Nation's History Research Articles

Slovanství a jeho kult v československém prostředí 40. let 20. století

The role of Slavism in the history of Czech and Slovak nations has often been underestimated in past years. Any contemporary research focuses primarily on the 19th century, where the role of Slavism is recognised as a part of the formation of the modern Czech and Slovak nations. Alternately, it is also mentioned in the context of so-called Neo-Slavism that gained popularity at the brink of the 20th century, before the First World War. For the time of interwar Czechoslovakia and the years prior, the role of Slavism is largely overlooked. The aim of this paper is to introduce Slavism as a collection of ideas and opinions that played an important part and, regarding the years prior, had a specific position amongst the ideas and ideology of the Czechoslovak state, re-establishing after the Second World War. In this article, Slavism is described in the context of both wartime and post-war political implications. The role of Slavism is traced mainly through the statements of figures of influence in the political and ideological matters of the state. However, the interpretation also implies certain reflections of Slavism in the opinions of intellectuals aiming to establish Slavonic studies as the science of Slavic mutuality. The paper emphasizes the concept of so-called “cultural Slavism” that served to back the Czechoslovak “national way towards Socialism” during the Second World War and shortly after. The article illustrates how for some of the figures, this idea grew into a cult, also serving as an ideological instrument of peace or defence against the threat of Germanism. In this context, post-war Slavism is portrayed as a part of the political programme and strategic orientation. Methodologically, the paper primarily strives for a critical analysis of how figures like Edvard Beneš, Vladimír Clementis or Zdeněk Nejedlý approached Slavism and how some of the ideological imaginations carried Russophile (Sovietologic) patterns into the Czechoslovak social environment. Paradigmatically, the paper leans towards the traditional definition of Slavism as an important part of Czech (Czechoslovak) national identity. However, in the context of the time, it pinpoints its utilisation or even abuse, building of a cult and transition towards utilitarianism that included explicitly political Russophilia and Great Russian nationalism. In the late 1940’s, the cult of post-war Slavism dissipated, leaving Slavism exclusively to academic research.

GIVING PRIORITY TO CIVIL LAW IN THE TRIAL: PROBLEMATIC ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW IN LITHUANIAN NATIONAL LAW

Relevance of the topic. The sea has always been very important to the culture, identity, history and economic development of nations. The sea is both a way to transport goods and a connection with the people from other countries (Sencila, 2008). Lithuania is a maritime country. The sea has been of great importance to the life of every person since ancient times, but it was just the beginning of the interest in the ocean and that led to the legal regulation of shipping, fishing and other relations. Building the Maritime Law, as law itself, the biggest role was played by Roman law. Even Romanian people understood, that sea and air belong to everybody and could never become someone else’s property. The main problems. The Republic of Lithuania, as a subject of international maritime law, is not much studied and very broad topic. The following tasks: 1. To analyze the sea carrier’s powers and obligations, responsibilities according to the bill of lading. 2. To highlight the most relevant problems of the legal system. 3. To model a possible system efficiency strategy. The aim of the work is to investigate and evaluate the prevailing legal system in order to diagnose the problems of the system for its prognostic effectiveness. The paper concluded: The analysis of using International and Lithuania National legal acts in the situation with the strong international accent is very important in order to build a strong legal country. The novelty is that the Maritime Law is not so much investigated in Lithuania, although the contract examples can be found, but there are few analyzed court decisions highlighting the fundamental differences between Lithuania national and international law. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that it is one of the several scientific works in international, based on valid international legal acts and legal acts of Republic of Lithuania. At the same time, the work focuses on insufficiently explored problems, which include both theoretical part and the analysis of international law practice in the field of control in international Maritime Law. The most important aspect is that the topic under consideration is directly related to the author’s work in logistics. It is not only a theoretical work, but also a practical one, which makes this work unique. As the result – after analyzing the court decision and legal acts of both international and national law, was concluded, that Lithuania court gives priority to national law, that do not have sense in the context of Maritime Law. The used methodology document analysis, information analysis, comparative analysis, logical – analytical methods.

