National Ideology Research Articles

Литература соцреализма: опыт осмысления терминологических границ

Despite numerous studies of socialist realism, the initial unscientific nature of this concept and the vagueness of its boundaries cast doubt on the very use of the term "socialist realism" nowadays. The purpose of the study is to objectively examine the degree of study of this problem and clarify the concept of "socialist realism" at the current stage of study. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that in order to clarify the concept "socialist realism", it proposes a value-based method of systematization based on the research of modern literature. It involves the classification of works on the basis of the ideological attitudes conveyed in them. The application of this method of systematization to socialist realism in the article is based on an analysis of its ideological nature, as well as modern scientific and critical reception of socialist realism. As a result of the research, it has been established that the value system of socialist realism literature at different stages of its development can be characterized as socialist humanism. However, in order to understand a particular work in the socio-cultural context of a particular era, it is necessary to take into account how the work correlated with Socialist realism in its assessment by the author himself, as well as critics and literary critics. Combining value-based and nominal approaches to the systematization of the work of socialist realist writers allows us to give it an axiological assessment free from ideological cliches.

“Desiring a puppy-like lover”: older women and younger men romantic TV dramas and Chinese postfeminism

ABSTRACT Older Women and Younger Men Romantic TV dramas, which center on the love story between an older woman and her younger lover, have emerged as a popular television genre in China in recent years. Using textual analysis as its methodology, this article examines two examples of this genre—Falling into You (2022) and Love the Way You Are (2022)—focusing on three key aspects of these dramas: their potential redirection of heterosexual women viewers’ ambitions for career success toward desires for heterosexual romance, their celebration of women’s sexual agency within the framework of chaste heterosexual love, and their incorporation of individualist, collectivist, and nationalist ideologies. The article argues that these dramas are exemplary of Chinese postfeminism, which intertwines progressive and regressive elements and both shares similarities with and diverges from its Western counterpart due to the influence of Chinese reality and history. Based on this discussion, the article aims to illustrate the recent characteristics of Chinese postfeminist media, particularly its tendency to cloak regressive elements in progressive claims, as well as the “nuanced interconnections” between Chinese and Western postfeminism.

Statutory and Legal Stipulation of the State Policy on Preservation and Strengthening the Traditional Russian Spiritual and Moral Values

Introduction. Stipulation of the national spiritual and moral values in the laws and regulations as the benchmarks for the multinational people of Russia is one of the most important conditions for ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation and strengthening the political sovereignty of the state. At present, the national ideological security is in a vulnerable position, because the Constitution of the Russian Federation contains a prohibition of the state or other mandatory ideology, instead of which the legislators are currently using a term “traditional Russian spiritual and moral values”. The Constitution of the Russian Federation adopted in 1993 was created in conditions when the national humanitarian science found itself in a conceptual impasse due to the fact that for a long time it had been built on the basis of the materialistic concepts, but after the disintegration of the USSR, the liberalism in its Western interpretation became a natural replacement for the Marxism-Leninism. Therefore, for a long time, Russia was assimilating the foreign humanitarian knowledge in anticipation of forming the “global world order” and finalising construction of the “consumer society”. Later, when it became evident that there was no place for a sovereign Russia in the unipolar world, the revival of the national humanitarian knowledge turned out to be a way out of that situation and the only opportunity to adapt the new political reality to the conditions of the Russian legal reality. It is necessary to eliminate the gaps in the juridical knowledge referring to the state policy in the field of national ideology based on the traditional Russian spiritual and moral values. The aim of the research is to study the current conditions for the juridical stipulation of the all-Russian identity and national unity having been formed on the basis of the traditional Russian spiritual and moral values.Materials and Methods. The authors have used the formal-logical and historical-legal methods for preparing the article. The general analysis and comparison of regulatory legal acts on the relevant topic have been carried out, where appropriate.Results. A scientific understanding of the traditional Russian spiritual and moral values has been formed on the basis of that enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and in the Executive Order of the President of the Russian Federation No. 809 of November 9, 2022. The authors have proved that, upon the constitutional and legal prohibition of state or other mandatory ideology, the historical type of legal understanding based on the reproduction of the traditional values and national legal culture, which are necessary for the intellectual opposition to the liberal trends of the unfriendly states, becomes particularly relevant in the present day theoretical and legal doctrine. Moreover, the availability of a range of the normative legal acts regulating the state policy on the preservation and strengthening of the traditional Russian spiritual and moral values has been clarified.Discussion and Conclusion. It is evident that the role of the historical culture and legal traditions of the multinational people of the Russian Federation with the Russian people as a vanguard, is strengthening within the national legal framework. Preservation and strengthening of the traditional spiritual and moral values allows us to form a cohesive society as a guarantee of a strong state and is a constitutional goal of the Russian Federation for the forthcoming years. The scientific ideas put forward by the authors have a proven, solid character and can be used as a theoretical basis for ensuring the national ideological security of the Russian Federation.

