National Hero Research Articles

The Impact of Trimurti's Intrinsic and ‎Extrinsic Motivation on Pondok Modern ‎Darussalam Gontor

Until now Pondok Modern Darussalam Gontor (PMDG) is still surviving, sustainable, and quality with several national and international recognition. Behind the readiness and success of PMDG, there is an initial motivation of the Trimurti founder of Gontor (hereinafter referred to as Trimurti) which is quite interesting to be studied as The Lessons Learned, especially for other pesantren Kiai. This study aimed to reveal the secrets of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation of Trimurti and its implications for PMDG. This study was a qualitative type, where data was collected using mixed techniques, namely field research and literature research. The data was written in descriptive, analytical, and historical methods through five stages, namely; selection of topics, heuristics, verification, interpretation, and 'historiography'. This research relies on five theories, namely; the Theory of Anatomy of Human Motivation, the Theory of Implications, the Trimurti Theory, the Kiai Theory, and the Modern Pesantren Theory. This study found that the intrinsic motivation of Trimurti includes the local and regional microscale, and their extrinsic motivation includes the national mesoscale and global macroscale which has positive implications in the form of selective protection actions of three pesantren systems and projections of four modern systems in PMDG that contribute extraordinary to the nation, the country, even the world. The author considers Trimurti to be the time to become the Role Model of Lessons Learned and receive the National Hero Title award in the momentum of a century of PMDG (1926-2026).

The Subaltern in the Ibis Trilogy

Are the stories of the subaltern just as important as those of our national heroes and leaders, who are considered architects of our nation? How does one define the subaltern? What is the Subaltern Studies project? Does the charge of elitism in the historiography of Indian nationalism hold water? How does the Ibis Trilogy by Amitav Ghosh tackle these issues surrounding the subaltern and their representation in our national history? How does he redefine the nation for us through a multidimensional perspective? What are the historical strategies employed by Ghosh, to this end?

National heroes, disposable workers. How collective action in the health and social care sector during the pandemic negotiated with the self-sacrificing worker ideal.

During the pandemic, the ideal of the self‐sacrificing health and social care worker became both more powerful and more unsustainable than ever. This article explores the manner and extent to which health and social care workers collectively challenged this ideal. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in Italy, this paper discusses mobilizations organized within three occupations: doctors in training, nurses, and social care workers. The study finds that collective action partially rejected and partially reproduced the self‐sacrificing worker ideal. Moreover, it shows how inequality regimes, imposing this ideal through classist, gendered, ageist, and racist‐nationalist processes in a pattern specific to each occupation, fundamentally shape the ways in which the ideal is challenged, as does the political culture of the groups organizing the mobilizations.

Implemantasi Paradigma Integratif dalam Empat Keterampilan Berbahasa Indonesia pada Kurikulum 2013 di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

The 2013 curriculum is a character-based curriculum with a themed learning system called thematic learning. Thematic learning refers to the integration of one subject with another through the use of subjects that can provide students with meaningful experiences. In learning, general subjects are often combined, while Islamic religious subjects exist independently, because Islamic religious subjects and general subjects are not combined in the teacher and student theme books. And subjects in Indonesia. Indonesian language has four skills that are closely related to Islam and student life. This article uses a library research method that uses literacy journals, books, and data related to the topic. From the literature research, it was found that Indonesian language skills include four skills, namely listening skills, reading skills, speaking skills, and writing skills. From an Islamic perspective, these four skills are closely related to student life. As is the case in Q.s Al Alaq chapters 1-5 and in the 2013 curriculum, the skills to read novels entitled Negeri Lima Menara contain prominent values, namely religious values, honesty, and discipline. Listening skills are contained in Qs Muhammad verse 21 and Qs Al A'raf verse 157 and in teaching and learning activities the teacher tells the story of the National Hero, so the character values that students can take from the story are religious values, honesty, hard work, trust, and never give up that can be applied by students in their daily life. Speaking skills are stated in Q.s Toha (20): 25-28 and the teacher gives the task of telling a story in front of the class about the story of the National Hero so that students can form character values that believe in themselves, discipline, courage, creativity and innovation. Writing skills as stated in Q.s. An-Nahl (125) and the teacher gave the task of making rhymes that would provide imaginative character values, intelligence, and creativity which were expected to form good character for students in society, nation and state.

