Nasal Index Research Articles

Comparative Evaluation of Nasal Index and its Role in Sexual Dimorphism in Central Indian Population: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Nasal Index (NI) is a sensitive anthropometric index. It exhibits sexual difference and has become useful tool in forensic medicine and reconstructive surgery. It is an important anthropometric parameter for classification of gender of a person whose identity is not known. Aim: To determine the values of the nasal parameters such as Nasal Height (NH), Nasal Breadth (NB) and NI, clinically and radiographically for male and female and also to compare the NI and its role in sexual dimorphism. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy of a premium Medical College in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, between July 2017 and July 2019, study included total 392 subjects (196 males and 196 females), aged between 18 to 60 years. Posteroanterior (PA), Cephalogram (Ceph) was taken for all the study subjects. NH and NB were measured both clinically and radiographically. NI was then calculated as NB/NH×100. The data was analysed statistically using unpaired Student’s t-test. Results: As males and females were equally divided, major subjects belonged to the age group of 41-50 years (31.63%), followed by 51-60 years (27.04%). Radiographic findings of NH were found to be statistically higher in males (47.46±2.26 mm) while clinical findings of NH were found to be statistically higher in females (55.66±3.21 mm). Radiographic findings and clinical findings of NB were found to be statistically higher in males (33.95±2.41 mm, 37.19±2.44 mm) as compared to females (30.55±1.50 mm, 32.41±1.58 mm). Radiographic findings and clinical findings of the NI were found to be statistically higher in males (71.70±6.21, 69.94±5.87) as compared to females (67.02±5.21, 58.44±4.70). Conclusion: Nasal parameters showed significant differences between males and females in Central Indian population, suggesting sexual dimorphism and also serve as important clinical and radiographical tools useful in nasal surgeries, anthropometry and forensic medicine

Influence of Proportions of the Nose on Aesthetic Score of an IndividualA Pilot Study

Introduction: Achieving an ideal dental, skeletal and appealing soft tissue adaptation and profile of the patient is of utmost importance postorthodontic treatment. The soft tissue profile is the key determinant of the aesthetics of the individual. Nose, being the centre of the face, plays a major role in determining the aesthetics. But, do morphological changes of the nose influence the perception of aesthetics? Aim: To assess if the proportions of the nose influence the aesthetics/aesthetic score of an individual. Materials and Methods: The present pilot cross-sectional study was conducted on 50 patients reporting to the Outpatient department at Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai who were randomly selected to participate in this study. Calibrated anterior and right lateral profile view photographs as black and white images were taken. The basal alar width, length of the nose and the nasal index were calculated using software. Each photograph was also scored on a scale of 0-10 by 4 individuals on the basis of their perception of aesthetics to determine the aesthetic score. The obtained data was tabulated and statistically analysed using Pearson’s correlation method. Results: Mesorrhine type of nose was the most prevalent type of nose in the selected population. With Pearson’s correlation, a negative correlation that was statistically non significant (p-value <0.05) was observed between nasal index and aesthetic score. Patients with leptorhinne type of nose have an increased aesthetic score than mesorrhine and platyrrhine type of nose. Conclusion: The type of nose does not influence the aesthetics of an individual. The divine or golden proportions are not the actual determinants of facial attractiveness and aesthetics. The golden proportions are one of the determinants of facial attractiveness and aesthetics.