VERLEUGNUNG OHNE ENDE? GRÜNDE DER NICHTANERKENNUNG UND CHANCEN EINER ANERKENNUNG DER VÖLKERMORDE IN DER TÜRKEI

This article uses a historical-analytical approach to address the question of why there are no approaches to deal with the history of the genocides on both the state-political and societal levels in Turkey. For this purpose, the article sheds light on the genesis of the state and the state ideology of Turkey. The effort of the state ideology and the state is to exaggerate the national history on the one hand and to exclude the history of genocides on the other hand. Against this background, the author argues that there is an almost unbridgeable gap between the normativity of the demands for recognition and reappraisal of the genocides in Turkey and the actual political and social reality. A reappraisal and recognition of the genocides of 1915 would deeply shake the construction of the national ideology of the Republic of Turkey. Finally, the article addresses the question of the necessity of a recognition process and the chances of a recognition and reappraisal of the genocides for the society of Turkey.

VERLEUGNUNG OHNE ENDE? GRÜNDE DER NICHTANERKENNUNG UND CHANCEN EINER ANERKENNUNG DER VÖLKERMORDE IN DER TÜRKEI

This article uses a historical-analytical approach to address the question of why there are no approaches to deal with the history of the genocides on both the state-political and societal levels in Turkey. For this purpose, the article sheds light on the genesis of the state and the state ideology of Turkey. The effort of the state ideology and the state is to exaggerate the national history on the one hand and to exclude the history of genocides on the other hand. Against this background, the author argues that there is an almost unbridgeable gap between the normativity of the demands for recognition and reappraisal of the genocides in Turkey and the actual political and social reality. A reappraisal and recognition of the genocides of 1915 would deeply shake the construction of the national ideology of the Republic of Turkey. Finally, the article addresses the question of the necessity of a recognition process and the chances of a recognition and reappraisal of the genocides for the society of Turkey.

BHAGAT SINGH: THE REAL HERO

The life of Bhagat Singh stands as a poignant testament to the fervent desire for independence that permeated early 20th-century India. Born in 1907 in a politically charged environment, Singh was deeply influenced by the ideologies of nationalism and social justice, which later shaped his revolutionary fervor. His remarkable journey from a young idealist to a formidable freedom fighter is emblematic of the broader struggle against British colonial rule. As an intellectual, Singh sought not only liberation from colonial oppression but also dreamed of establishing a society characterized by equality and justice. This essay will explore the key events, motivations, and philosophical underpinnings that defined Singhs life and actions, ultimately revealing how his legacy continues to inspire contemporary movements for justice and equality in India and beyond. By examining Singhs contributions, we can better understand the intricate relationship between individual agency and collective resistance in the quest for freedom. Bhagat Singh remains a pivotal figure in Indias struggle for independence, embodying the spirit of youthful defiance and revolutionary fervor. His contributions are manifold; he was not only a key participant in the revolutionary activities against British colonial rule but also a profound thinker who articulated the need for socialism and justice. His writings, particularly those advocating for the rights of the working class, resonate with contemporary socio-political movements, highlighting the importance of equality and resistance against oppression. In today’s context, Singhs legacy is particularly relevant as protests worldwide echo his calls for justice and freedom, demonstrating the enduring influence of his ideals. Through his sacrifice and martyrdom, Singh inspires modern activists, encouraging them to challenge societal injustices and galvanize collective action. Thus, his life and contributions not only shaped Indias past but continue to inspire future generations in their quest for a fair and equitable society.

Sinhala-Buddhist Nationalism, Unitary State Structure, and the JVP’s Quest for Power

A sizable portion of Sinhala-Buddhists, including monks, supported the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna(JVP)-led National People’s Power (NPP) in the recent September 2024 presidential election. The results indicate that the JVP captured a significant share of votes from Mahinda Rajapaksa’s traditional Sinhala-Buddhist base. A key political symbol of the Sinhala-Buddhist nationalist ideology is the preservation of the unitary state structure introduced during British colonial rule.Emerging in the late 1960s as a radical leftist political entity, the JVP initially advocated for social justice and anti-imperialism. However, over time, the socio-political dynamics among Sinhala-Buddhists have shaped the party’s ideology and its relationship with the Buddhist clergy. This commentary examines the interactions between the JVP, Buddhist monks, and Sinhala-Buddhist hegemony, highlighting their mutual influence on Sri Lanka’s political landscape.