Actualization of Thinking KH. Ahmad Shiddiq About Education Leadership of National Insight

This article examines the thoughts of KH. Ahmad Siddiq on the educational leadership model with a national perspective. There is a very interesting lesson from his thoughts so he deserves to be called a national hero because he is a cleric who has national insight who can unite the Indonesian people and accept Pancasila as the basis of the Indonesian state. This study uses a descriptive qualitative model with library data collection and data validity using data triangulation. KH. Ahmad Siddiq has a proportional thought, ideology and religion are not two things that must be chosen one while discarding the other. In the relationship between religion and Pancasila, the two can support each other and strengthen each other, the two are not contradictory and should not be contradicted.

Constructing ‘race/ethnicity’ and nationality in Spanish media: a content analysis of international football coverage

Televised football in Spain enjoys great popularity as it is watched by millions of people every year. It has also been suggested as a site where ideas about race/ethnicity are (re)produced and national football teams have been proposed as key elements in the formation and/or confirmation of national identities. In this qualitative research we analyse the transcripts of 11 televised football matches of the Spanish national team with the goal of understanding how football commentators contribute to the construction of meanings about race/ethnicity and its intersections with nationality. Results showed how football commentators constructed racial difference by describing football players of diverse backgrounds in different ways. Furthermore, commentators made use of warlike language and national heroes in their construction of a narrative about the nation. These results will be interpreted and placed within the larger socio-historical context in the Discussion section.

Par-delà les mers de l'Ouest : de l'usage uchronique de Zheng He

Biographical sources and documents appear to be scarce on the life of Zheng He. The interest he sparked is mainly a 20th-century phenomenon, starting after 1905. From this time on, he was represented as a great seafarer of the Chinese motherland and became an acclaimed national hero. Building the hypothesis of a Chinese worldwide circumnavigation, Gavin Menzies explores the idea that Zheng He might have discovered America in 1421. Liu Cixin follows Menzies’s hypothesis and imagines what would have happened if Zheng He had discovered America and how China could have taken the lead in a new world order.

Black Lives Matter in London, June 2020: Patrick Hutchinson, instant celebrity, and changing discourses of race and class in British media

Registering the apparent popular success of the Black Lives Matter movement in the spring and summer of 2020, this essay investigates how and how far BLM’s critique of racist institutions and demands for the full recognition of black subjectivity penetrated mainstream British media.It focuses on the mediation of Patrick Hutchinson, a black personal trainer propelled into instant celebrity in the wake of counter-protests against Black Lives Matter in London, in June 2020. Hutchinson was hailed as a ‘[black] national hero’ after being shown rescuing a white counter-protester, but in ways that initially recuperated BLM for a white-centred cultural politics. First, Hutchinson’s heroism was often presented in terms of his assumed transcendence of or disaffiliation from racial identity. Second, in the context of media representations of the right-wing backlash against BLM, Hutchinson’s heroism was part of a wider discourse of race, class and masculinity, in which he was contrasted with Bryn Male (his rescuee) and Andrew Banks, a couple of abject figures identified with white working-class masculinity. The public shaming of Male and Banks constituted only a strategic withdrawal of white privilege, leaving white-centred judicial, policing, and political institutions unchallenged.In the longer term however Hutchinson and his associates have been able to foreground the centrality of black political traditions and identities to civil society. Starting with interviews with UK television’s Channel Four News, subsequently widely disseminated across different media, Hutchinson has been able to parlay his instant celebrity into a multifaceted activism that penetrates outside the celebrity spectacle into cultural, political, and educational spheres.