Area of Nasal Triangle in an Adult Human Dry Skull: An Anatomical Study

Background: The nose is a piriform aperture on the face having roots and a tip or base. Root is continuous above with the forehead. It is one of the most prominent parts of the face which comprises of bony and cartilaginous portions. The bony part is formed by nasal bone, frontal bone and maxilla. The cartilaginous part is mainly formed by septal, major alar, lateral cartilage, and a few minor cartilages. Present study was carried out with objectives of determining important measurements like distance between right and left infraorbital foramina to nasion, distance between right and left infraorbital foramina and nasal height. Then findings are used to determine nasal index. Methods: All twenty-five dry adult human skulls are collected from Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Science, and Chitwan Medical College for study. Gender and ethnicity of scapula were undefined. The ethical clearance was taken from IRC-CMC (Ref: CMC-IRC/079/080-050). All damaged skull and small skull of pediatric age group are excluded. Nasal index was calculated by using formula nasal index = nasal width / nasal height X 100. Photographs were taken. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 20 version software and analyzed as frequency and distribution. Total twenty-five of skulls were measured. Results: Among the twenty-four human dry skulls, with one damaged skull is excluded, study showed that right sided mean distance between nasion and right sided infraorbital foramen and left sided mean distance between nasion and left sided infraorbital foramen are 40.57±3.71 mm and 39.53±4.77 mm respectively. The mean distance between right and left infraorbital foramen, mean nasal height and mean nasal index are 46.80±8.52 mm,16.98±3.008 mm and 47.74±10.90 respectively mm i.e., Hyper Leptorrhine (≤54.9). Conclusion: The data obtained from the present study will be useful when repairing the nose, for facial reconstructive surgeries and also in forensic investigation.

Craniofacial measurements of Malaysian Malays, Chinese and Indians based on the analyses of post-mortem computed tomographic images

ABSTRACT Considering that the Asian group is huge and consists of many sub-populations in terms of genetics and geographic locations, it is imperative to develop population-specific standards for forensic practice. However, baseline data for a Malaysian population are not readily available. We wish to apply the methodology of Gill et al. (1988) on linear measurements of the mid-facial skeleton observed in physical skulls of North Americans to post-mortem computed tomographic images of Malaysian individuals, together with cephalic and nasal indices. A total of 300 skull scans of equal distribution according to sex and ethnic groups were examined by an experienced observer. Mean values (±SD) in mm for maxillofacial breadth, mid-orbital breadth, alpha cord, naso-maxillofrontal subtense, naso-zygoorbital subtense, naso-alpha subtense, maximum cranial length, maximum cranial breadth, nasal height and nasal breadth in males are 24.98 ± 0.54; 54.84 ± 1.72; 25.20 ± 1.26; 12.52 ± 0.44; 19.70 ± 1.23; 21.33 ± 1.09; 180.36 ± 4.78; 143.02 ± 3.47; 51.76 ± 1.18; 24.99 ± 0.35; respectively. Findings for their female counterparts are 23.58 ± 0.69; 52.74 ± 2.36; 23.38 ± 1.21; 11.19 ± 0.5; 17.71 ± 1.36; 17.55 ± 1.19; 170.45 ± 24.18; 137.75 ± 16.95; 49.19 ± 0.99; 23.87 ± 0.39; respectively. Even though these craniofacial measurements are not able to confidently separate the three different ethnic groups, our study presented the preliminary measurements of Malaysian individuals comparatively to other global populations specifically in the Asian region.

Age And Sex Determination Using CT scan Nasal Bone Imaging

Age and sex determination are crucial in the biological identification of the remaining skeleton, especially in forensic circumstances. This study's main important focus is to gauge the dimension such as distance, width, size, and structure of the cranial bone. It still becomes most laborious when the body has been reduced to a skeleton. Between men and women: In men, the height or width of the nasal bone is higher than in women. The cranial capacity is higher in females as compared to males. The main task of this examination was sex estimation through the geometric morphometric analysis of the frontal bone. Occurred distinction in structure and magnitude through the glabellar region. The parameters of different components are used to determine sex, i.e., nasal aperture, etc.; Multi-Detector Computed Tomography (MDCT) helps in sex determination. MDCT plays a vital role in identifying age, sex, and determination using scans of various cranial bone parts. Computed tomography provides good image acquisition, greater spatial resolution, and excellent accuracy. This study's focus on forensics is to estimate the measurements such as length, width, etc. Glabella separated the female and male skulls with reasonable accuracy. For sex determination, mastoid size, nasal height measurements, and various anthropometric methods are used. Some studies indicate a distinguished purpose that also helps to determine the sex from the remaining skeleton. The main motive of this study is to present sex using a piriform aperture from a fragmented skull. The mean value of nasal height, nasal width, and nasal index is higher in men than women. The growth nasal septum is monitored in paediatrics for one year because the paediatrics gradually develop nasal septum during one year. In forensic circumstances, there is only one anatomical structure to determine sex and ages better. The lower region of the face is more different than the upper section of the face. In the Gastrointestinal intestinal period, nose length rises from 3.3 mm to roughly 16 weeks. At different ages, nose parameter is identified using MRI and magnetic resonance imaging; nasal structure and size are constant or growing after 35-year man and women. After a period of 45-year, thickness in the soft tissue of craniofacial.