Political thinking in action: realism as ideology in the discourses of Macron, Orbán, and Scholz about Ukraine

ABSTRACT Despite growing attention to realism in political theory, there remains a notable gap in understanding how politicians adopt, interpret, or contest the realist approach. This gap is particularly striking given that realist theory fundamentally hinges upon grounding theoretization in the realities of politics. This article turns to the political discourse surrounding the war in Ukraine to examine the role of realist argumentation in justifying and guiding political action. In contrast to the rejection or critique of ideologies in contemporary realist theory, our analysis, adopting a morphological approach of the discourses articulated by Emmanuel Macron, Viktor Orbán, and Olaf Scholz, revealed the substantive and ideological nature of realism. Our findings underscore the potential for starting realist theorizing by considering the realities of political practice, namely that realism must be situated between fidelity to reality and the uncertainties of dissimulation.

The strengthening Pancasila values in the era of disruption

Formulation research of this problem is how to strengthen Pancasila values ​​in the era of disruption. The aim of this study is to find out the strengthening of Pancasila values ​​in the era of disruption. This is descriptive qualitative research, using a model or method for analyzing data. Qualitative analysis itself has the nature of revealing clear and in-depth phenomena. Data collection techniques include observation, interviews and documentation. Data analysis techniques using data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions or verification. The research subjects were 5th semester students of Civic Education Islamic University of Ogan Komering Ilir Kayuagung. The conclusion of this research is that there is an important point that strengthening Pancasila values ​​in the era of disruption is in accordance with the prevailing values ​​and in accordance with the vision and mission of Pancasila education in higher education. As well as prioritizing education for students so that they remain in line with the values ​​of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution as stated in Law No. 20 of 2003 concerning the goals of national education. The implications of strengthening Pancasila values ​​are implemented in national and state life and strengthening Pancasila as the nation's ideology and basic philosophy of the State, developing students' Pancasila character, providing understanding and appreciation of Pancasila values, preparing students to analyze and find solutions to problems of national and state life.

MAIN FACTORS OF THE FORMATION OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN SOCIETY

The article identifies the main factors influencing human behavior in society, which interact with each other and, in aggregate, constitute the internal content of the environment of human existence – objective reality. These factors include everyday household, consciousness, needs, interests, values, ideology, goals, motivation and human behavior. The authors establish that the primary element of the mechanism of human behavior formation is life, which is a set of conditions, means, ways and forms of satisfaction of material and spiritual needs of individuals in the process of their joint activity, communication, and various forms of interaction. It is found that life as an integral element of everyday life has a significant impact on people's consciousness, but the reverse nature of interaction is not excluded. The components of everyday life, which exert an influence on human consciousness, are given. Typical interests and needs of a person are presented, and the interaction between them is investigated. The authors summarize the list of the universal human values, that reflects the change of priorities in the life values of Ukrainians in connection with the military aggression of the russian federation against Ukraine, identifies the most important ones and establishes why they differ in different regions of the country. The role of ideology in shaping human consciousness and behavior is established, the reasons for the lack of a national ideology in Ukraine and the consequences of this for society are substantiated. The main reasons for the divergence of the state and individual interests are clarified, as this affects the motivation and behavior of a person in society in order to achieve their own goals. It is established that each individual has a so-called «motivational mix», so in order to foresee and predict his or her behavior in society, it is necessary to understand the internal motives and external incentives that motivate him or her to behave in a certain way. The factors of the formation of human behavior in the society, the features of which can be manifested in everyday life can change under the influence of social transformations, are substantiated.