Patriotic and religious activity of the Gymnastic Society “Sokol” in the Polish lands (until 1939) – an outline

The Gymnastic Society “Sokol” (“Falcon”) (hereinafter: GS “Sokol”) was the first and for several years the only Polish organisation to obtain a permission from the authorities of the partitioning states to carry out its activities during the period of partitions. The first falcon nest was established in Lviv in 1867, with further nests being set up in the cities of the Austrian, Prussian and later Russian partitions. Although – as the name suggested – the GS “Sokoł” was a gymnastic association, other forms of activity also played a significant role in its programme of activity. Singing, reading and caring circles were formed in the nests and members of the GS “Sokoł” participated in religious and patriotic ceremonies, thus cultivating Polish national traditions. Evenings and rallies were organised, commemorating religious holidays and important events in the history of the Polish nation, which reminded us of common goals and ideals during the period of national captivity. “Sokol” took on the duty of teaching native speech and native history. The scope and nature of the patriotic and religious activity of the GS “Sokol” was best evidenced by the National Commandments and the National Sins which were contrasted with them. Their very name and number indicated deep religiousness of the falcons. It derived not only from the authentic faith of the members of the GS “Sokol” but from the ideology of the movement. In the tragic historical moments of national captivity they placed their hope in God and found solace in prayer. All Sokol celebrations as well as everyday activities of the GS “Sokol” were of a patriotic-religious nature.

Ancient History of the USSR in the Lectures of Yuri V. Gauthier of the 1930th

The transcripts of Yuri V. Gauthier’s lectures from the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences can show how the process of including the “most ancient period” in the course of the history of the USSR took place. Gauthier was a historian from the “old professorship”, he tended to study of the history of the USSR as a modificated variant of the history of Russia. Turning to the material of “ancient history of the USSR” made it possible, firstly, to show the multinationality of the USSR, including often the history of the titular nations of some of its republics. Secondly, this topic indicates the presence on its territory the slave-owning formation, which helped to synchronize the historical process in the USSR and Western Europe. “Ancient history of the USSR” was complicated and poorly studied at those times, however its study made it possible both to meet the governmental requirements to historical science, and to maintain the usual structure of the lectures on the history of Russia.

РУБРИКА «УКРАЇНІКА В ПОЛЬСЬКІЙ ПРЕСІ» У ГАЗЕТІ «НАШЕ СЛОВО» (Варшава, 1990–1993 рр.) ЯК ПЛАТФОРМА УКРАЇНСЬКО-ПОЛЬСЬКОГО МЕДІАДІАЛОГУ

The article analyzes the content of the «Ukrainika v polskii presi» column, which functioned in the Warsaw newspaper «Nashe Slovo» (published from 1956 to the present day). The author focuses on the materials published in 1990–1993. Interest in the specified period is because at that time Ukraine and Poland were transitioning to a democratic model of social relations, which stimulated the liberation of the media space of both countries from the control of the totalitarian Soviet system. At this period Ukraine and Poland were entering a new stage of communication, discussing complex topics and problems and trying to find ways to solve difficult situations. The research on this experience is valuable because it allows the current generation not to repeat the mistakes of the past and to resist provocations and manipulations. Based on the conducted analysis, it was found out that the column’s materials are focused on covering various aspects of Ukrainian-Polish relations. The main problem areas of these publications were determined: 1) objective coverage of the events of the second half of the 1940s in the history of both nations; 2) the rights of Ukrainians as representatives of the national minority in Poland; 3) cooperation between Ukrainians and Poles in the political, scientific, cultural spheres and the role of the media; 4) Polish mass media about the restoration of state independence of Ukraine and Ukrainian-Russian relations. It is emphasized that the main task of the column was not only to inform recipients of the interest of Polish media in Ukrainians and Ukraine but also to report multipolar views of Polish journalists, publicists, and socio-political and cultural figures to readers. The degree of study of the problem is clarified, and it is found out that in the proposed context the content of the newspaper «Nashe Slovo» has not considered before. The conclusions are drawn, and the perspectives are determined. In particular, it is noted that a comprehensive scientific study of the newspaper «Nashe Slovo» has not yet been conducted. This opens a wide field for research activities on the study of the history of this publication, its functions, structure and content, place and role in preserving the national identity of Ukrainians in Poland as a source of information about various social, cultural, political, etc. processes. Keywords: the newspaper «Nashe Slovo», the column «Ukrainika v polskii presi», the press, media dialogue, Ukrainian-Polish relations, role of printed media.

