Nasal Swab Specimens Research Articles

黒毛和種肥育牛に見られた牛ライノウイルス感染症

There was an outbreak of an acute respiratory disease in cattle in Nagasaki Prefecture in March, 1987. The 45 cattle, all from different places in Nagasaki Prefecture from outsideof the prefecture, involved in the outbreak showed fever, coughing, nasal discharge, labored breathing and diarrhea five days after they were introduced and five of them died.Pasteurella haemolytica was isolated from six nasal swab specimens in seven ill cattle (85.7%). Mycoplasma SP. was isolated from two of seven specimens (28.6%). Two cytopathogenic virus strains were isolated in MDBK cell cultures from nasal swabs of cattle with markedleukopenia.The isolants were readily inactivated by acid and heating at 50°C for 30 minutes, but they resisted chloroform. The type of their nucleic acid was determined to be RNA. Immunoelectron microscopy using convalescent serum revealed picornavirus-like particles in cultured material.The isolants were neutralized with antiserum against the Sd-1 strain of bovine rhinovirus type 1.A significant rise in antibody titer was shown against the isolants in convalescent serum of the ill cattle, but not against bovine respiratory syncytiai virus, bovine adenovirus type 7, or bovine entero virus. A small rise in antibody titer against bovine herpesvirus type 1, parainfluenza virus type 3 and bovine viral diarrhea mucosal disease virus, was shown. It is considered, however, that such a sero-conversion may be due to vaccination of combined vaccine against these viral agents.Serologic survey against the isolated virus in sera collected from 195 cattle in 1987 in Nagasaki Prefecture revealed that 73. 5% of those over one year old were antibody positive, while 29. 9% of those from four to 10 months old particulaly have a tendency to show a low positive rate.

Evaluation of an antigen-capture ELISA for the detection of bovine herpesvirus type 1 shedding from feedlot cattle

A total of 457 nasal swab specimens from cases of respiratory disease in 2 feedlots were evaluated for the detection of bovine herpesvirus Type 1 (BHV-1) by ELISA. Thirty-three were found to be positive for BHV-1 by the recovery of infectious virus and 21 of these were positive by ELISA, yielding a sensitivity of 64%. Fifteen other virus isolations were made and included bovine viral diarrhea viruses, rhinoviruses and parainfluenza Type 3 viruses; none of these cases were positive with the BHV-1 ELISA. Specificity of the ELISA was 100%. Eighty percent of the specimens with BHV-1 titers > 10 5 TCID 50 were detected by ELISA; the median amount of virus in positive specimens that were detected by ELISA was 7 × 10 5 TCID 50 and the median amount of virus in specimens not detected was 1.5 × 10 4 TCID 50. BHV-1 infection was most frequently diagnosed in feedlot cattle that had been in the feedlot for 40–80 days. Approximately half of the infected cattle were carrying virus-neutralizing antibodies in their serum.

Rapid detection of bovine herpesvirus type 1 antigens in nasal swab specimens with an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) antigens in nasal swab specimens collected from infected animals. Development of the ELISA involved screening and selection of BHV-1-specific monoclonal antibodies for their ability to capture BHV-1 antigens and for their stability and activity after conjugation to horseradish peroxidase. Forty combinations of capture-conjugate monoclonal antibody pairs were screened for detection of nanogram amounts of purified BHV-1 by using a double-antibody-sandwich ELISA in which antigen and conjugated antibody were simultaneously added to antibody-coated wells. Of the 40 monoclonal antibody pairs, 4 were analyzed further and 1 was selected for routine application to clinical specimens. Of 129 nasal swab specimens collected during the first 10 days after experimental infection with BHV-1, 66 were found to be positive by both virus isolation and ELISA and 34 were positive for infectious virus but negative by ELISA. One specimen was positive by ELISA but negative by virus isolation, and the remaining 28 specimens were negative by both tests. Quantitation of the virus-containing specimens showed that the ELISA had a lower detection limit of 10(3.5) median tissue culture infective doses. The ELISA was judged to be highly useful for diagnosis of BHV-1 infections, since all of the nasal swab specimens that were collected from 12 animals during the first 5 days of the infection, when the clinical signs were the most apparent, were positive.

Isolation of a new serotype of bovine rhinovirus from cattle. Brief report.

Six strains of a new serological type of bovine rhinovirus were isolated in primary calf kidney cell cultures from nasal swab specimens of cattle with acute respiratory disease in Japan. They are serologically indistinguishable from one another and show no cross reaction with bovine rhinovirus types 1 and 2. We propose that the new isolates classified as bovine rhinovirus serotype 3.