Dovzhenko: Apocalypse. War through the Eyes of a National Prophet

The article is about the creative heritage of film director Oleksandr Dovzhenko during the Second World War and the role he chooses for himself, the role of the national Prophet. At first, Dovzhenko has shown a restrained optimism regarding the historical fate of Ukraine and Ukrainianhood in the vicissitudes of the tragic confrontation of peoples and political systems. His perception of the world is consistent with the format of the national ideology, formed during the liberation struggles of the early 20th century. It is about a national reflection in a pan-European scale, which is in no way fixated on the idea of self-affirmation of the nation. It has been also a norm for Dovzhenko, so it is not surprising that he thought of himself and his work in global terms. Since the beginning of the war, the artist has refused to work in the cinema, preferring the Word, which is charged with a program of transformations and blockages of tragic cataclysms. Dovzhenko writes Ukraine on Fire the film story, which reproduces the song-romantic image of the people overcoming all the terrible cataclysms of the wartime. The story is criticized by Stalin as a nationalist work, one that exposes the very foundations of the Soviet state system to revision. The ban of Ukraine on Fire coincides with the news of the death of Dovzhenko’s father during the German occupation and his idea of the death of Ukraine. Father blamed Stalin for that death. Dovzhenko takes on apocalyptic assessments of the war as the cause of the death of Ukraine, its people, and its culture. He perceives the war as a systemic sin of the Bolshevik regime headed by Stalin. Nevertheless, the artist finds resources for revival in the people – at the level of clan and family life, where many ritual and magical tools for the renewal of the nation have been developed. The motive of the immortality of the family is connected with the belief in the Renaissance resources of the ancestral, national body. It is the family that is almost the only guarantor of the self-preservation of the people’s body and spirit. A clan that, sensing the possibility of imminent doom, gathers together. Together near the native house, in the garden, which is the Paradise abode, to find common words of incantation, prayers that conjure and drive away death, destruction – of the family and the people.

Indications of the In-Between in Works of W. Wabruschek-Blumenbach and F. Umlauft: A Case Study of Two Habsburg Ethnographers

This article presents a case study of two Habsburg ethnographers, Wenzel Wabruschek-Blumenbach (1791–1847) and Friedrich Umlauft (1844–1923). It seeks to classify their works, Neuestes Gemälde der Oesterreichischen Monarchie (1832/1837) and Die Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie (1876/1897), within the context of nationalization tendencies during the long 19th century. The analysis focuses on identifying implicit and explicit indications of the "in-between," reflecting the complex interplay of identities, cultures, and national ideologies within the Habsburg Monarchy during this period.

Georgian Nationalism: Language, Homeland, Faith in the Context of God’s Sovereignty

This research delves into the multifaceted dynamics of Georgian nationalism within the ecclesiastical and state spheres, probing the intricacies of power, authority, and identity. Central to the inquiry is an exploration of the Church’s engagement with sovereignty, wherein traditional and contemporary manifestations of authority intersect. The study traces the historical roots of Georgian nationalism, examining its evolution and entanglement with religious discourse. It scrutinizes central texts and events, including the canonization of Ilia Chavchavadze, to clarify the complex interplay between nationalism, religion, and statecraft. Through meticulous analysis, this research unveils the challenges posed by nationalist ideologies to individual freedoms and societal cohesion.

Trieste Ethnographies in the Eyes of Contemporary Observers in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries

The paper examines how contemporary observers portrayed the ethnography of Trieste in the 19th and early 20th centuries, specifically focusing on their understanding of cultural diversity and interethnic relations. The emphasis is on nationalizing narratives from authors living in various historical contexts, offering insights into Trieste’s ethnic and national realities during a period characterized by the rise of national ideologies and polarization.

Serbian Nationalism and Reforms in Yugoslavia 1980–1990

This paper examines the mutual relationship between reform efforts in Yugoslavia from 1980 to 1990 and the ideology of Serbian nationalism, which progressed in a kind of “march through institutions” during those years. Yugoslavia was a “country of constant reforms,” which was especially evident during its last decade. In the conditions of turbulent changes in the world, Yugoslavia also faced numerous attempts or at least proposals to reform the system or its parts. Serbian nationalism used the crisis to impose its solutions on the citizens, but it also had to reckon with the reform proposals. Nationalism was able to use some of the reforms such as proposals for strengthening the central government and for more efficient functioning of federal bodies. Other proposals, primarily on the democratization of relations in the country, were natural enemies of the ideology of nationalism. In both cases, promoters of the new ideology had to reckon with reforms, with actors who advocated or opposed them, and with structures that acted accordingly. Together, this made the social environment even more dynamic and contributed to an intense ideological struggle, the result of which ultimately affected the fate of the country.

People protection and other axiological dominants of the Russian World: on the way to finding a modern Russian national idea in the conditions of the global multipolarity of the future

The article represents the author’s view on the issue of specification of the key vectors for further development of the Russian Statehood, nowadays and for the visible perspective. The emphasis is placed on the fact that such vectors should be determined taking into account the national priority of saving and protection for the Russian multinational people as well as other basic values that form the fundamentals of constitutional ideology as a generally accepted ideology of the state (national ideology). The author concludes that the national priority of people protection, in terms of its content and scale cannot be reduced only to the statistical indicators of fertility and mortality of the population, but should be the leitmotif of all the activities of the constructive institutes of the Russian society and, above all, public administration and their officials. At the same time, an important guarantee of people protection and progressive development of the Russian Federation should be the Rule of Law (in its liberal-conservative understanding), which at the same time a social state is.