Воспоминания А. Э. Фридрихс как источник о повседневной жизни дворянского рода Племянниковых

The relevance of the study is due to the increased interest of modern society in the historical sources of personal provenance containing valuable information on representatives of different estates of the Russian Empire. The reconstruction of family and personal histories, and thereby bringing them back from oblivion, allows us to showcase the formation of historical memory preservation mechanisms, determining the scientific significance of the study. The article provides an analysis of the manuscript heritage of Alexandra E. Friedrichs, a representative of the Plemyannikov family, great granddaughter of the brother of the writer and historian N. M. Karamzin, stored in the manuscript department of the Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkin House) of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The authors offer external critique of the personal provenance documents preserved in the collection. Attention is paid to their preservation. The historical value of unpublished documents in the fonds is revealed. The study of documentary materials in the collection makes it possible to reconstruct Friedrichs’s work on the history of her family over longitudinal period. It is concluded that the memoirist reconstructed and structured the history of her noble family on the basis of long-time communication with both immediate and distant relatives and acquaintances. She researched documentation and introduced it into scientific use, which greatly enhances the scholarly significance of her memoirs. The application of comparativist and phenomenological approach has allowed the authors to assess the archival collection materials as a product of collective memory of the representatives of the Plemyannikov noble family, to identify family traditions and Friedrichs’s motives in preserving the memory of her noble family history. The use of traditional historical methods, retrospective and comparative-historical, has made it possible to identify coincidences and inconsistencies in reconstructed historical everyday life, as presented in the ego-sources, and real historical events. For this purpose, the ego-sources of other representatives of the family, genealogical and biographical information, as well as a number of published scientific works of national historians have been analyzed. The possibilities of using memoirs and notes for reconstruction of the noble families history are shown. The authors underscore the prospects of studying family archives as valuable documentary materials on the history of everyday life of the Russian nobility both on the eve of the Great Reforms and in the post-reform era.

The Economic Policy of Hitler’s Germany in the Occupied Countries of Northern Europe as Views of Foreign Historians

This article discusses the evolution of the views of foreign historians on economic goals of Nazi Germany in relation to Norway and Denmark and the methods for their implementation. The problem of economic collaboration — cooperation between the owners and management staff of industrial and banking companies in occupied countries with concerns and economic departments of the Third Reich is a theme that has been increasingly studied by historians in the last decade. The main attention author paid to the analysis of the views of national historians, as well as researchers from the UK, the USA, the FRG and the GDR, whose works contributed to the intensification of the study of this topic in Norwegian and Danish historiographies. The author concludes that not all researchers are interested in an impartial examination of the relationship between the Nazi authorities and the business community.

Республиканские нации и нациестроительство: причинное объяснение и политический проект

The heterogeneous discourses of the nation produced in modern disciplinarily organized science are considered, they built in the horizon of the representation of the nation, normatively set by the New European “managerial paradigmˮ. In this perspective of which resolves the ambiguities, always accompanying stories about national identity: the discrepancy in the definition of the beginning and description of the history of European nations; the definition of it as a political community and social community; the ways in which the social category. That is, the analytical tool of objective scientific sociological cognition, is attributed to reality; the distinction between republican and ethnic nations and the validity of evaluation in value-neutral scientific cognition. The story, that is, the narrative, has its own logic and its own way of connecting with reality. The narrative of the nation is built on behalf of the state and in different historical periods emphasizes various elements of content and the principles of its organization in the representation of the nation. The article identifies two configurations of the narrative of the nation, mediated by changes in the nature of the social, the essence of the political (politics as the management of interests) and the state interest (from revolution to mobilization). The conclusion is made that the “unique constellation of historical circumstances” that led to the emergence of the New European nations and the exclusivity of the national political form in the New European nation-state is losing its validity in modern times. The alternative is indicated: the world re-publican nation of a universal and global political order (the liberal project of the republican nation) and the non-national existence of the population, which has an open character.

“Telling China’s story”: innovations in school history education in PRC in 2010–2020s.

