Nasal Index Research Articles

A Study on the Nasal Index of Malocclusion Patients Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography 3D Program

A Study on the Nasal Index of Malocclusion Patients Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography 3D Program

Relationship between Nasal Mucociliary Clearance and Nasal Index among Adult Volunteers in Kano, Nigeria: Implications for Respiratory Health

Relationship between Nasal Mucociliary Clearance and Nasal Index among Adult Volunteers in Kano, Nigeria: Implications for Respiratory Health

Anthropometric Study of Nasal Indices among the Akan People in the Assin Districts of Central Region, Ghana

Introduction: Nasal index (NI) may establish racial and ethnic identity and serves as a useful tool in forensic medicine and reconstructive surgery. Previous studies on nasal indices in many races and ethnicities serve as baseline and reference points for forensic and surgical purposes in those populations. However, there is scanty or no data on NI in Ghana including the Akan ethnicity. The study was conducted to provide baseline data on NI among the Akan people in the Assin Districts of the central region of Ghana. Materials and Methods: Four hundred adults between the ages of 20 and 58 years were used. Nasal height (NH) and nasal width (NW) were measured using Vernier caliper. NI computation and statistical analyses such as z-test and Pearson correlation were performed. Results: Mean NI of 91.32 ± 8.66 and 89.39 ± 10.16 were recorded in males and females, respectively, indicating that the predominant nose type in the study population is platyrrhine. There was a strong positive correlation between NH and NW, but there was no sexual dimorphism in NI among the Akan population. Discussion and Conclusion: This study provides a baseline data on NI anthropometry of the Akan people of the Assin Districts and will be a reference point for nasal anthropometry for clinical practice, rhinoplasty, and forensic science.

A Morphometric Study of Nasal Index among Owo Indigenes of Ondo State, Nigeria

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphometric characteristics of the nasal index among the Yoruba people of Owo, in Ondo State of Southern Nigeria, and to ascertain whether there is sexual dimorphism in their nasal characteristics.Methods: The study adopted the multistage, descriptive, cross-sectional survey design. A random sample of 130 males and 130 females between the ages of 18 – 55 years was taken.For each subject, the nasal height was measured and recorded as distance between nasion and subnasale while the nasal width was measured and recorded as distance between the most lateral points of right and left ala of the nose using a sliding digital caliper. Data obtained were analysed using both descriptive statistics (Mean and Standard deviation) and inferential statistics (t-test) to describe the nature of the data.Results: Data analyses showed that the mean nasal height was 42.34 ± 0.54 for males and 42.14 ± 0.56 for females and that the difference was statistically significant (p< 0.05). The mean nasal width was 40.77 ± 0.85 for males and 40.41 ± 0.42 for females and that the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). The mean nasal index was 96.68 ± 2.91 for males and 95.43 ± 1.66 for females, and that the difference between both groups was statistically significant (p<0.05). Among the male respondents, 3.8%, 24.6% and 71.5%exhibited the Leptorrhine, Mesorrhine and Platyrrhine nose types, while for the female respondents, the respective proportions were 5.4%, 28.5% and 66.1% for Leptorrhine, Mesorrhine and Platyrrhine nose types.Conclusion: We observed sexual dimorphism in the nasal characteristics of Owo indigenes in Nigeria and the Platyrrhine type of nose was prevalent among them.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 08 No. 02 Apr’24 Page: 165-169

Distribution of nose types among Igbos of South-East Nigeria

Background: The nose is an important aesthetic unit that is essential in defining the facial appearance of an individual and also helps in identifying a tribe or race. Understanding the distribution of nose types within the Igbo population is crucial for elucidating patterns of human diversity, population genetics, and evolutionary anthropology. The aims of this study were to determine some nasal parameters of Igbo adults, analyze the distribution of the types, check sexual dimorphism, and to correlate the parameters with age, height, weight and body mass index (BMI) respectively Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of 312 Igbos in Enugu of Southeastern Nigeria using cluster sampling. The nasal dimensions were measured with digital Vernier’s calipers and the nasal indices were calculated. Weight and height were also measured and BMI calculated. All data were collated and analyzed. Results: The mean age was 37.05 (±15.83). The age range was 20 to 69 years and they were grouped into 20 – 29 years group, 30 – 39, 40 – 49, 50 – 59 and 60 – 69 years groups. The range nasal height was 37.24 - 57.63mm for males, while range for females was 32.43 - 52.97mm. The range for nasal width was 37.04 - 51.29mm for males and 32.93 - 48.52mm for females. The mean nasal widths of males were significantly wider than those of females in all age groups respectively (p < 0.01). The mean nasal indices for males and females were 91.91 (platyrrhine) and 86.26 (platyrrhine) respectively. Majority of the sample population had platyrrhine nose (67%) while 32% of them had mesorrhine nose and only 1% of them had leptorrhine nose. There was a significant positive correlation between height of nose and width of nose of adult Igbos with their age, height and weight (p value <0.01) and a significant negative correlation with body mass index (p <0.01). Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights into the distribution of nose types among the Igbo people of South-East Nigeria. We have characterized the prevalence of different nose types and explored potential associations with demographic and anthropometric factors. The major nose type of Igbos is platyrrhine, while the minor one is mesorrhine. Knowledge of nasal parameters are applied in forensic studies; and in surgeries involving the nose, and this ensures that individuals do not lose their identities even after extensive nasal surgeries.