The Utilization of Historical Sources In History Learning: The Press During The Indonesian National Movement (1907-1912)

The utilization of historical sources, particularly newspapers from Indonesia's National Awakening period (1907–1912), holds significant value in history education. Newspapers such as Medan Prijaji, Bintang Hindia, and Sinar Djawa played a pivotal role in fostering national awareness and advocating for independence during colonial rule. These sources serve not only as historical records but also as tools for understanding the development of nationalist ideologies, public mobilization, and the socio-political dynamics of the time. Incorporating these sources into history education allows students to critically analyze primary documents, evaluate the authenticity of historical narratives, and connect past events with contemporary issues. The process of applying historical methods—heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography—enhances students' analytical skills and deepens their appreciation for the nation's struggles. However, challenges such as limited access to archival materials and the lack of teacher training hinder the effective use of these resources. Digitalization of archives and professional development for educators are key solutions to overcoming these barriers. Overall, the integration of historical newspapers from the National Awakening period enriches history education by fostering critical thinking, connecting students with their heritage, and promoting a deeper understanding of Indonesia’s historical trajectory and its relevance to the present.

Collaborating to Enhance Tolerance Among Bandung's Students of Diverse Religions

This study investigates the perceptions of tolerance held by students at UIN Bandung and Parahyangan Catholic University (UNPAR), two religiously affiliated postsecondary educational establishments in Bandung. The data for this research was gathered through document reviews and interviews using a qualitative methodology. Fifty students from UIN Bandung and fifty from UNPAR Bandung were interviewed. This study discovers that students' perceptions of their religious texts—the Bible and the Qur'an—have an impact on how tolerant they are Socially, it is discovered that Indonesians' conception of tolerance has a national dimension based on the national ideology. Religious and social concepts provide these kids with the foundation for tolerance in a variety of ways. Students at UIN Bandung continue to exhibit tolerance, but only within the framework of their religion—Islam. On the other hand, tolerance is practiced in both the social and individual environments at UNPAR, a campus that is more diverse and cosmopolitan. Collaboration strengthens the two student groups' tolerant attitudes. This collaboration later initiated the birth of the Halaqah Damai (Circle of Peace) as a forum for the two student groups to have dialogue and understand the essence of religious tolerance to be disseminated in their respective environments.

Специфика гиперболы в политической сатире на Адольфа Гитлера (на материале художественного фильма Чарли Чаплина “The Great Dictator”)

The purpose of the study is to determine the role of hyperbole in the formation of the satirical image of Adolf Hitler in the context of the American feature film “The Great Dictator” in 1940. The article analyzes the hyperbole in the replicas of the characters of Charlie Chaplin’s film “The Great Dictator”, and also determines the influence of this technique on the viewer’s perception. It is shown that the exaggeration of cruelty and absurdity in the characters’ remarks contributes to the creation of a caricature image of the dictator. It is revealed that hyperbole not only emphasizes the absurdity of the dictator’s actions, but also serves as a means to reveal the cynical attitude of the totalitarian regime towards human life. It is noted that the exaggeration of aspects of Nazi ideology contributes to the formation of a critical perception of dictatorial power among viewers. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the primary identification and detailed analysis of hyperbole as a key means of forming a satirical image of a dictator, as well as in determining the impact of this technique on the viewer’s perception of a political figure. The results showed that exaggerating the aspects of cruelty, absurdity and cynicism of political actions makes it possible to create a grotesque image of dictators, which contributes to viewers’ understanding of the destructive nature of totalitarian ideologies.

Reconceptualising Peace, Resisting Stigma

Abstract Much has been written about minorities in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, yet Kurdish Gypsies have been consistently overlooked in various analyses of conflict, the socio-political arena, peacebuilding, and development. This paper is rooted in qualitative research conducted throughout early 2023 among a Kurdish Gypsy clan who self-identify as Hosta. The research is contextualized by the complicated nature of identity within a dominant Kurdish nationalist ideology which presents the KRI as a beacon of equity and cohesion. The paper utilizes an interdisciplinary theoretical framework to explore Hosta experiences of peace as characterized by structural violence and social (in)cohesion. Indicators of peace identified by Hosta in response to the degradation and poverty which they currently experience are presented alongside Hosta reactions and practices of everyday resistance to their enforced social positionality at the very bottom of the KRI’s hierarchy of citizenship.