Innovations in school historical education allow not only to track changes in the educational and academic environment, but also to record new trends in the ideological and political sphere. The aim of the proposed article is to identify the main trends in school history teaching in China in 2010–2020s. This goal is specified in several tasks: to consider organizational and content innovations in the teaching of history in secondary schools, as well as to identify the specifics of these innovations in the context of the main trends in the political and academic life of the PRC in the 2010–2020s. The results of the study presented in the article were obtained by analyzing the original texts of history textbooks for junior and senior secondary schools, as well as educational standards in history. In addition, the texts of relevant speeches of Chinese leaders were involved. The leading trend in 2010–2020s. was the strengthening of ideological control and state regulation in the development and approval of teaching materials. The introduced conceptual innovations reflect the dynamics of ideological changes in modern Chinese society. The new ideological task set before the school history course was the dissemination of new ideologems by Xi Jinping, in particular, “confidence in culture” and “three leaps” in the history of the Chinese nation and the Sinification of Marxism. The reform of historical education undertaken by Xi Jinping is part of a large-scale ideological project initiated by him, aimed at strengthening China’s “discourse power’. Its core is an original vision of China’s own history, within which new dates and evaluations of historical events are introduced, and a new terminological apparatus is gradually introduced to describe them. And it is this renewed vision of its history that China is disseminating to its domestic audience through its education system.

The Rule of Law and Human Mobility in the Age of Global Compacts: Relativizing the Risks and Gains of Soft Normativity?

The 2016 New York Declaration,1 for the first time in United Nations (UN) history, coalesced a diverging palette of regional and a few multilateral efforts before the UN General Assembly [...]

أثر مبدأ المساواة في حق التعليم

Education is one of the significant pillars which contribute in the reinforcement of ethics and virtues in the human soul. An educated man is always ready to face the challenges actively and able to cope with difficulties successfully. Learning teaches man to know the rights and the obligations. Education is a direct and active element in a nation renaissance, development, making civilization, and documentation of the nation history. Islam confirmed the importance of Education via distinguishing the educated to uneducated that holly Quran says ((The educated wouldn’t be equal to the uneducated)). Education is the main gate that enables man to practice his rights and freedoms such as: equality in opportunity, nondiscrimination. So, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights included the right to Education. The states managed to found educational establishments and stated that primary Education should be free and tangible for all and kept working on making secondary Education free, too that charging fees would deprive many people from learning and this, in turn, would cause discrimination.

"TURKISTAN COLLECTION" AS A SOURCE FOR STUDYING THE HISTORY OF THE TURKESTAN REGION

In this article, the structure of the "Turkestan Collection", which is one of the main sources for studying the history of the Turkestan region, includes the activities of V. I. Mezhov and the main information about the history of the country. The article focuses on the fact that the "Turkestan collection" is one of the main sources not only for studying the history of Central Asian nations, but also for studying the history of other neighboring nations.

Scientific Americans: Invention, Technology, and National Identity by Susan Branson