Comparison of Nasal Dimensions According to the Facial and Nasal Indices Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography.

The nasal cavity constitutes the foremost portion of the respiratory system, composed of the anterior nasal aperture, nostrils, and choanae. It has an intricate anatomical structure since it has various functions, such as heat exchange, humidification, and filtration. Accordingly, clinical symptoms related to the nose, such as nasal congestion, snoring, and nasal septal deviation, are closely linked to the complex anatomical structure of the nasal cavity. Thus, the nasal cavity stands as a paramount structure in both forensic and clinical contexts. The majority of relevant studies have performed comparisons between sexes, with studies making comparisons according to the FI and NI only and examining relative percentages. Furthermore, the nasal cavity was measured in 2D, and not 3D, in most cases. In this study, we conducted a 3D modeling and anthropometric assessment of the nasal cavity using a 3D analysis software. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate whether the size of the nasal cavity differs according to sex, facial index (FI), and nasal index (NI). We retrospectively reviewed the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) data of 100 participants (50 males, 50 females) aged 20-29 years who visited the dental hospital of Dankook University (IRB approval no. DKUDH IRB 2020-01-007). Our findings showed that nasal cavity sizes generally differed according to sex, FI, and NI. These findings provide implications for performing patient-tailored surgeries in clinical practice and conducting further research on the nasal cavity. Therefore, we believe that our study makes a significant contribution to the literature.

Anthropometry of the nose pre- and post-photogrammetric adjustments in a sample of Syrian medical students. A cross-sectional study.

The individual's perceived beauty, sense of identity, and general well-being are all influenced by the social implications of the esthetics of their facial appearance. One of the major indicators of one's facial beauty is anthropometric proportions. This study was conducted to measure and evaluate the anthropometric proportions in a Syrian population, and to determine their desired nasal shape. A cross-sectional study was conducted on Syrian university students. Lateral and frontal pictures of the participants were taken using CanonEOS 250D from a standard distance of 100 cm. These pictures were analyzed, then nasal measurements were adjusted according to the participants' desire using Adobe Photoshop 2020. All anthropometric measurements were conducted on AutoCAD® 2019 software before and after the adjustments. Data was analyzed using the SPSS-25 using paired samples T test to compare the means. The study included 53 females and 47 males. The mean age was 22.25. The mean unadjusted nasofrontal angle, nasolabial angle, nasomental angle, nasofacial angle, nasal index, Byrd and Hobar ratio, and Powell-modified Baum ratiowere 141.80, 102.18, 129.21, 34.60, 71.71, 0.62, and 3.08 in the rhinoplasty-negative participants, and 145.89, 102.03, 130.20, 32.44, 67.96, 0.64, and 3.06 in the rhinoplasty-positive participants, respectively. While the mean of the adjusted previously mentioned angles were 144.59, 106.32, 131.19, 31.15, 62.91, 0.60, and 3.19 in the rhinoplasty-negative participants, and 146.31, 102, 130.20, 31, 62.55, 0.62, and 3.08 in the rhinoplasty-positive participants, respectively. In contrast to other populations, our study concluded that Syrians had unique anthropometric measurements and facial esthetics preferences. Moreover, the local plastic surgeons were able to identify most of the preferred nasal measurements for rhinoplasty in this ethnic group. It is advisable to use photogrammetry before rhinoplasty to identify the preferred nasal measurements of each individual to ensure the patient's satisfaction with the outcome of the surgery. Level IV, cross-sectional study.