Антропологические исследования в Северо-Восточной Индии в 2019 г. (предварительные результаты)

Introduction. Russian-Indian Anthropological expedition was organized in 2019 by Paleoethnology Research Center (Russia), Timiryazev State Museum of Biology (Russia) and Department of Anthropology University of Calcutta (India). The goal was to examine the peoples of Tripura state, North-East India. Data and methods. About 350 individuals from eight different locations next to Agartala were examined. Currently there are 19 tribes in Tripura, Tripuri being one of them. The most common Tripuri’s surname is Debbarma. During the research 254 Debbarmas were examined, among them 106 individuals were children and teenagers (58 male and 48 female), and 148 individuals were older than 17 years (76 male and 72 female). The Russian-Indian Anthropological expedition research consisted of a complex study of Tripuri including morphology of body, head and face, dermatoglyphics, and dental anthropology. Social questionnaire and anthropological photo were also obligatory. All data was hold according to bioethics and the Privacy law. For further examination the data was depersonificated. Results. During the survey, basic information about the individual, including tribal affiliation, was clarified. An extended questionnaire made it possible to study many aspects of social relationships and build a population-genetic network. According to somatometric characteristics, tripuri males from the Debbarma family have an average body length (162.1 cm), relatively broad shoulders and an average pelvic width. A cephalometric study of 19 features was carried out. The studied group can be characterized as brachycephalic, leptoprosopic according to the morphological facial index and mesorrhine according to the nasal index. The zygomatic diameter is large, and the mandibular diameter is above average (on the Indian scale of variability). A detailed fixation of cephaloscopic features in children and adults was carried out, which made it possible to describe tripuri as representatives of a large Asian-American branch (race) of humanity. According to the odontological program, 293 people were examined, 221 of which were tripuri. Anthropological photo-fixation was carried out, and based on these materials the first composite tripuri portraits were compiled, published in this article. Conclusion. In the second season of the Russian-Indian anthropological expedition, data were collected on one of the insufficiently studied peoples of Northeast India – the Tripuri tribe. The group was investigated according to the maximum number of anthropological methods available in the field. For the first time, somatometric, cephalometric and cephaloscopic materials have been obtained and preliminary presented.

P-50950613-29 - Nasal Mosaic - An antropometric analysis of the South Indian nose

<h3>Introduction</h3> The nose, not only is a beauty defining feature of the face but is also considered a principal element of one's physiognomy. Nasal bone fractures are the most common fracture of the maxillofacial region and they have a direct effect on the individual's appearance. In India, the number of children born with congenital anomalies altering the facial morphology are comparatively high. There is a requirement for correction of the deformity to achieve a near normal nasal anatomy. All the above-mentioned procedures are performed based on the values obtained from studies conducted on caucasian populations. But in a country like India, surgeons require dimensions obtained from the anthropology specific to Indian population. In this study, we aim to analyze the nasal architecture of the South Indian population and give values of aesthetically pleasing dimensions of the nose. <h3>Materials and Methods</h3> 50 female and 50 male volunteers who fulfil the inclusion criteria were included in this study. Frontal, lateral and submental view photographs were obtained for the study participants. Anthropometric analysis of the nose was done including the nasolabial angle, supra-nasal tip angle and fronto-nasal angle. <h3>Results</h3> The south Indian nose belongs to mesorhinae group with a nasal index of 81.28 and 72.59 for males and females respectively. <h3>Discussion</h3> The findings of this study will be unique as we are calculating the angles in the study population as well. These values can be applied to all aesthetic procedures involving the nose of south Indian population.