Reviewed by: Scientific Americans: Invention, Technology, and National Identity by Susan Branson Albert J. Churella (bio) Keywords Science, Technology, Cultural history, Science history, American identity Scientific Americans: Invention, Technology, and National Identity. By Susan Branson. (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2021. Pp. 291. Cloth, $39.95.) From the early republic to the eve of the Civil War, the evolution of United States coincided with rapid advancements in science and technology. As Susan Branson observes, public fascination with those developments reflected more than elitist intellectual curiosity or a desire to create labor-saving devices to compensate for a chronic shortage of workers. In her analysis, widespread scientific and technological exuberance enabled Americans to establish a new national identity. In the process, she argues, "Science and technology move from the periphery to the center of American activities when viewed as the foundation for American development" (2). In most respects, moreover, there was a widespread consensus regarding the unalloyed benefits of science and technology, one that transcended the customary divisions of race, class, gender, and political affiliation. As Branson notes, "informal scientific education" (5)—a process that began in the late colonial era—provided a foundation for subsequent developments. Lectures, public exhibitions, and almanacs facilitated the transmission of scientific expertise to ordinary Americans. Just as republican motherhood provided a political role for women, those public events gave women an opportunity to participate in the scientific dialogue. In an impressive nod to inclusivity, people of color were also involved in the discussion—although individuals such as Elizabeth Norris and Benjamin Banneker could hardly be considered representative of their gender and race. Scientific Americans is fundamentally a work of cultural history, one that filters scientific theories and technological innovations through the prism of lithographs, political cartoons, commemorative items, and music. Some [End Page 665] of those cultural artifacts offered celebratory portrayals of the glorious results associated with American ingenuity, while others were satirical devices that lampooned implausible claims of technological prowess. The balloon craze, which began with eager crowds gathered to see demonstrations by aerialists, ended with the weaponization of the technology during the Civil War. New machines, from the fraudulent hoaxes associated with perpetual-motion devices to the transformative steam engines that powered boats and railway locomotives, offered seemingly limitless potential. Municipal waterworks, often designed with a nod to ancient Greece, Rome, or Egypt, addressed urban problems and "caught the imagination of those who believed the United States was another great empire" (117). The transition to the following chapter, on phrenology, is abrupt, but reveals one of the few instances in which Americans appeared to disagree on the use of science. Defenders of slavery indicated that cranial shapes proved that African Americans were incapable of acting responsibly as free men and women, while northern abolitionists insisted that that data indicated that freed individuals were incapable of acting in socially destructive ways. The final chapter describes fairs, exhibitions, and the activities of organizations such as the Academy of American Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society. Like the first chapter, it attests to the widespread dissemination of scientific and technical knowledge to the public. Branson's arguments are persuasive, but her conclusions should be approached with some caution. There is little doubt that Americans enthusiastically embraced new scientific and technological developments during the first seventy years of the nation's history—but the same claim could be made of any other era. It is certainly plausible that such enthusiasm underpinned efforts to establish a national identity, the conceptual development of American exceptionalism, and a quest for empire. It is nonetheless difficult to substantiate the proposition that cultural manifestations of scientific and technological exuberance—rather than changes in politics, business, religion, foreign policy, and westward expansion—were the key instigator of those transformative developments. In that context, her assertion that "With the aid of steam engines, the United States was quickly becoming the nation its citizens aspired for it to be" (101) slights the myriad factors that contributed to that process. Several errors in the book, while minor, are at odds with the central focus on the importance of technology. On several occasions (170, 174, and 186), Branson refers to the New York Crystal Palace...

Souls and Bodies by David Lodge

Reviewed by: Souls and Bodies by David Lodge Leslie Woodcock Tentler Souls and Bodies, by David Lodge (New York: Penguin Books USA, 1990), 256 pp. I concede at the outset that mine is an eccentric choice. Souls and Bodies—first published in Great Britain in 1980 as How Far Can You Go?—did not sell widely in the United States, where Lodge is best known for Small World and Changing Places, novels best described as acute comedic takes on academic life. Can an alleged "classic" be "forgotten" if it was not really known in the first place? Then too, Souls and Bodies is set in England, with British protagonists. What possible relevance, it is reasonable to ask, can it have for historians of American Catholicism? I do regard Souls and Bodies as meriting "classic" status, for reasons I discuss below, and will happily label it "neglected" rather than "forgotten"—a distinction that for all practical purposes is largely semantic. The novel's English setting, however, does raise certain difficulties in terms of its immediate utility for the teaching or writing of American Catholic history. The English Catholic experience, after all, has differed in significant ways from that of Catholics in the United States. The relative size of the two populations provides a point of departure. During the years covered by Lodge's novel (1952–1975), the Catholic population of England and Wales grew from roughly 7 percent of the total to just over 8 percent. In the United States in these same years, Catholic numbers swelled to 25 percent of the total population, still an all-time high. Anti-Catholicism was integral to the history and culture of both nations—American anti-Catholicism, indeed, is largely an English import—but it took a far more virulent form in the British Isles and limited Catholic civic freedom for significantly longer. Presumably as a result, English Catholicism was far less assertive both culturally and politically than Catholicism in the United States, even in the decades after 1945. No cardinal-archbishop of Westminster would ever have publicly condemned the political views of a former [End Page 56] Prime Minister's wife as New York's Cardinal Francis Spellman famously did in 1949 with reference to Eleanor Roosevelt and her opposition to public funding for Catholic schools. Not surprisingly, then, the turbulent years that came in the wake of the Second Vatican Council were a good deal quieter in England than in the United States. Perhaps for this reason, the number of priests in the English church did not begin to decline until 1971, five years later than in the United States. Like its American counterpart, the English church grew in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries primarily because of immigration. But while the United States received Catholic immigrants from a wide variety of locales, English Catholic immigration came almost exclusively from Ireland. (During the period of Great Britain's membership in the European Union, a significant stream of Catholics from Eastern Europe provided new and not always welcome diversity.) The English church, in consequence, has had a less fractious internal history in the past two centuries than its American counterpart. At the same time, it was arguably deprived to a significant degree of the institution-building and political energies that ethnic assertiveness often afforded. But the heavy Irish presence in English Catholicism also meant—and here we have a critical point of similarity with Catholicism in the United States—that the English church was heavily influenced by what one of Lodge's characters calls "the Irish Jansenist tradition"—the world- and flesh-denying obsessions so central to Irish Catholicism since the Famine of the 1840s. So too in the United States, where the Catholic clergy and the episcopate have historically been dominated by men of Irish descent. It is precisely this point of similarity—the "Irish Jansenist tradition"—that makes Souls and Bodies so fruitful a source for historians of American Catholicism, especially when it comes to teaching. (This is a book, I can assure you, that students will actually read.) Lodge is a wonderfully economical writer, with a keen eye for the telling detail. He evokes the collective consciousness of preconciliar Catholicism—"that...