Anthropometric measurements of the external nose among Malay and Chinese: A Cross-sectional study from Sarawak, Malaysia

Nasal anthropometry is among the best clues to racial origin and sexual determination. The nose's shape and structure differ between genders, races, and ethnicities. The understanding of nasal anthropometry is applied in forensic medicine, nasal reconstruction surgery, and naso-facial dysmorphology identification. This research aimed to investigate the anthropometry of the external noses among Malay and Chinese university students in Sarawak. A total of 80 university students (40 males and 40 females) aged between 18 and 25 participated. The nasal height, length, width, and philtrum length were measured anthropometrically using a slide calliper. Malay males had significantly more nasal width than females (p<0.05). Nasal width, philtrum length, and nasal index were significantly higher in males than female Chinese students (p<0.05). The philtrum length was significantly longer in Chinese students than in Malays (p<0.05). Further study can be done by using a larger sample size to obtain a better representation of the particular ethnicities. In conclusion, sexual dimorphism and ethnic differences can be observed in the anthropometry of the external noses among Malay and Chinese in Sarawak.

Analysis of nasal parameters and nasal index of dry crania in Southern Nigeria

Background: Nasal index shows the ratio of the width to the height of the nasal skeleton. It is useful in forensic science, anthropology and clinical medicine. The aim of this study was to analyse the nasal parameters and nasal index of dry cranium in Southern Nigeria. Methods: Nasal height (ns-n) and nasal breadth (al-al) were measured with a Vernier caliper in 150 adult male crania in southeast and southsouth geopolitical regions of Nigeria. From these variables, nasal index was calculated as nasal breadth/nasal height x 100. Results: For the southeast region, the values of nasal aperture height, nasal breadth and nasal index were 52.4 (±5.1) mm, 27.6 (±2.7) mm and 53.0 (±5.4) respectively. For the southsouth region, the values of the nasal height, nasal breadth and nasal index were 49.8 (±3.1) mm, 26.9 (±4.2) mm and 54.1(±7.4) respectively. Nasal height was significantly higher in southeast region than in southsouth region. There was no significant difference in the nasal breadth and nasal index in the two regions. Conclusions: The crania in the southern part of Nigeria exhibit platyrrhine type of nasal index

Nasal Anthropometry: An Assessment Among the Akan and Ewe Ethnic Groups in Ghana.

The distribution of nasal types has been reported to be influenced by climatic adaptation as the nose is involved in conditioning inhaled air. Previous studies have reported differential nasal types and dimensions among varying populations which is very beneficial in planning for rhinoplasty and in forensic identification. However, there is inadequate data on nasal types and dimensions of the various ethnic groups in the Ghanaian population. Since it is inappropriate to apply nasal dimensions of one ethnic group to another, the current study sought to assess the nasal types and dimensions of Akans and Ewes in the Ghanaian population. Nasal height, nasal length, nasal tip protrusion, morphological nose width, and anatomical nose width were measured from 202 participants (116 Akans and 86 Ewes) aged 18-27 years belonging to the Akan and Ewe ethnic groups. Nasal index was calculated, and the frequencies of the nasal types among the two ethnic groups were determined. Ewe significantly had greater nasal length and nasal tip protrusion than the Akans. For both ethnic groups, sexual dimorphism was observed in morphological nose width and anatomical nose width, with males having greater values than females. The platyrrhine (broad nose) nasal type was predominant among the Akan and Ewe ethnic groups. The average nasal dimensions of the Akan and Ewe ethnic groups for the Ghanaian population have been reported in the present study, which will be useful in rhinoplasty intended for individuals belonging to these ethnic groups and in identification.

A Study on Morphological and Morphometrical Parameters on the Skull of the Konya Merino Sheep

Objective: In this study, it was aimed to determine the craniometric measurements of the skull of the Konya Merino breed and to reveal the differences between it and other sheep breeds. 
 Material-Method: For this study, ten Konya merino heads were used and craniometric measurements were made from 46 points on the skull. 
 Result: In the study, the skull length of the Konya merino was 274.03 ± 5.23, the frontal width (ectorbitale – ectorbitale) which is the widest region of the skull 123.47 ± 2.60, zygomatic width (the distance between two zygomatic arches) 110.30 ± 1.96 and the distance between the foramen supraorbitales 49.06 ± 2.38. has been found to be. It was determined that both the fronto-nasal and palato-maxillar sutures resembled the letter "V" in Konya merino, while the pariato-frontal suture was in the form of a straight line. When the correlation between index values was examined, it was seen that there was a statistically significant strong positive correlation between I1 (Nasal index) and I2 (Facial Index), but the relationship between other examined features was insignificant. When the statistically significant correlation values of the skull measurements are examined, it is seen that there is a strong negative or positive correlation between the features. While the highest positive correlation was between L5 (premolare – prosthion) and L39 (greatest palatal breadth (measured across the outer borders of the alveoli) features (0.943), the highest negative correlation was L33 (greatest neurocranium breadth-greatest breadth of the alveoli)). braincase (euryon - euryon) and L46 (supraorbital foramina distance) features were found to be (-0.908). 
 Conclusion: As a result, in this study, it is thought that the difference in the craniometric values of Konya merino, which is accepted as the native breed of Turkey, with other sheep breeds, depending on the skull morphology, may be caused by the breed of sheep.

