Nasal Volume Research Articles

Structural and functional changes of nasal cavity and maxillary sinus in patients with skeletal class III malocclusion 1year after bimaxillary surgery.

This study aimed to analyse changes in the nasal cavity and maxillary sinus structure and function in patients with skeletal class III malocclusion 1 year after bimaxillary surgery. In this study, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 20 patients (10 men and 10 women; mean age 24.3± 3.4 years) with skeletal class III malocclusion who underwent Le Fort I osteotomy and bilateral sagittal split osteotomy were obtained before and 1 year after the surgery. CBCT data were stored opened with element 3D (E3D) to establish a nasal airway model (the paranasal sinus includes only the maxillary sinus). Ansys (ANSYS) software is used for simulation and analysis. The maxillary sinus and nasal cavity volumes decreased significantly 1 year after the surgery. After surgery, the volume of nasal cavity decreased by 13.5%, and the average volume of maxillary sinus decreased by 7.8%. There was no significant difference in the degree of deviation of the septum and nasal cavity resistance, and air distribution in the maxillary sinus did not change. The nasal cavity wall shear stress change was similar to that before surgery. The maxillary sinus volume and nasal cavity volume of patients with skeletal class III malocclusion changed significantly after bimaxillary surgery, but there was no significant change in nasal ventilation function 1 year after surgery.

Evaluation of olfactory threshold changes in patients treated with rapid maxillary expansion

Aim: Rapid maxillary expansion (RME) provides an orthopedic effect that solves the problem of transverse deficiency of the maxilla. Moreover, it contributes positively to the functioning of the entire nasopharynx by increasing the cross-sectional area and volume of the nasal tract, thus reducing airway resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in olfactory threshold after RME treatment of patients with maxillary transverse deficiency. Methodology: Olfactory threshold and identification tests as well as acoustic rhinometry parameter (Volume1, MCA1, Volume2, MCA2) measurements were conducted for 40 patients (11–16 years) before treatment (T0) and 6 months after (T1) rapid maxillary expansion application. Results: A significant improvement was observed when the olfactory threshold values at T0 (0.96 ± 0.07) and T1 (0.79 ± 0.13) (p < 0.001) were compared. A significant improvement was also observed upon comparing the identification test results at T0 (0.63 ± 0.13) and T1 (0.79 ± 0.11) (p < 0.001). The acoustic rhinometry results showed a significant increase in Volume 1, MCA1, Volume 2 and MCA2 in the right and left nasal cavities after treatment (p < 0.001). Conclusion: In this study, acoustic rhinometry showed that nasal cavity area and volume increased in patients who underwent rapid maxillary expansion therapy. Further, the olfactory functions measured by the olfactory threshold test and identification test improved significantly. How to cite this article: Yıldırım M, Erdur EA, Erdur Ö, Metli ŞN. Evaluation of olfactory threshold changes in patients treated with rapid maxillary expansion. Int Dent Res 2022;12(Suppl.1):90-6. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.435 Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

Effects of jaw movement in bimaxillary orthognathic surgery on the upper airway: Computational fluid dynamics analysis.

Maxillomandibular repositioning in orthognathic surgeries has both morphologic and functional effects. These surgeries are thought to change the pharyngeal space and cause obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, however. The primary purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of jaw movement in bimaxillary orthognathic surgery on airway function and to identify the morphometric factors that can predict postoperative airway function. The subjects were 11 males and 12 females who had undergone orthognathic surgeries of the maxilla and mandible. The results of cephalometric analysis, cross-sectional area of the pharynx (CSA), pharyngeal volume and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) were compared. The CSA of the nasal (CSA1), total volume and total nasal volume decreased after surgery with statistical significance. Velocity at the oropharyngeal space (V2) increased after surgery with statistical significance. V2, CSA of the oropharyngeal space (CSA2) and PV were correlated with the horizontal posterior movement of point B, point Menton and overjet. V2 and CSA2 were correlated with SNB before and after surgery in all 46 analyses. Changes in pharyngeal airflow were more affected by pressure drop in the pharyngeal space (ΔPp) than by pressure drop in the nasal space (ΔPn). The relationship between the actual amount of change in the cephalometric reference point and the airway function is evident. CFD may thus be very useful as morphological analysis in preoperative treatment decision making.

Nasal Reactivity After Radiofrequency Ablation of Peripheral Branches of Posterior Nasal Nerve.