Gender Determination Using Nasofacial Anthropometry in the Iranian Population

Objectives: The aim of this study is to predict the gender among Iranian population by determining the facial and nasal indices.&#x0D; Methods: Four hundred healthy individuals including 200 males and 200 females (age range of 20-25 years) with normal craniofacial configuration took part in the present study. Facial and nasal variables including facial length (FL), facial width (FW), facial index (FI), nasal length (NL), nasal height (NH), nasal width (NW), and nasal index (NI) measured and SPSS 22.0 software was used for statistical analysis.&#x0D; Results: The mean age was 22.16±2.44 years. The mean FL, FW, FI, NL, NW, and NI were 11.53±0.592 cm, 12.54±1.41 cm, 92.67±6.24 cm, 6.02±0.53 cm, 2.78±0.25 cm, and 90.79±8.22 cm, respectively. There were significant differences in the mean value of all nasofacial parameters (P&lt;0.05). The most prominent face and nose types were hyperleptoprosopic (46%) and platyrrhine (57.75%) among Iranian population. The highest sensitivity and specificity to predict the gender dimorphism were related to FL and FW (.990 and 0.97) and (.970 and 0.94), respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: Nasofacial parameters such as FL and FW that are able to sexual dimorphism with high sensitivity and specificity can be helpful in forensic medicine. Also, the nasofacial parameters are useful in in reconstructive, and aesthetic surgeries.

Comparative craniometric measurements of two Canid species in Egypt: the Egyptian red fox and the Egyptian Baladi dog

The Egyptian red fox (Vulpes vulpes aegyptiaca) and Egyptian Baladi dog (Canis familiaris) are two members of the Family Canidae that are widely distributed in Egypt. The skulls of different Canid species vary greatly in their size and shape; therefore, they can be used as a tool to study the evolution and evolutionary history of these animals. The craniometric measurements are crucial for species identification and determination of the specific sites for nerve blocks. The present study compared the craniometric measurements of the red fox and Baladi dog skulls by measuring 47 parameters on each skull and calculation of 8 indices. The red fox skull had significantly lower values of 41 craniometric measurements (approximately 87% of the measurements done), including skull length, width, and height, cranial length and width, palatal and mandibular length, and dental measurements. In contrast, the red fox had significantly higher values of only 3 measurements (approximately 6% of the measurements done) including the tympanic bulla measurement. While only three skull measurements did not differ significantly between the red fox and dog. Statistics revealed that domestic dog had significantly higher values of foramen magnum and palatine indices, and significantly lower value of nasal index than those of red fox. The present work reported variations in the gross and craniometric measurements of skull between the red fox and dog. The measured cranial parameters of both adult animals provide valuable information that can be used in ecological studies, comparative anatomy, and clinical veterinary sciences.

MEASUREMENT OF NASAL INDEX IN BHAKTAPUR REGION: A DESCRIPTIVE CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Background: The nose is most projection part of the face. Anatomically, the shape of the nose is pyramidal with its apex faces upward and the base faces downwards. It plays an important role in respiration, phonation and aesthetic. The shape of the nose varies according to the different geographical region owing to climate and ethnicity. The aim of this study was to assess the nasal index among the citizens of Bhaktapur. Methods: The study was conducted on 385 population of Bhaktapur between 1 Aug 2020-Aug 2021. The frequency of the nasal index was analysed. The vernier calliper was used to measure the height and width of nose. The data was analysed by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 20 version. Results: In this study, the highest prevalence of nasal index in Bhaktapur region was mesorrhine 235 (61.0%). In the gender, the highest prevalence of the Nasal Index was mesorrhine. In the ethnicity also mesorrhine types of the Nasal Index was found. Conclusions: This study concludes that commonest nasal index of the population of Bhaktapur fall under mesorrhine type of nose. The sexual dimorphism was not significant in both the gender as it showed mesorrhine types in both gender. Whereas among the ethnicity, the Brahmin and Newar sharing the almost the same result.