Isolations of aerobic bacteria from wild desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni and O. c. mexicana) in Arizona.

Nasal, pharyngeal, cervical and vaginal swab specimens were obtained from 74 desert bighorn sheep for the purpose of investigating the normal aerobic bacterial flora of wild sheep. A total of 281 isolates was obtained and identified by standard microbiologic tests. One hundred seven of these isolates were gram positive and included Bacillus sp. (36%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (8%), S. aureus (4%), Corynebacterium sp. (diphtheroids, 4%), and Streptococcus sp. (48%). gram negative isolates totaled 174 and included Neisseria sp. (18%), Citrobacter sp. (3%), Enterobacter sp. (2%), Escherichia coli (2%), Proteus sp. (2%) and non-fermentative bacilli (NFB) (73%). Of the NFB isolates, Pseudomonas sp. (25%), Acinetobacter sp. (18%), Moraxella sp. (15%) were identified.

Hand-to-Hand Transmission of Rhinovirus Colds

Rhinovirus was transmitted from experimentally infected volunteers (donors) to susceptible recipients and the efficiencies of spread by hand-to-hand contact and large- and small-particle aerosols compared. Transmission of infection was very efficient by the hand route: 11 of 15 hand-contact exposures initiated infection, compared with one of 12 large-particle (P less than 0.005) and none of 10 small-particle (P less than 0.005) exposures. Rhinovirus was present in nine of 18 (50%) nasal swab specimens, 28 of 43 (65%) hand rinses, and seven of 18 (39%) saliva specimens of donors; geometric mean titers of positive specimens were 10(1.5), 10(1.4), and 10(1.2) tissue culture infectious dose 50/ml (TCID 50/ml), respectively. Rhinovirus was present in 20 of 43 (46%) recipient hand rinses, with a geometric mean titer of 10(1.4)TCID50/ml. Virus on donors' hands was transferred to recipients' fingers during 20 of 28 (71%) 10-second hand-contact exposures. These findings support the concept that hand contact/self-inoculation may be an important natural route of rhinovirus transmission.

An outbreak of influenza in the swine with Hong Kong influenza virus (author's transl)

Early in the winter of 1968, an outbreak of acute respiratory disease was seen in a herd of swine in Osaka, Japan. The isolation of virus from diseased swine, the identification of the virus and serological investigation were tried.Clinical symptoms: The onset of disease was sudden. Anorexia and extreme weakness were first to appear and followed by fever and prostration. Diseased animal were crowded together to lie down and coughed when they were moved and handled. The first onset was found in pigs in a pen. Some of pigs kept in the other 13 pens of the same herd showed the same symptoms three days after the first onset. After all, 245 of 535 pigs of the herd were involved, in spite of the very short period of illness varying from 5 to 10 days.Isolation of virus: Viruses agglutinating chick erythrocytes were isolated from throat or nasal swab specimens of three pigs which had been inoculated into the allantoic cavity of 10 day-old chick embryos. They were identified as those of Hong Kong influenza virus by the cross hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test.Serological survey: Thirty convalescent serum samples were tested for HI antibody against swine influenza virus (A/Swine/S15/31) and five strains of human influenza virus. No antibody against swine influenza virus (A/Swine/S15/31) was detected. All the sera, however, inhibited he hemagglutination of Hong Kong influenza virus (A/Aichi, 2/68) and the isolated virus, A/Swine/Wadayama/69. Therefore, the isolated virus was considered to be the same as, antigenically similar to, A/Aichi, 2/68 virus.Many kinds of bacteria were also isolated from throat and nasal swabs of five pigs inspected for virus. Hemophilus, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium and Klebeiella were isolated from all the pigs.

Malignant catarrhal fever virus in nasal secretions of wildebeest: a probable mechanism for virus transmission.

The virus of malignant catarrhal fever (MCFV) was isolated from the nasal secretions of 6 of 66 recently captured blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus). Ten MCFV isolates were made from 131 nasal swab specimens but only one isolate was obtained from 168 blood samples. All MCFV isolates from nasal secretions were from wildebeest in captivity, under the stresses of confinement, changes in nutrition, or after injections of a corticosteroid drug, betamethasone. One isolate of MCFV was made from the tonsils of a pregnant wildebeest. It is postulated that nasal shedding of MCFV may be a mechanism for transmission of virus among wildebeest and from wildebeest to cattle.