Transection or ablation of the posterior nasal nerve (TRPN) has been described as an adjunctive tool to reduce the symptoms of intractable allergic rhinitis (AR). The procedure, however, requires surgical skill and carries the risk of bleeding from the sphenopalatine artery. The aim of the present study is to describe radiofrequency ablation of the peripheral branches of the posterior nasal nerves within the inferior turbinates (RAPN) as an effective easier alternative to TRPN. The procedure was performed on 24 patients with intractable AR. Nasal reactivity was tested by cold dry air (CDA) provocation before and 12 months after the radiofrequency procedure. Visual analog scale and acoustic rhinometry were used to measure the changes in nasal reactivity subjectively and objectively. Worsening of nasal symptoms following CDA provocation had significantly decreased after the RAPN procedure. Likewise, postoperative decrease in nasal volumes and minimal cross-sectional areas after CDA provocation were significantly less than the corresponding preoperative values. RAPN effectively reduces nasal reactivity in patients with AR. The procedure is simple, minimally invasive, and can be performed under local or general anesthesia.

Long-term Outcomes of Turbinate Surgery in Patients With Allergic Rhinitis

Turbinate surgery is an effective treatment for allergic rhinitis (AR) refractory to medical treatment. However, the long-term outcomes of turbinate surgery are still unclear and have not yet been confirmed by a meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature. To investigate the long-term outcomes and safety of turbinate surgery in AR by performing a meta-analysis. MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched through April 2021. Studies that analyzed turbinate surgery alone, had a follow-up period of more than 1 year, examined long-term efficacy of turbinate surgery, used current turbinate surgery methods, and were published in a peer-reviewed journal were included. Full-text reviews were performed by 2 independent reviewers. Conflicts were resolved by a third reviewer. Descriptive and quantitative data were extracted; weighted mean difference (WMD) was synthesized under a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Q statistic and the I2 metric. This study was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) reporting guidelines. The long-term outcomes of turbinate surgery on subjective nasal symptoms and objective parameters. Of the 3962 citations retrieved, 18 studies comprising 1411 patients were included. Findings showed significantly decreased symptom scores in nasal obstruction (WMD, 4.60, 95% CI, 3.43-5.76), rhinorrhea (WMD, 3.12; 95% CI, 1.97-4.28), sneezing (WMD, 2.64; 95% CI, 1.74-3.54), itching (WMD, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.20-2.30), and nasal resistance (WMD, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.08-0.24) and a significant increased total nasal volume (WMD, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.73-1.19). There was no significant difference in the occurrence of any complication. More than 1 year after surgery, the improvements in nasal obstruction (WMD, 5.18; 95% CI, 3.00-7.37), rhinorrhea (WMD, 3.57; 95% CI, 1.78-5.37), and sneezing (WMD, 2.95; 95% CI, 1.58-4.32) were maintained. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, turbinate surgery was associated with positive outcomes in AR and maintained the association during long-term follow-up. The rate of complications is also low. These findings can guide the preoperative counseling of patients with AR being considered for turbinate surgery.

Causes and management of persistent septal deviation after septoplasty

Septoplasty is one of the most common otolaryngological surgical procedures. The causes of persistent septal deviation after primary septoplasty vary. The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with failure of primary septoplasty, operative techniques that correct residual septal deviation, and surgical outcomes. Seventy-four adults who underwent revision septoplasty to treat persistent septal deviations were enrolled. The level of hospital in which primary septoplasty was performed, type of septal deviation, septal portion exhibiting persistent deviation, and techniques used to correct the deviation were evaluated. Outcomes were measured subjectively using a visual analog scale (VAS), and objectively using acoustic rhinometry. The first septoplasties were usually performed in primary and secondary hospitals. C-shaped deviations were more common than S-shaped ones in both the anteroposterior and cephalocaudal dimensions. The most common region of persistent septal deviation was the caudal septum (44.6%), followed by multiple sites (20.3%). The corrective techniques included excision of the remnant deviated portion (70.3%), septal cartilage traction suturing (27.0%), spreader grafting (13.5%), and cross-suturing (6.8%). The VAS score improved significantly 6 months after surgery. The minimal cross-sectional area and nasal cavity volume of the convex side increased significantly after revision septoplasty. Patients who underwent septoplasty in primary and secondary hospitals were more likely to require revision septoplasty. The caudal septum was the most common site of persistent septal deviation. Careful preoperative evaluation of the caudal septal deviation and selection of an appropriate surgical technique may reduce the need for revision septoplasty.