Classification of Nasal Index in Koreans According to Sex

Classification of Nasal Index in Koreans According to Sex

Mesorrhine Type of Nose among Medical Students of a Medical College.

The nose is an attraction point in our face and one of the important sense organs of our body. The knowledge of the type of nose is essential for surgeons undertaking esthetic repair and reconstruction of noses The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of the mesorhine type of nose among medical students of a medical college. A descriptive cross-sectional study was done among medical students of medical college after obtaining ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee. Students of age groups 16-25 years from different religions with various castes/ethnicities were included. Those with craniofacial abnormalities, nasal deviation and a history of nasal trauma were excluded. All the nasal parameters were measured with the help of vernier's calliper and the nasal index was calculated. Convenience sampling method was used. The point estimate was calculated at a 95% Confidence Interval. Among 215 medical students, the prevalence of mesorrhine type of nose was 130 (60.46%) (53.92-67, 95% Confidence Interval). The prevalence of mesorrhine type of nose among medical students was similar to other studies done in similar settings. medical students; nose; prevalence; sexual dimorphism.

Anthropometric Measurements of the Nose and Nose Types

Background: In this study, the purpose was to obtain normal anthropometric data of the nose, and to determine the changes in age and gender. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, the nose anthropometric measurements were made with a caliper in 874 healthy individuals who were between the ages of 5 and 64, and the nose types were de-termined for adults. The individuals were divided into 8 groups as 5-7, 8-9, 10-11, 12-13, 14-15, 16-17, 18-40, and 41-64-year-old. The nasal length, nasal height, morphological nasal width, anatomical nasal width, nasal root width, nasal depth, lengths, nostril widths, face width, and face heights of the individu-als were measured; and the external nasal surface area, nasal volume, nasal index, nasofacial index, and nose-face width index were calculated. According to Martin and Sallar, the types of noses were classified in adults. The SPSS 20.0 Program was used for the statistical analysis of the data. Results: The most common type of nose was determined to be Mesorrhine. Statistically significant differ-ences were detected between the genders in all measurements except nasal depth. Statistically signifi-cant differences were detected in all groups in terms of all length and height measurements, morphologi-cal and anatomical nasal width values, external nasal surface areas, and nasal volume and indices. Conclusions: It is expected that detailed data about age-sex-related nose morphometry in our study will contribute to the creation of a database of our population. It is thought that these detailed data will be helpful in the determination of age and gender in forensic medicine, the reconstruction studies in anthro-pology, and the treatment plan and post-surgery evaluation to surgeons.

Algorithmic Elementary-Age Nasal Reconstruction for Binder Syndrome

Background: Nasomaxillary hypoplasia, or Binder syndrome, is conventionally treated at skeletal maturity (SKM). However, our institution has employed a stratified treatment algorithm, treating severe patients with serial nasal expansion beginning at elementary school age (5-11 years) to expand the soft tissues and improve appearance prior to definitive rhinoplasty at SKM. This study evaluates the treatment patterns and outcomes of Binder syndrome employing this pathway. Methods: Eight cases of nasomaxillary hypoplasia were identified from a database of rhinoplasties performed between 2006 and 2020 at a tertiary children’s hospital. Photomorphometric analyses were conducted on basal, frontal, and lateral photographs. Goode’s ratio was used to assess change in projection, and pronasale to ala distance was measured bilaterally as a proxy of symmetry. Changes in symmetry were calculated using bilateral nasal width ratio. Results: In our sample, 6 patients (75.0%) had initial rhinoplasty prior to SKM, with 3 undergoing serial silastic implant placement, one with complicated implant placement followed by autologous reconstruction, and 2 undergoing serial expansion with allograft rib cartilage grafts. Average age at initial rhinoplasty was 6.3 (range 5.2-8.8) years for the pre-SKM group and 15.6 (range 14.1-17.1) years for the post-SKM group. Patients in the pre-SKM rhinoplasty group underwent more procedures than those at SKM (2.3 vs 1.5, respectively). The average change in nasal parameters was −0.029 for Goode’s ratio and −9.5° for nasolabial angle. The average post-operative nasal symmetry index was 0.98 representing near perfect symmetry. There was no significant difference in the degree of improvement in nasolabial angle, Goode’s ratio, or nasal symmetry between SKM and pre-SKM cohorts (all P > .05). Conclusion: Among patients with Binder syndrome, those treated initially at elementary-age were able to achieve similar improvements in nasal indices to those treated at SKM. This approach allows patients to live their key developmental years with less stigmata of their facial difference but requires more surgical intervention.