THE DRIVING FORCES OF VOLITIONAL QUALITIES

We know that historically, every nation connects its ideas for a happy future, first of all, with the younger generation. Proper upbringing of the young generation is one of the most important and urgent issues for any country. Also, in all countries of the world, young people are one of the main driving forces of socio-economic development, the driving force behind the reforms of society and at the same time the successor of the older generation. Being the most dynamic group in the society, young people take an active part in the socio-political, socio-economic and cultural life and stand at the center of all issues in the country. Generations are changing, countries are developing. However, traditions and national values, upbringing of the young generation in the spirit of patriotism are the key to the well-being of the people and the prosperity of the country to which it belongs. It should be noted that today the proper upbringing of the younger generation is important for the future of the country. In our research, great preference was given to young people. What is the first will in research? What are volitional qualities? We tried to answer questions such as. We talked in detail about the will, voluntary work, as well as the positive and negative volitional qualities formed mainly in young people. At the same time, we considered the role of volitional qualities in human activity, its impact on living conditions, the factors and motives that affect the formation of these qualities. In general, the research focused on national heroes, their volitional qualities and the impact of these qualities on the formation of young people. During the research conducted in accordance with the relevance of the topic, experimental psychological tests and questionnaires were conducted among a certain group of young people.

The relationship between legends and beliefs of worshiping Nguyen Trung Truc

In the history of Vietnam, in the second half of the 19th century, the South was the place marked the most with the patriotic movement against the French colonialists.The land of Kien Giang with a loyal son with an undying will that would rather sacrifice everything and decide not to be a slave has been remembered by history and people: National hero Nguyen Trung Truc. He was respected by the people and worshiped as a god in communal houses, temples, shrines, even at home. The purpose of the article analyzes and further clarifies the process of formation and development of the worship of Nguyen Trung Truc in Kien Giang, contributing to the explanation of why Nguyen Trung Truc became an immortal hero and a god in the history of Vietnam, the hearts of the people of Kien Giang.

FRACTURED LANDSCAPES AND THE POLITICS OF SPACE: Remembrance and Memory in Nwadjahane (Southern Mozambique)

abstract Nwadjahane, a small village in southern Mozambique, is set apart from other settlements as the birthplace of Eduardo Mondlane, one of the nation's founding fathers. Declared a national heritage site and made into an open‐air museum, Nwadjahane has become a landscape where national and local memories are negotiated. Mondlane is at once a national hero celebrated with statues, exhibitions, and commemorations, as well as locally linked to ancestors and memorialized through ritual sites and sacred trees. I examine how diverse audiences engage, appropriate, and contest the different spaces of Nwadjahane: the village, the museum, the space of ancestors. Highlighting the fractured nature and the politics of this landscape, the tensions, contradictions, claims, and counterclaims made upon a single locale, I use Foucault's concept of heterotopia as an analytical tool to interrogate the juxtaposition of distinct spaces and temporalities, focusing particularly on local interpretations and the historical conditions that made Nwadjahane a national heritage site.

Sculptors–soldiers’ monuments gracing Yugoslav People’s Army barracks in Slovenia

The contribution presents monumental sculptures produced by artistically talented conscripts of the Yugoslav People’s Army while performing military service in barracks across Slovenia. In the past, armies would often engage sculptors in monument building, and the Yugoslav People’s Army, too, enabled its recruits to engage in artistic productivity during military service. On their own initiative or the initiative of their commanding officers, sculptors–soldiers, many coming from other Yugoslav republics, built statues honouring national heroes that gave names to respective barracks, e.g., Josip Broz Tito and prominent figures from earlier military history. In the fifteen years’ period between the end of the 1960s and the early 1980s, at least fifteen such monuments were erected in barracks across Slovenia. Based on newspaper articles, the contribution presents the backgrounds of erecting and unveiling individual monuments as well as their fate after 1991.