Macroanatomical and morphometric study on the skull bones of Aksaray Malakli dogs.

The skull is an important anatomical structure to discern dog breeds and wolves from dogs. For this purpose, skull morphology and some morphometric measurements of Malakli dogs, a local breed in the Aksaray region, were examined. Thirty-two distances were measured and seven ratios calculated in nine skulls of adult dogs. In our study, different morphological features and statistical findings that were not revealed by taking measurements from 32 distinct anatomical points of Aksaray Malakli dog skull bones were determined in accordance with the literature. Processus zygomaticus was found to be long and pointed in the Aksaray Malakli dogs. The results of morphometric analysis were as follows: facial index value 107.68 ± 4.98, nasal index value 19.61 ± 3.25, cranial index value 56.17 ± 2.52, basal index value 30.57 ± 1.30, skull index 54.68 ± 3.01, palatal index I value 56.76 ± 1.89 and palatal index II value 59.83 ± 2.23. It can be concluded form the present investigation that the neurocranium length, facial index, cranial index, basal index, skull index, and palatal index values were statistically different from other dog breeds.

EVALUATION OF THE INDICATORS OF SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN THE SKULL- AN ACCELERATED RESEARCH

Introduction and Objective: Skull is the preferred bone for identification of sex of the deceased as it resists decomposition, mutilation and fire. Cranial Index, Nasal Index and Orbital Index are commonly used for sexual dimorphism of skull. To know the reliability of these indices for sexual dimorphism of the skull.&#x0D; Materials and Method: The study material consisted of 100 adult skulls of known sex available in the Anatomy department of Mala Reddy Medical College for Women from August 2021 to January 2022 (6 months) which includes 60 males and 40 were female. Measurements were taken after putting the skull in Frankfurt's horizontal plane. Instruments used for the measurement were Vernier caliper, spreading caliper, scale and marker. Measurements were taken twice at different sittings and their average was taken.&#x0D; Results- In the present study, mean CI in male and female skulls was 74.68±4.21 and 77.12±4.92 respectively while their NI was 50.76±5.61 and 56.86±6.65 respectively. In male skulls the mean OI was 87.47±8.09, while it was 87.88±5.55 in female skulls. The identification points and demarking points were calculated for all these three indices.&#x0D; Conclusion: None of the three indices namely CI, NI or OI were promising individually in identifying sex as a very low percentage of skulls could be identified. The study concludes that the reliability of these three cranial indices is doubtful in sexual dimorphism of the skull.&#x0D; Keywords: Sexual dimorphism; Demarking points; Cranial Index; Nasal Index; Orbital Index;

Skull of Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) - Morphometric Parameters