Morphometric Study of Nasal Parameters in Undergraduates at a Medical University in Central Uttar Pradesh

Abstract Background: Nasal morphometry is a technique which includes the study of a part, size, and shape of the human nose. The nasal index (NI), nostril shape, and philtrum shape are the parameters commonly studied. These may show variations according to regional, ethnic, and climatic differences. Hence, a study was done to calculate the NI among a subgroup and classify the nose type based on it. Also to assess the gender variations and to observe the nostril and philtrum shapes. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study consisted of 210 undergraduate students at a medical university. The nasal height and nasal breadth were measured in centimeters with a Digital Vernier Caliper. Subsequently, the NI was calculated. Based on these nasal indices, the nose was classified into the following: leptorrhine: <70, mesorrhine: 70–84.9, and platyrrhine: >84.9. The nostril shapes (rectangular/triangular/teardrop/round) and philtrum shapes (triangular/parallel/flat/concave) were also observed. Results: The mean NI was 76.06 ± 8.614 with a range from 54.7 to 110. Mesorrhine variety was the most common type. The predominant shape of the nostrils found was rectangular, whereas the most common shape of the philtrum found was triangular. Conclusions: Nasal anthropometric measurements are a simple, reliable, and cost-effective method to study the facial characteristics among a population. These measurements provide guidelines that may play a crucial role in forensics and facial reconstructive procedures.

Anthropometric study of facial and nasal indices of the Akan ethnic population of Ghana

Introduction: Facial anthropometry is required in many medical and dental disciplines, particularly for prosthodontists, orthodontists, plastic surgeons, maxillofacial surgeons, and forensic medicine experts. An individual's facial shape is a reflection of their race, age, and gender. The present study aimed at determining the facial and nasal indices among the Akan ethnic group in Kumasi, Ghana.Methodology: A total of 307 (182 males and 125 females) Akan adult volunteers between the age of 18 - 30 years were recruited for the study. Standard procedures were used to obtain the necessary facial and nasal measurements for generating the appropriate indices. A p-value of 0.05 or less was judged statistically significant.Results: In males, the facial index ranged from 75.28 to 117.90, while in females it ranged from 76.58 to 97.87. The nasal index ranged from 52.0 to 115.3 in males and 52.0 to 105.7 in females. There were significant differences between males and females in all facial parameters utilized to calculate facial and nasal indices. The facial index, but not the nasal index, differed significantly between Akan males and females. Mesoprosopic was the most prevalent face type in both male and female Akan populations, whereas mesorrhine was the most common nose type.Conclusion: The findings of this study can be used as a reference to improve the outcome of cosmetic and reconstructive facial surgery and rhinoplasty, as well as for medico-legal purposes in the Akan people of Ghana.

Nasofacial Morphometry of Ekpeye Tribe in Rivers State, Nigeria

Background: Nasofacial Anthropometry is concerned with the measurements of the proportions, size and shape of the human nose and face [1]. This study was aimed at investigating the nasofacial dimensions in Ekpeye tribe in Rivers state.
 Methods: Nasofacial parameters of 362 adults were measured using vernier calliper. The nasal length was measured as the distance between the nasion and the nasopinale; nasal width was measured as the distance between ala to ala. The morphological facial length was measured as the distance from the nasion to gnathion and morphological facial width was measured as the distance between right and left zygomatic arches.
 Results: Data obtained was analyzed using SPSS version 26.0 and Microsoft Excel 2013. The mean nasal index for the males was 95.03±17.31 while females presented with 91.04±10.39, this is statistically significant. The mean facial index for the males was 101.72±59.52 while females presented with 93.18±12.65.
 Conclusion: In this study, it was observed that the Ekpeye people have platyrrhine type of nose and Hyperleptoprosopic category of face. Hence the data in this study has provided anthropometric data for the Ekpeye people, which will be beneficial in forensic science and nasofacial reconstructive surgeries.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION BILOZERSKA CULTURE’, BURIED ON THE BURIAL GROUND NEAR KAIRY VILLAGE