SamuelsAnnemarie. After the tsunami: disaster narratives and the remaking of everyday life in Aceh. xiv, 199 pp., map, illus., bibliogr. Honolulu: Univ. of Hawai‘i Press, 2019. £68.00 (cloth)StrasslerKaren. Demanding images: democracy, mediation, and the image‐event in Indonesia. 368 pp., illus., bibliogr. Durham, N.C.: Duke Univ. Press, 2020, £24.99 (paper)

SamuelsAnnemarie. After the tsunami: disaster narratives and the remaking of everyday life in Aceh. xiv, 199 pp., map, illus., bibliogr. Honolulu: Univ. of Hawai‘i Press, 2019. £68.00 (cloth)StrasslerKaren. Demanding images: democracy, mediation, and the image‐event in Indonesia. 368 pp., illus., bibliogr. Durham, N.C.: Duke Univ. Press, 2020, £24.99 (paper)

TWO PATHS TO BUILDING THE MODERN BULGARIAN NATIONAL MYTHOLOGY: “HADZHI DIMITAR” BY HRISTO BOTEV AND “THE NEW GRAVEYARD ABOVE SLIVNITSA” BY IVAN VAZOV

The paper contains a contrastive analysis of two poems: Hristo Botev’s “Hadzhi Dimitar” (1873) and Ivan Vazov’s “The New Graveyard Above Slivnitsa” (1886). Throughout the 20th century both texts were regarded as highly representative of Bulgarian literature with strong influence on the modern national mythology. Their common theme (the death and glorification of national heroes), however, has not provoked intertextual analyses to date. The research leads to the conclusion that while Botev builds his symbolic system on the basis of Bulgarian folklore, Vazov relies on military metaphors and Christian notions, such as the righteous death, the Second Coming and eternity. This pattern, consistent with other works by the two authors, allows to comment on a literary confrontation that shares some similarities with Western European disputes between defenders of classicism and romanticism. In the case of Bulgarian literary history, Botev can be interpreted as the initiator of a long-lasting tradition of romantic glorification through transformation and integration of the folkloristic heritage (mainly the folk song), while Vazov’s classicist concepts had far fewer adherents. In the light of the conducted contrastive analysis the popular thesis, defended by Milena Tsaneva, about Botev and Vazov’s collaboration and continuity in creating the national poetic pantheon demands verification through the questions of confronting ideological and symbolic strategies towards revealing the uniqueness of modern Bulgarian identity.

Taiwan’s Olympic Hero: The Legend of Asian Iron Man, C. K. Yang

Top athletes have been portrayed as national heroes since early times. This production process includes their own stories, as well as the historical context of the countries they live in and represent. C. K. Yang, known as the iron man of Asia, is a national hero of Taiwan, born from the confrontation between the Republic of China and the People’s Republic of China after the second Taiwan Strait crisis in 1958. This article, through analyzing the process of C.K. Yang’s transformation from a sports star to a national hero, examines the production of sport champions in Taiwan, and how Chiang’s family used elite sport performance for nation building and for the reinforcing of the legitimacy of their political regime. The account focuses on three main points. They are the ‘rise of a star’, ‘the celebration of the hero’, and ‘keeping the legend alive’. The article documents how the historical emergence of a sports hero who competed under the banner of the Republic of China, or under the banner of Formosa complements the existing literature.

Discussing archaeology and the nation in six European countries: a discourse analysis

ABSTRACT We studied the use of archaeological scholarly knowledge for supporting and promoting national identity by global non-professional communities. The data collection consisted of asynchronous online text-based Facebook focus group discussions in Croatia, Cyprus, Finland, Greece, Lithuania, and Spain. After, we conducted a qualitative content analysis of posts and comments we collected. Our research's main result is the identification of framing schemas that communicatively connect the personal perception and interpretation of scholarly archaeological knowledge with existing community knowledge on national identity. We identified, analysed, and discussed ten different framing schemas in this article: Uniqueness, Succession, Language, Christianity, Western civilization, Nature, Stranger civilizations, Double identities, National heroes, and Future expectations. The different framing schemas are interconnected, but application of the framing schemas varies in different countries.

METHODOLOGICAL VARNISH OR WRITER’S SKILL

This article is devoted to the analysis and interpretation of the skill of creating a national hero in recent years in prose, in particular in the story "Faryod" by Jizzakh writer Abdullah Ahmad. The article presents the plot of the writer's methodological research on the example of the story, the description of the tragic events experienced by the protagonists.