Study of Clinical Profile & Outcome in Elderly Patients with COVID-19

Introduction: Novel beta coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has caused widespread transmission of coronavirus illness (COVID-19) in India from March 2020. In comparison to younger adults, older people and those with numerous co-morbidities are known to be more severely affected by seasonal flu and to have a higher mortality rate. The mortality rate increases significantly in the age groups over 60 years old with SARS-CoV-2 infection. With this objective present study was undertaken to study clinical profile and outcome in elderly COVID 19 patients
 Materials and Methods: Data of 100 elderly patients aged 60 years and older with COVID-19 were obtained from hospital record section. It consisted of clinical characteristics, respiratory manifestations, laboratory parameters and radiological findings. COVID-19 confirmation was based on reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). 100 patients were divided into two groups based on outcome as Group A (Survivors) and Group B (Non-Survivors). They included 66 males and 34 females.
 Observation and Results: Respiratory rate more than 30 was mainly present in group B patients (19%) compared to group A. In majority patients i.e. 79 (79%) SpO2 was between 80 to 95 range and majority i.e. 35 (35%) given Oxygen via nasal prongs. Haemoglobin <12 and Leucocytes ≤ 11000 was found in maximum patients. CRP, D dimer and random blood sugar showed statistically significant difference between two groups (P<0.0001). Ground glass opacities was main pattern found in 46 (46%), Bilateral Consolidation found in 41 (41%) and Unilateral Consolidation in 13 (13%). Results showed no statistically significant difference amongst two groups (P=0.725)
 Discussion: A progressive and relatively linear increase in nasal cavity volume with increasing age along with an age-dependent decrease of nasal resistance are possible determinants for a higher prevalence of COVID in the elderly population
 Conclusion: An individualized approach should be offered to older adults targeting the beneficial and negative effects of therapeutic approach

Comparison of Dorsal Preservation and Dorsal Reduction Rhinoplasty: Analysis of Nasal Patency and Aesthetic Outcomes by Rhinomanometry, NOSE and SCHNOS Scales.

Dorsal preservation techniques have been preferred and gained popularity in recent years. The current study compares the effects of dorsal preservation and dorsal reduction rhinoplasty on nasal patency and aesthetic outcomes by using Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) and rhinomanometry. To our knowledge, this is the first study to compare dorsal preservation and dorsal reduction techniques with rhinomanometry. This is a prospective study of 34 patients who underwent rhinoplasty between January 2021-June 2022. The patients were randomly selected preoperatively and divided into two groups as structural rhinoplasty (SR) and preservation rhinoplasty (PR). Nasal Obstruction and Symptom Evaluation (NOSE), Standardized Cosmesis and Health Nasal Outcomes Survey (SCHNOS) scales and rhinomanometric evaluation were performed preoperatively, at 3rd month and 12th month postoperatively. Nineteen patients (10 female, 9 male) were in SR group, 15 patients (7 female, 8 male) were in PR group. There was not significant difference in terms of age and gender between groups. In both groups, NOSE, SCHNOS-O and SCHNOS-C results were found to be significantly lower at postoperative 3rd and 12th month compared to preoperatively (p < 0.001 for the entire SR group, p = 0.001 for the entire PR group). There was no significant difference between groups in terms of PROMs. Mean total nasal volume (TNV) at 12th month were statistically higher than preoperative value in PR group (p = 0.031). Also there was no significant difference in SR group and between groups in terms of rhinomanometry results. Dorsal preservation with pushdown technique provides good functional and aesthetic results comparable with structural rhinoplasty. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 . A well-designed prospective clinical trial.

Changes in inflammatory biomarkers in the nasal mucosal secretion after septoplasty