Background: The capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) is the largest rodent in the world. They are territorial animals, and live in social groups, commonly occurring in anthropized area, what has attracted the attention of researchers in relation to this animal species, since it is the host of the Amblyomma cajennese tick that transmits spotted-fever to humans and are responsible for severe impact on livestock and public health. The skull is a part of the axial skeleton that enclosing the brain, sensory organs and digestive and respiratory structures. Moreover, the phenotypic appearance of the capybara head depends on the shape of the skull. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the reference values of cranial measurements of capybaras. The knowledge of morphometric parameters of skull is pivotal for veterinary treatment of pathological conditions and taxonomic affiliation. Materials, Methods &amp; Results: Eight capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) skulls were used in this study, irrespective of age and sex. The skulls belonging to the anatomical collection of the Laboratory of Wildlife Anatomy and Anatomical Museum, Department of Anatomy, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo. A total of 35 morphometric parameters were performed using a digital caliper and 6 cranial indices were calculated. All investigated features were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Anatomically, capybara skull were elongated, rectangle-like and consisted of cranial and facial bones. The morphometric parameters were used to calculate the following craniometrics indices: skull index (57.86 ± 3.62), cranial index (50.49 ± 2.08), facial index (49.22 ± 3.82), basal index (33.98 ± 0.86), nasal index (26.73 ± 3.1), and the foramen magnum index (149.61 ± 1.07). Moreover, the facial part length (mean 137.90 mm) and cranium part length (mean 87.76 mm) also were calculated. The facial part length was a distance from the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to the rostral edge of the incisive bone and, the cranium part length was a distance from the external occipital protuberance to the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. Discussion: This study established morphometric parameters in the capybara skull. The craniometric measurements showed in this study are compatible with reported in other studies in the capybara skull, although the most parameters measured in this study were not calculated in previous studies of the capybara skull. Moreover, none of the cranial indices calculated in this study were previously calculated. Based on some cranial measurements, the 8 capybaras used in this study could be classified into subadult (4) and adults (4). The foramen magnum showed a dorsal triangular notch in the capybara skull differently from described in the Cavia spp., and similar to reported to other rodent as Gambian rat and other mammals species such as maned wolf, four-toed hedgehog, and dromedaries. The rectangular shape of the capybara skull is different from that found in other caviids rodents such as Brazilian guinea pig. The capybara skull showed greater development of the facial part in relation to the cranial part, which allows to relate the skull shape with the skull shape presented by dolichocephalics dogs. This feature is commonly reported in large caviomorph rodents. Probably, this morphology is compatible with the ecology and phylogeny of the species. Keywords: capybaras, craniometry, cranium, veterinary anatomy, wildlife.

Correlation and comparative evaluation of nasal index and nasal cavity volume in nasal and mouth breathers: A preliminary cone-beam computed tomographic study.

Mouth breathing is one of the most deleterious oral habits with a prevalence of 4%-6% among children. Due to the wide range of comorbidities associated with mouth breathing, early diagnosis and prompt treatment is indispensable. At present, there are very few objective methods available for the diagnosis of mouth breathing. The present study was planned to evaluate a possible correlation between nasal index (NI) and nasal cavity volume (NCV) among nasal and mouth breathers (MB). In addition, the average NCV of nasal and MB was also computed. The foresight of this research was to establish the significance of NI as an objective diagnostic tool for mouth breathing. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 8-11-year-old children. The NI was determined using a digital Vernier caliper and NCV was calculated using dolphin imaging. There was a significant difference in NCV and nasal width (NW) in both groups, but no difference was seen in nasal height and NI. There was no statistically significant correlation between NCV and other parameters in both groups. The present study was a baseline analysis in this line. Even though this study did not reveal any significant correlation between both parameters, future studies are recommended to explore a plausible correlation.

Role of Nasal parameters in gender determination among medical students

Introduction: Anthropometric measurement of the nose has a great importance to differentiate gender, race, and ethnicity. Nasal index is an important parameter in forensic sciences and rhinoplasty surgery. Our aim is to compare the nasal index of both males and females and its role to identify gender differences among medical students. Methods: First and second year medical students were chosen and height, breadth and nasal index were calculated. The height and width of the nose was measured using a vernier caliper. The nasal index of both males and females were calculated and compared and based on this, the nasal shape was also determined. Results: Among 184 total participants, 114 (61.9%) were Nepalese and 70 (38.1%) were Indian. In the Nepalese cohort, mean nasal height for male students was 4.58 ± 0.37 cm which was higher than females (4.39 ± 0.34 cm). The mean nasal index was higher among males in students of both the countries. The mesorrhine was most common type of morphology found among all students. Conclusions: Nasal index of male medical students was significantly higher than females. Mesorrhine nose was the commonest type of nose in our study. This information may be used to estimate gender differences.