The The Effects of Hedonic and Utilitarian Values on Consumer Intention to Return to Ethnic Restaurants

Ethnic restaurants play a crucial role in introducing non-ethnic clients to ethnic foods. Understanding the physical and psychological aspects that influence customer satisfaction and revisiting intention would benefit restaurateurs and contribute to the promotion of a nation's culinary history. This study examines the relationship between dining atmospherics, hedonic and utilitarian values on customer satisfaction and revisits intention in the ethnic fine dining restaurant context. 215 respondents were surveyed at 15 ethnic fine-dining establishments in Kuala Lumpur. The analysis found that restaurant ambiance and hedonic values are substantial predictors of customer satisfaction and propensity to return. Surprisingly, this is not true of utilitarian values. This paper presents implications, limitations, and suggestions for future research.

Epidemiological Study of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Population Covered by Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Iran from 2011 to 2021

Background: The World Health Organization has identified leishmaniosis as one of the eight major tropical parasitic diseases in the world. Every year, from 0.7 million to 1.3 million new cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) are registered in the world. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is still a great health problem in Iran. Of the total annual cases of leishmaniasis in Iran, about 80% are related to rural cutaneous leishmaniasis, 5% to visceral leishmaniasis and the rest are related to urban cutaneous leishmaniasis. this study aimed to investigate the epidemiological factors in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. Methods: A total of 2119 patients afflicted with cutaneous leishmaniosis due to skin lesions were examined. The data were analyzed after entering the data into SPSS software, vol 26. Tables and graphs were used for displaying the qualitative variables; central indicators and dispersion were used for indicating quantitative variables, and chi-square test was used for analyzing the data. The level of P ≤ 0.05 was considered as the level of significance. Results: The mean age of 2119 patients was 28.32 ± 20.38 years. Furthermore, 65.2% of male patients and 34.8% of female ones were infected with the disease. As for the nationality of the patients, 81.8% of them were Iranians and 18.1% of them were Afghans, and 88.9% of them had a history of traveling to other areas. More than 51% of the cases occurred in the young age group, the age group of 21 to 30 years had the highest incidence (18.4%), and the incidence trend of the disease did not decrease. There was a statistically significant relationship between patients’ nationality and travel history, gender, and occupation (P = 0.0001). There was no statistically significant relationship between the incidence season and travel history (P = 0.221). Conclusions: Due to the patients’ travel to endemic areas, providing them with training on effective methods for preventing mosquito bites may have had a great impact on reducing the incidences of cutaneous leishmaniosis in travelers.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL CONCEPTOSPHERE IN GREAT BRITAIN