Deviated nasal septum (DNS) is suggested to be associated with nonspecific inflammation of the nasal mucosa. The authors hypothesized septoplasty may reduce nasal mucosal inflammation, therefore the authors aimed to measure various inflammatory biomarkers in the nasal secretion following septoplasty. Prospectively, 17 patients undergoing elective septoplasty were included. Symptomatic changes after septoplasty were evaluated with Sino-nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) and Nasal obstruction symptom evaluation (NOSE) scores. Using acoustic rhinometry, changes of the nasal airway volume were measured. Nasal secretion was collected within 2 weeks and 3 months before and after septoplasty, respectively. The inflammatory biomarker high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF α), interferon γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4), eotaxin-1, and regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted (RANTES) were quantified in the nasal secretion by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays or multiplex bead array assays. The patients' mean age was 30.5 ± 6.8 (ranging from 19 to 43), consisting of 15 male and 2 female patients. The median SNOT-22 and NOSE scores changed from 54 to 14 and 78 to 15, respectively, both showing a significant decrease. In acoustic rhinometry, nasal cavity volume of convex side significantly increased after septoplasty, whereas significant discrepancy of nasal airway volume between concave and convex sides became insignificant. No significant difference was noted both before and after septoplasty between the concave and convex sides in all seven biomarkers. The HMGB1, RANTES, IL-4, and TNF-α concentrations following septoplasty showed significant decrease in 34 nasal cavities of 17 patients (all p < 0.05). However, when the 17 concave and 17 convex sides were analyzed separately, the significant reduction in four biomarkers were only significant in the concave sides (all p < 0.05), but not significantly reduced in convex sides. Septoplasty may have benefited not only in normalizing the nasal airflow and symptom improvement, but also in nonspecific inflammation attenuation in the nasal airway.

An Innovative Method for Nasal Alar Reduction Surgery Based on the Equilateral Triangle Design Theory.

At present, there is no unified and accurate method to design the amount of tissue to be removed in alar reduction surgery. The authors present the experience that the crescent-shaped alar resection is based on the innovative equilateral triangle theory. It can accurately estimates the amount of alar tissue to be removed and conforms to the 3-dimensional esthetic concept of the nose. Followed up for 6 to 12 months, took 6 and 12 months postoperative photos, measured the postoperative nasal base width, and conduct a questionnaire satisfaction survey. The width of the nasal base was reduced by an average of 4.4±2.1mm. The mean visual analog scale score showed: 4.8±1.6 before operation and 7.6±1.2 after the operation ( P <0.05), which revealed satisfactory patient outcomes. This method provides a new idea for the evaluation of nasal alar resection volume and is worthy of clinical application.

Analysis of inferior nasal turbinate volume in subjects with nasal septum deviation: a retrospective cone beam tomography study.

BackgroundThe association of the linear dimensions of the inferior turbinate hypertrophy with nasal septal deviation has been studied recently. However, the volumetric dimensions provide a more accurate status of the turbinate hypertrophy compared to linear measurements. The aim of this study was to analyze the association of inferior nasal turbinate volume with the degree of nasal septal deviation (NSD).MethodsA retrospective evaluation of the cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of 412 patients was carried out to obtain 150 scans which were included in the study. The scans were categorized into three groups. Group 1 comprised of 50 scans of patients with no inferior turbinate hypertrophy (ITH) and no nasal septal deviation. Group 2 comprised of 50 scans of patients with ITH and no NSD; whereas Group 3 included 50 scans of patients with ITH and NSD. The total turbinate volume of inferior turbinates (bilateral) were determined by using Vesalius 3D software (PS-Medtech, Amsterdam, Netherlands).ResultsThe intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between the volumetric estimations performed by the two radiologists was 0.82. There were no significant age and gender related changes in the total turbinate volume. Patients in Group 3 had significantly higher (p = 0.001) total turbinate volume compared to Group 2 and Group 1. There was a positive and significant correlation (r = 0.52, p = 0.002) between the degree of septal deviation and total turbinate volume. When the total turbinate volume of the patients with different types of septal deviation was compared in Group 3, a statistically significant difference (p = 0.001) was observed. Regression analysis revealed that the septal deviation angle (SDA) (p = 0.001) had a relationship with total turbinate volume. From the results of the study we can conclude that the total turbinate volume is higher in patients with nasal septal deviation. It can also be concluded that the septal deviation angle has a positive correlation with total turbinate volume. The data obtained from the study can be useful in post-surgical follow up and evaluation of patients with nasal septal deviation and hypertrophied inferior nasal turbinate.

Rapid Maxillary Expansion (RME): An Otolaryngologic Perspective.