DETERMINATION OF SEXUAL DIMORPHISM USING NASAL AND FACIAL INDICES AMONG THE HAUSA ETHNIC IN NIGERIA

The purpose of this study was to identify sexual dimorphism among Hausa ethnic group students at a chosen higher educational institution in Kano using nasal and facial indices. 150 students between the ages of 18 and 30 were involved in the study—75 males and 75 females. The voluntarily recruited study subjects had no history of physical malformations, facial or nasal surgery, cleft lip or palate. Digital Vernier calliper, scientific calculator, weighing machine and sterilisation consumables were used for the study. The individual subjects were instructed to sit calmly, straighten out, and look forward. The nasal and facial index (NI) was measured and recorded during the facial anthropometry. According to the study, the mean age of the study sample for males’ students was 25.1 ± 3.60 years and for female students it was 23.4±3.10 years. Males and females differed significantly in terms of NI (P&lt;0.001), height (P&lt;0.05), and nasal width (P&lt;0.001). Based on the Nasal Index and its distribution, the nasal shapes of the Hausa ethnic group were described as mesorrhine (66%), leptorrhine (29.3%), and platyrrhine (4.7%). It was also found that Nasal Index in males is higher than that of the females. This study demonstrates existence of sexual dimorphism in nasal and facial indices among Hausa ethnic group in Kano State, Nigeria

The role of normal nasal morphological variations from race and gender differences on respiratory physiology

This study identifies anatomical and airflow-induced relationships based on nasal morphological variations due to inter- and intra-racial differences and gender. Subject-specific nasal airway reconstruction was created from computed tomography images in 16 subjects: 4 subjects from each ethnic group (Black, East Asian, Caucasian, and Latino) comprising of 2 males and 2 females. Volume, surface area and nasal index were calculated, as well as airflow rate and nasal resistance after computational fluid dynamics simulations in the nasal airway. Results showed that nasal airspace surface area (p = 0.0499) and volume (p = 0.0281) were significantly greater in males than in females. Nasal volume was greatest in East Asians (Median = 20.38cm3, Interquartile Range [IQR] = 4.58 cm3), Latinos had the greatest surface area (Median = 219.70cm2, IQR = 29.56cm2). On average, East Asian and Black females had larger nasal index than their male counterparts. Caucasians had the highest median nasal resistance (0.050 Pa.s/mL, IQR = 0.025 Pa.s/mL). Results indicate that there exist anatomical variabilities based on race and gender. However, these variabilities may not significantly influence nasal function.

Morphological Analysis of Nose in Patients of Tessier No. 0 Cleft With a Bifid Nose in China.

Objective: Facial cleft involves complex malformations. No study assessed the facial deformity of Tessier No. 0 cleft with a bifid nose. Thus, we used anthropometric measurements to access the nose in patients.Methods: A total of 24 bifid nose deformities underwent surgery at our institution between 2010 and 2019. Standardized photographs were taken preoperatively and postoperatively. Landmarks were identified on these images; measurements for nasal analysis were performed and compared with the established Chinese norms. Surgical method differences were also analyzed.Results: The median follow-up time was 2.51 years. Postoperatively, there is a significant difference in comparison with preoperative in the nasal index, medial canthus and nose width index, nasolabial angle, nasofacial angle, ala length and nasal bridge length index, nasal tip protrusion and nasal width index, and nasal width and ala length index. Furthermore, the medial canthus and nose width index, and nasal width and ala length index were significantly larger in ordinary people, while ala length and nasal bridge length index and nasal tip protrusion and nasal width index were smaller. After surgery, most angles and index were standard except the nasolabial angle in the females, and ala length and nasal bridge length index in the males. Moreover, as for the group of costal cartilage transplantation, most index and angles have improved after surgery including nasolabial angle, nasofacial angle, ala length and nasal bridge length index, nasal tip protrusion and nasal width index, and nasal width and ala length index. However, only nasal tip protrusion and nasal width index, columella length and nasal tip protrusion index, and nasal width and ala length index in the silicone prosthesis group implantation has significance. Costal cartilage transplantation can also better improve ala length and nasal bridge length index than the silicone prosthesis implantation.Conclusion: Most defects can be repaired with surgery, but the outcome has a lack of evaluation. Thus, anthropometric assessment can serve as a material for nasal and reconstructive surgery.