The anthropological material from the burial ground of the Bilozerska Culture near the village of Kairy on the left bank of the Lower Dnieper, came from 53 burials.
 The male group is characterized, on average, by a long, narrow, high, dolihocranial cranium. The forehead is wide, the angle of inclination of the frontal bone is average. The width and height of the face are average. According to the upper face index, it belongs to the mesen category. The face is mesognathous, its horizontal profiling is sharp. The orbits are medium wide and low, the nose is high. The bridge of the nose is high. The bones of the nose stand out well.
 The female series from the burial ground near the village of Kairy is characterized by a long, medium-wide, high, dolihocranial cranium. The forehead is medium wide, the angle of inclination of the frontal bone is on the border between medium and large values. The width and height of the face is average. According to the upper face index, it belongs to the category of mesen, but with a tendency to leptene. The horizontal profiling of the face is sharp. The total facial angle indicates mesognathia. The orbits are medium wide and low in absolute size, they are mesoconch according to the orbital index. The height of the nose is on the border between medium and high, it is medium wide both in absolute dimensions and in terms of the nasal index. The bridge of the nose is high. The nasal bones protrude moderately.
 The introduction into the scientific circulation of preliminary information about the anthropological material from the Belozersky Culture’s burial site of Kairy well illustrates the heterogeneity of the population.
 The male and female groups from Kairy show morphological and statistical similarity to the population from the burial ground of the Bilozerska Culture near the village of Shyroke. The men’s series from Kairy shows a closeness to the collective series of Zrubna Culture of Ukraine (Left Bank). This may indicate in favor of the fact that men from this population were dominated by a biological component that could well connect them with the earlier population of the territory of Ukraine. Women’s groups from Kairy and Shiroke demonstrate a significant statistical difference from women of the Zrubna and Babinska Cultures.
 Male and female parts of the population were formed from slightly different components. One of them was associated with Zrubna Culture’s groups in Ukraine. The other component may have come from a culture that is not represented by craniological material, but whose population was morphologically close to a number of the European groups of Bronze Age: Łużycka, Unetice, and certain groups of the circle of the Corded Ware Culture.
 At the cemetery, a correlation was observed between the placement of skeletons in the grave on the right or left sides with the gender of the buried. 19 female skeletons were lying in a crouched position on their left side and facing west, and 2 women were in a crouched position on their right side facing east. 15 male skeletons were buried in a crouched position on the right side facing east, and 5 on the left side facing west. In the Kairy cemetery, children from the age of 1 were also buried in positions on different sides. The position of the dead facing east or west may reflect the idea of the different location of their forefathers homeland.
 Female burials contain more grave goods. Most of the bronze items are the decorations, which are concentrated in half of women’s burials and a third of children’s burials. The highest concentration of pots is also recorded in the graves of women, besides, the pots from women’s burials are more diverse in shape. In children’s graves, the number of pots varies from 1 to 3, in the burials of children of the first year of life there are no vessels.

Anthropometric Study of the Nasal Index of Adult Native of Ikwerre of Rivers State, Nigeria.

Background: The human nose differs in its anatomy and morphology among different ethnic groups. The nasal index is a vital measurement for classifying the ethnic groups and sex of an individual. The study aims at determine the nasal index of adult male and female Ikwerre natives in relation to age and to show its interest in forensic anthropology.
 Materials and methods: Three hundred and thirty subjects (160 males and 170 females) aged 20–59 years were recruited for this study. Nasal height and width were measured using a digital Vernier caliper. The nasal index was calculated as nasal width/nasal height ×100. 
 Results: The mean nasal index of females aged 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, and 50-59 years were 87.45±0.85, 94.69±1.30, 93.90±1.71, and 93.94±1.39 respectively. The mean nasal index of males aged 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, and 50-59 years were 94.22±0.8, 90.46±1.45, 90.24±1.10, and 99.46±1.68 respectively. The nasal index of overall males and females was 77.22±2.11 and 94.23±0.90 respectively. The higher nasal index was observed in males within the age groups 20–29 and 50–59 years, as compared to the females, who had a higher nasal index within the age groups 30-39 and 40–49 years. The result revealed sexual dimorphism. 
 Conclusion: This study showed that males in the Ikwerre ethnicity fall within the Mesorrhine nose type while females have the Platyrrhine nose type.