Cultural Archetypes of Indus valley in ‘Legends of Indus’ by Samina Qureshi

Folk tales, as the products of literary oral tradition, display many common characteristics in their form, content, and themes. However, at the same time, they have a local or national touch in them which differs them from the others. The five stories in this research reflect various modes and modes of Pakistani village life; they take us from the southeast, the ‘Thar’, through the Indus valley and the river of Punjab into the mountain land of the northwest. And present a flavor of Pakistani soil. National heroes in these folk tales represent the cultural diversities that constitute a perfect unity in which similarities, as well as differences among morals, values, value judgments, images, and traditions, are presented. So, this study aims to find out the Archetypal elements and compare the common characteristics of five folk tales from the Samina Qureshi book “The legends of Indus.” although they are from completely different, cultures and traditions. But they have some common values and traditions of society.

Formation of the Historical Memory of the Bulgarian Minority of Ukraine (1991 – 2020): Actors, Narratives and Commemoration

Nearly three centuries have passed since Bulgarian migrants appeared on the territory of contemporary Ukraine. They had to leave their historic homeland due to the strengthening of control of the Ottoman administration over all spheres of life of Bulgarians in the metropolis, as well as the intensification of the Russian-Turkish military confrontation, which drastically affected the economic, social, and cultural situation of the Bulgarian population. The Bulgarians, settled down on the Ukrainian lands, became an integral part of the multi-ethnic Ukrainian society, though fell victim to the assimilation policy of the Soviet period. Bulgarians are undergoing a period of national and cultural revival in the independent Ukraine, which is intimately linked to the process of recovering the historical memory of Ukrainian Bulgarians, restoring the pantheon of national heroes, memorable dates, and revival of traditional culture. In this connection, the researches dedicated to the analysis of the process of formation of the historical memory of the Bulgarian community in modern Ukraine are of particular relevance. The authors emphasize the difference between the two main groups of the Bulgarian community on the territory of Ukraine – Bessarabian and Azov (Taurida) Bulgarians, which is reflected in a reassessment of the role of the migration of ancestors of modern Ukrainian Bulgarians from the metropolis as well as in a monopolization of objects of national and cultural heritage by certain organizations, etc.

The Grave of Hadzhi Dimitar is Located below the Hadzhi Dimitar Peak

The article presents archival materials and other historical sources which keep primary information about the death and funeral of the famous Bulgarian rebel leader Hadzhi Dimitar Asenov (1840 – 1868) who originates from the town of Sliven. The widely accepted thesis that Hadzhi Dimitar was deadly shot during the Buzludzha battle (18th July 1868) and was buried at the place of the battle has been proven once again by bringing new motives and logical arguments. The funeral of the famous revolutionary on the Buzludzha peak (named in 1942 Hadzhi Dimitar peak) has been confirmed with memorial and archaeological pieces of evidence. Both re-burials of the fallen heroes (1898 and 1961) provide additional data in that direction. Despite scientific argumentation of the said thesis, the article also interprets some uncertain and contradictory evidence about the eventual death of Hadzhi Dimitar on the Kadrafil peak, located in the Sredna gora mountain – 50 km away from Bualudzha peak in the Stara planina mountain. Neither factual nor logical arguments of this legend withstand scientific criticism. Nevertheless, they are persistently popularized by local patriots, originating mainly from the village Svezhen (formerly called Ajar – until 1934). Furthermore, supporters of the so called Adjar's legend are trying to give national status of their unscientific claims about the death and burial of the famous revolutionary leader Hadzhi Dimitar Asenov. Their unjustified actions are conceptualized in the scientific context of the cultural memory theory. The dispute between the scientific version and the Adjar's legend is explained by the different approaches of historical science and cultural memory toward a single fact from the past – the last moments of a national hero's life. The professional historiography works with objective facts, scientific methods and logical arguments. Cultural memory attracts convenient hypotheses, mythological plots and unprovable local memories.