and standardized principles that reflect distinct socioeconomic circumstances as well as State’s views and interests.

The very concept of language contact in light of contemporary interest in translanguaging

This paper makes a case for viewing the concept of translanguaging as one that puts a heavy strain on a good deal of the time-honoured concepts of language contact, language code, code-switching, discrete languages as self-contained entities, hermetically sealed off from one another, and so forth — that is to say, the entire conceptual paraphernalia with the help of which we are used to working when dealing with the phenomenon of multilingualism. Far from being an exception to a rule, multilingualism is recognised as the norm in today’s world, the much-touted monolingualism having been exposed as the product of repressive policies enacted in the past in the name of geopolitical expediencies. Among these repressive policies is the formation of nation-states, historically brandished as the bulwark of a collective identity and also of differentiation vis-à-vis those with whom one no longer feels any common bond — an exception foisted upon the natural order of things. In other words, monolingualism is a point totally out of the curve, a fact that is historically attested, though overshadowed by its ‘contamination’ with factors that have to do with deep-seated geo-political interests.

State of Nationalism (SoN): Nationalism and Private Property

This article reviews research on the relationship between property rights and nationalism. A property rights perspective to the study of nationalism is relevant to understanding the origins and development of nationalism and nation states. Yet, key theorists of nationalism have mostly ignored the relationship between property rights and nationalism, or looked at it only indirectly. There are a variety of ways in which ownership or possession more generally can be related to nationalism, for instance through colonialism, racism, and dispossession (Bannerji et al. 2001; Bhandar 2016; Bhandar & Toscano 2015). This review, however, in order to build a consistent perspective on the historical emergence of nation states and nationalism, will have its main focus on property rights, property regimes and state-building. The literature on state-building and democratization bears important insights about this relationship which can be applied to the study of nationalism. This review will therefore draw on such literature, in addition to works on nationalism where the topic of property has been mentioned, to show how an integrated property rights perspective to the study of nationalism may yield important insights to our understanding of nations and nationalism. The article is structured as follows. First, it offers a brief discussion of what property rights are and why they are key to understanding the long-term historical development of nations and nationalism. After this, it outlines the links between property regimes and the formation of nation states, followed by a discussion of the conceptual links between nationalism and private property. The final section offers some brief reflections on Marxism, property and nationalism.

Ethnicity and Cultural Heritage: Compatible or Conflicting Concept?

Cultural heritage embodies every aspect of culture from the past, which has been incorporated into current society. Collective urban identity includes all those individual components of collective memory that leave their spatial imprint on the city. The paper aims to research the transition of cities from the multicultural Ottoman Empire to the formation of nation-states and the management of cultural heritage and urban physiognomy by each of them. Moreover, the preservation of the collective memory and identity of cities is a decisive factor in their evolutionary course. The methodology followed includes the comparative analysis of 5 representative port-cities of the Ottoman Empire: Thessaloniki, Istanbul, Izmir, Beirut and Alexandria, where the element of cosmopolitanism is vivid. The searching period concerns the time just before its dissolution and the emergence of nation-states. The paper concludes that the rise of nationalism and the conflicts between states that will result from the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire will irreversibly alter the population composition of these cities, which will evolve violently from multi-ethnic Ottoman cities to mono-ethnic cities in the 20th century. The abrupt emergence of nation-states resulted in the marginalization of key aspects of the cities' heritage in an attempt to create and consolidate new national narratives. This resulted in the dissolution of urban continuity in cities which affected not only the identity and self-definition of cities in global urban networks but also their development process and dynamics, depriving them of an important asset of differentiation and specialization. The lack of awareness of the importance of the cultural heritage of cities is also demonstrated by the fact that the Ottoman past should be a mere parenthesis in the history and landscape of them and is therefore eliminated from it.

Oaxaca Resurgent: Indigeneity, Development, and Inequality in Twentieth-Century Mexico

Oaxaca Resurgent: Indigeneity, Development, and Inequality in Twentieth-Century Mexico

OS MODELOS DE JUSTIÇA CONSTITUCIONAL E O SUPREMO TRIBUNAL FEDERAL

The present work seeks to analyze the evolution of the review of constitutionality of the infra-constitutional order from the social evolution itself and the concept of supremacy of the Constitution in two moments: the first with the formation of national States and their own Constitutions, and then with the emergence of the constitutionalism. Afterwards, it will develop the two main forms of exercising this control, the first one arising in the United States, through the judicial control of the acts. The second, by the emergence of Constitutional Courts in Continental Europe. After analyzing these two models, Brazil's position on this issue will be demonstrated, especially the Federal Supreme Court.

The Catalytic Role of the Black Death in the Formation of National States in Western Europe—From the Economic Perspective

The Catalytic Role of the Black Death in the Formation of National States in Western Europe—From the Economic Perspective

The phenomenon of the nation and naciogenesis in the context of (national) state formation

The issues of the nation's phenomenon are covered, in particular, the definitions of this concept prevailing in modern legal science. The opinion is expressed that they are reduced to some of its most common meanings as identical to the concept of the population of the state; as an ethno-social community characterized by the inseparable unity of socio-economic and cultural

Edward Blumenthal, Exile and Nation-State Formation in Argentina and Chile, 1810-1862

Edward Blumenthal, Exile and Nation-State Formation in Argentina and Chile, 1810-1862

Becoming In‐visible: Family Farms in Rural Latvia in the Framework of theEUCommon Agricultural Policy

AbstractHistorically, Latvia has been integrated into several (multi‐) national state formations that have shaped agricultural practices. Beginning in 1991, newly independent Latvia reintroduced a family farming model and prepared to join the European Union. The ability of small farmers to adapt to and implement the new EU regulations that support farming either as efficient food production or alternatively as cultural landscaping has been contingent upon many socio‐economic and cultural factors. Today, most family farmers have only reluctantly formalized their practices to satisfy the requirements of the EU, while others have readily embraced the current discourses, policies, and laws to strategically access agricultural funds and scale up operations. We discuss these agricultural tensions by contrasting two forms of selective formalization: the reluctant “projectification” of a subsistence farm by founding a cultural NGO vs. the strategic founding of an “entrepreneurial” cooperative of sea buckthorn producers to access transnational markets and development subsidies.