Background. To evaluate the possible effects of Rapid Maxillary Expansion (RME), such as nasal breathing problems, middle ear function, Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in the otolaryngology field. RME has already been introduced in orthodontics to expand the maxilla of young patients affected by transversal maxillary constriction. Methods. A literature search was performed using different databases (Medline/PubMed, EMBASE, and CINAHL), from May 2005 to November 2021, according to the PRISMA guidelines. Results. The application of RME in children has shown good results on nasal function, reducing nasal resistances, independently from a previous adenotonsillectomy. These results are not only related to the increasing of nasal transverse diameters and volume, but also to the stiffening of airway muscles, enabling the nasal filtrum function and avoiding mouth opening, thereby decreasing respiratory infections. Positive effects have also been reported for the treatment of conductive hearing loss and of OSA, with the reduction of Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI), possibly due to (i) an increased pharyngeal dimensions, (ii) a new tongue posture, and (iii) reduced nasal respiratory problems. Conclusions. Otolaryngologists should be aware of the indications and benefits of the RME treatment, considering its possible multiple beneficial effects.

Fine-Tuning of the Supratip in Rhinoplasty: An External Approach.

Supratip deformity, also known as the pollybeak deformity, accounts for one of the most common iatrogenic deformities requiring revision surgery in rhinoplasty. We aimed to present a novel technique to prevent supratip deformity and increase the tip definition, especially in patients with thick skin. A total of eighty-three patients were included in the study. In control group, thirty-three consecutive patients with thick skin underwent structured primary rhinoplasty without any additional maneuvers. In study group, thirty-one consecutive patients with thick skin underwent the same operation with an additional "External supratip suture (ESS)." Nineteen patients with moderate skin were also operated using the ESS to accentuate the supratip break and control the soft tissue response. Patients' supratip regions were analyzed with reference to a tangent line from the tip defining point to the nasion. Two independent blinded plastic surgeons rated the supratip aesthetics on a 5-point scale. The ESS maneuver had better results in the supratip region according to the two parameters which were statistically significant (p < 0.05). No ischemic complications were observed. This simple and reliable external approach is a powerful maneuver which can be an effective technique not only in patients with thick skin, but also in moderate skin patients who requires better supratip definition. It enables surgeon to reduce the nasal volume efficiently in patients with noncompliant skin by controlling skin redraping by adhering to Auersvald's hemostatic net principles. We believe that this approach will find a place in the armamentarium of rhinosurgeons. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Is maxillary expansion effective in treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome? A systematic review of systematic reviews.

Background Maxillary expansion (ME) might be beneficial in improving airway dimensions and obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) in patients with constricted maxillae. The aim of this overview is to present clinicians with a summary of the evidence. Data from systematic reviews and meta-analyses were evaluated to investigate the effect of ME on OSAS.Methods An electronic search was commenced in five databases, in addition to a manual search until July 2021. Screening of articles started with title and abstract followed by full-text assessment. Systematic reviews with/without meta-analyses were included. Critical appraisal was done using A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) 2, Level of Research Design scoring and criteria of body of evidence scores. The search, study selection and critical appraisal were completed by three reviewers.Results In total, 14 systematic reviews with/without meta-analyses were included. The quality of available evidence ranged between low to high, based on the overall quality evaluation.Conclusions Based on the available evidence, maxillary expansion might be able to improve the nasal airway volume and OSAS in both growing and adult patients in the short term. ME can be considered as one of the treatment options in cases with OSAS.

Defining Spatial and Temporal Resolution of Edema following Rhinoplasty: A Three-Dimensional Topographical Analysis.

Defining Spatial and Temporal Resolution of Edema following Rhinoplasty: A Three-Dimensional Topographical Analysis.

Central Macular Topographic and Volumetric Measures: New Biomarkers for Detection of Glaucoma.

PurposeTo test the hypothesis that newly developed shape measures using optical coherence tomography (OCT) macular volume scans can discriminate patients with perimetric glaucoma from healthy subjects.MethodsOCT structural measures defining macular topography and volume were recently developed based on cubic Bézier curves. We exported macular volume scans from 135 eyes with glaucoma (133 patients) and 155 healthy eyes (85 subjects) and estimated global and quadrant-based measures. The best subset of measures to predict glaucoma was explored with a gradient boost model (GBM) with subsequent logistic regression. Accuracy and area under receiver operating curves (AUC) were the primary metrics. In addition, we separately investigated model performance in 66 eyes with mild glaucoma (mean deviation ≥ –6 dB).ResultsAverage (±SD) 24-2 mean deviation was –8.2 (±6.1) dB in eyes with glaucoma. The main predictive measures for glaucoma were temporal inferior rim height, nasal inferior pit volume, and temporal inferior pit depth. Lower values for these measures predicted higher risk of glaucoma. Sensitivity, specificity, and AUC for discriminating between healthy and glaucoma eyes were 81.5% (95% CI = 76.6–91.9%), 89.7% (95% CI = 78.7–94.2%), and 0.915 (95% CI = 0.882–0.948), respectively. Corresponding metrics for mild glaucoma were 84.8% (95% CI = 72.1%–95.5%), 85.8% (95% CI = 87.1%–97.4%), and 0.913 (95% CI = 0.867–0.958), respectively.ConclusionsNovel macular shape biomarkers detect early glaucoma with clinically relevant performance. Such biomarkers do not depend on intraretinal segmentation accuracy and may be helpful in eyes with suboptimal macular segmentation.Translational RelevanceMacular shape biomarkers provide valuable information for detection of early glaucoma and may provide additional information beyond thickness measurements.