The article analyzes the peculiarities of the process of the national conceptosphere development in Great Britain. It was found that the national conceptosphere is a set of categorized, standardized, processed concepts in the consciousness of the ethnic group. The conceptosphere expands with the enrichment of historical experience, culture of the nation, its art, science and literature. As a result of the analysis of modern linguistic sources it is determined that the main concepts of the British linguistic picture of the world are correlated with the features of the national character of the British. English people usually talk about themselves as quiet, reserved people who are dominated by common sense and who are not inclined to make rash decisions. At the same time, the Scots, Welsh and Northern Irish present themselves as the complete opposite, namely as romantic, impulsive and energetic people. In Victorian era such concept as “Englishness”, or English national identity, arose. In that period new traditions, new educational system, and new standards of the English language were emerging. Thus, the political, economic, cultural events and shifts in the history of the British nation at the turn of the XIX and XX centuries led to the formation of the modern conceptosphere of the people. This period in the life of Great Britain gave new meanings to many culturally marked signs embodying the material and immaterial culture.

Children's Rights Training for Bedahlawak Jombang Village Officials and Community to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals/SDG Number 16 Concerning Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions

Children are next generation that has potential to change State of Indonesia into a more developed country for that children are often also referred to as next generation of nation in the future who play an important role in determining history of nation and state and the life of a nation in future.[1] Caring for the next generation of young people is a way of healthy people as a whole, developing harmoniously which is a characteristic of nation's character.[2] Today's millennial era, sexual education is very important. Knowledge and attitudes of children about efforts to prevent sexual violence are very important. Protect themselves from acts of sexual violence by encouraging children to be able to communicate with parents well. How to reduce number of sexual violence by providing knowledge about sexual organs and functions properly and correctly. Doing an understanding of sexual education in order to understand sex education is not a taboo thing to introduce. Introducing basics of sex education to children to avoid violence or deviant sexual behavior and has begun to bloom lately. This activity has an impact on Bedahlawak community by educating participants of Surgical community about importance of children's emotional development and children's rights. This training activity is expected be able to absorb knowledge given by speaker. This training activity is also expected to provide awareness to Bedahlawak community participants to always fulfill rights of children, which parents have them right to fulfill.

Asian Australian media representation of First Nations sovereignty and constitutional change

This study explores levels of interest in and framing of Australian First Nations constitutional reform in minority ethnic media. A keyword search of mainstream English media in Australia and of media targeted at Chinese, Pakistani, Vietnamese and Indonesian Australian communities shows a relatively low level of interest in the publication of and government response to the Uluru Statement in the latter outlets compared to the English media. Framing analysis over an extended timeframe finds some interest in and broad support for Australian First Nations’ calls for constitutional reform in the Asian Australian media, as well as variation and suggestive correlations between framing and audience such as linking First Nations history to experiences of racism and exclusion of Chinese Australians. The study has implications both for any referendum for a First Nations Voice to Parliament and for scholarship on the role of minority ethnic media in the contemporary Australian public sphere.

The German-Austrian Philhellenism through the Revolution Press-The Case of Newspapers Ellinika Chronika (Hellenic Chronicles) and O Filos tou Nomou (The Friend of the Law) during the Period 1824-1826

The Greek Revolution of 1821 was certainly an important milestone in the history of the Greek nation in order to reclaim freedom and create an independent state. This study will attempt to highlight the significance of philhellenism and philhellenes of the diaspora, with a special emphasis on the German Austrian philhellenism, as recorded in the Greek press during the revolution. This article examines a) how two Greek newspapers portray the German-Austrian philhellenism during 1824 – 1826 and b) how this world movement of philhellenism helped during the Greek revolution. The Philhellenic movement was related to the interest of European people in Greece and pre-existed the Greek revolution of 1821. In countries of Western Europe, such as Germany and Britain, interest in classical Greece was nurtured by philosophical, philological and explorative texts and news reporting. More particularly, articles from the Ellinika Chronika (Hellenic Chronicles) and O Filos tou Nomou (The Friend of the Law) newspapers refer to cases of Philhellenes living abroad, and especially the German Austrian axis, will be examined. These items create an important field of study that showcases how the press records history and events happening at the time of the Greek Revolution, 200 years ago.