Anthropometric Study of Nasal Index Among the Youth of Madheshis Community of Nepal

Introduction The nose is one of the important component of the face which is considered as the major clue for the ethnic origin. The proportion of the nose is determined on the same principal as that of the skull.The external nose extends the nasal cavities onto the front of the face and positions the nares so that they point downwards. The shape of the nose is pyramidal with its apex anterior in position. The upper angle of the nose between the openings of the orbits is continuous with the forehead. Materials and Methods This study was carried out among residents of Ramnagar Gaupalika-7, Sarlahi,Nepal, one of the core region of Madhesh Nepal dated Jan 2021 to April 2021.The cohort consists of independent adults of age group 17-45 and consenting adults from the metropolis. Ethical approval was sought prior to conducting the study from the supervising ethical committee of the Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospital, Biratnagar, Nepal. Written consents were taken from the subjects for the recruitment in the study. Results The present study involved 100 subjects of equal males and females subjects of age groups 17-45 years from Madheshis community of Nepal. The table 1, table 2, table 3 below shows the values obtained for different parameters for males and females. The mean value of nasal height for male and female is 52.59±1.89 and 50.27±2.16 mm and the nasal width for male and female is 37.64±1.72mm and 35.42±2.04mm and the value of mean nasal index for both the sexes are 71.59±2.31and 70.58±3.04 respectively. The dominant type of the nasal morphology in both the sexes are the mesorrhine type and the leptorrhine type as well. Conclusion The human nose is a dominant feature in facial region which differs in anatomy and morphology among racial groups and of the most characteristic differences during the analysis of ethnic and racial differences. The dominant type of the nasal index is the mesorrhine type in both the male and female of the Madheshis community. Hence the data obtained here will be useful for the differentiation of different ethnic groups of Nepal as well as in the field of forensic science and rhinoplastic surgery.

THE COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION BURIED AT THE SCYTHIAN AGE CEMETERY NEAR SVITLOVODSK CITY (ACCORDING TO CRANIOLOGY)

The anthropological composition of the population buried at the cemetery of the Scythian Age near Svitlovodsk city (Kirovograd region) is analyzed in the paper. The burial ground is located on the border of the Forest-Steppe and Steppe Zones of the Right Bank of the Dnieper. The anthropological material under study comes from cemetery without mounds. Archaeologists date the main massif of burials to the 4th century BC.&#x0D; The anthropological composition of the population that was buried at this burial ground was not homogenous.&#x0D; The male series of skulls is characterized by a long, medium-wide, high, dolichocranic skull. The face is of medium size, it is mesognathic. The horizontal profile of the face at the upper level is medium, but with a tendency to the sharp; at the middle level, the face is strongly profiled. The orbital and nasal indexes are medium. The bones of the nose are moderately protruding.&#x0D; The average characteristics of the male population fit into the range of variations of the Scythian series. The male series belongs morphologically and statistically to the circle of the steppe Scythian groups. The male group from the burial ground near the city of Svitlovodsk is close to the series from the Nikolaevka burial ground on the Dnister River, the group of skulls from the burial mounds near the village of Shirokoe (Left Bank of the Dnieper River), the group of skulls from the burial mounds near the village of Vyshchetarassivka, a series of skulls from the Mykhailivka burial ground.&#x0D; Of the forest-steppe series, only the combined group of skulls from the Trypillya region is somewhat close to it.&#x0D; All these statistically and morphologically similar groups originate from different territories. This illustrates the specifics of the settlement and demonstrates the mobility of the Scythian groups.&#x0D; The female series from the burial ground is characterized by a long, narrow, medium-high skull, mesocranic in shape. The size of the face is small, it is mesognathic. The horizontal profile of the face at the upper level is moderate, at the zygomaxilar level it belongs to the category of sharp, but with a tendency to moderate. The orbital index is medium, the nasal index belongs to the large category. The bones of the nose are medium protruding.&#x0D; The female series from Svitlovodsk burial ground turns out to be the most gracile among the Scythian series in Ukraine. For this reason, it differs significantly from the entire massif of the steppe Scythian series. The closest to the Svitlovodsk series is a group from mounds near Nikopol.