Description of Novel Technique for Managing Insufficient Nasal Skin Volume.

A short nose is a common esthetic problem faced by facial plastic surgeons. Rhinoplasty of the short nose has been recognized as a complex procedure to perform for achieving satisfactory results. The authors presented 4 cases of short nose in 4 Saudi men who underwent rhinoplasty using septal extension graft and closure the skin with secondary intention as an option to control skin tension after graft placement and to increase nose skin volume to prevent skin retraction, which may occur postoperatively during the healing process. Furthermore, the authors have also discussed the surgical outcomes of these 4 cases and overall satisfaction. Finally, the authors reviewed the literature to identify published papers on correcting the short nose technique.

Canine sporotrichosis: Case report

Sporotrichosis is a fungal zoonosis that can affect several species of animals. The present report refers to a 1-year-old female Shih-tzu dog, domiciled, who presented nasal swelling with depigmentation, serosanguineous secretion, sneezing and inspiratory dyspnea. After ruling out the suspicion of neoplasia by histopathology, which showed a result compatible with mild lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis, the patient was referred for consultation with an immunologist. To carry out a differential diagnosis, he went to the São Paulo Zoonoses Surveillance Division, where material was collected from the nostrils using a swab for fungal culture, positive for Sporothrix spp. The dog had no history of contact with animals with sporotrichosis, and the main suspicion of infection was through the soil of a potted plant, located in the residence. Treatment was performed with Itraconazole 10 mg/kg SID for 11 weeks, and continued for another 10 weeks after complete remission of the lesion. After 2 weeks of antifungal suspension, the animal returned with increased nasal volume and dyspnea, requiring resumption of treatment with itraconazole, with total remission of the lesion after 12 weeks. Veterinarians must be aware of the epidemiological context of the region and incorporate sporotrichosis into their routine as a differential diagnosis in cases in which the patient presents skin lesions and follow the patient after treatment is discontinued to assess recurrence.

AI-based automatic segmentation of craniomaxillofacial anatomy from CBCT scans for automatic detection of pharyngeal airway evaluations in OSA patients

This study aims to generate and also validate an automatic detection algorithm for pharyngeal airway on CBCT data using an AI software (Diagnocat) which will procure a measurement method. The second aim is to validate the newly developed artificial intelligence system in comparison to commercially available software for 3D CBCT evaluation. A Convolutional Neural Network-based machine learning algorithm was used for the segmentation of the pharyngeal airways in OSA and non-OSA patients. Radiologists used semi-automatic software to manually determine the airway and their measurements were compared with the AI. OSA patients were classified as minimal, mild, moderate, and severe groups, and the mean airway volumes of the groups were compared. The narrowest points of the airway (mm), the field of the airway (mm2), and volume of the airway (cc) of both OSA and non-OSA patients were also compared. There was no statistically significant difference between the manual technique and Diagnocat measurements in all groups (p > 0.05). Inter-class correlation coefficients were 0.954 for manual and automatic segmentation, 0.956 for Diagnocat and automatic segmentation, 0.972 for Diagnocat and manual segmentation. Although there was no statistically significant difference in total airway volume measurements between the manual measurements, automatic measurements, and DC measurements in non-OSA and OSA patients, we evaluated the output images to understand why the mean value for the total airway was higher in DC measurement. It was seen that the DC algorithm also measures the epiglottis volume and the posterior nasal aperture volume due to the low soft-tissue contrast in CBCT images and that leads to higher values in airway volume measurement.

Clinical and 3-dimensional radiographic assessment of nasal airway volume in adult orthodontic patients following mini-screw assisted rapid maxillary expansion: A prospective clinical study

Clinical and 3-dimensional radiographic assessment of nasal airway volume in adult orthodontic patients following mini-screw assisted rapid maxillary expansion: A prospective clinical study